Cardiometabolic health profile of young girls with aesthetic professions.

BACKGROUND: In the literature, professions that impose body standards for daily performance are designated as non-conventional professions (i.e. models, athletes, ballet dancers), with great emphasis on the female population. More than a job, it becomes a lifestyle to those inserted in this environment, thus, thousands of children and adolescents seek inclusion and success in these professions due to financial and media gains. Such professions are associated with several health-related risk factors. The purpose of this study was to identify and compare among physical fitness levels, cardiometabolic health markers, mental health and dietary habits in non-conventional professions. METHODS: The sample consisted of 41 female individuals aged between 14 and 24 years, allocated into four groups, control group composed by university students (UG = 11), models (MG = 11), ballet dancers (BG = 11), and athletes' group (AG = 8). Physical fitness outcomes (cardiorespiratory fitness, flexibility, maximal dynamic strength, muscular endurance and body composition); biochemical outcomes (high-density lipoprotein [HDL], low-density lipoprotein [LDL], total cholesterol [TC], fasting glucose [FG], fasting insulin [FI], C-reactive protein [CRP]), diet quality and mental health were evaluated. RESULTS: No impairments were observed in the health markers evaluated among groups, both for health-related physical fitness and biochemical outcomes. However, low levels of bone mineral density (BMD) were observed. Even with statistically significant differences between the groups for chronological age (p = 0.002), menarche (p = 0.004), career length (p = 0.001), height (p = 0.001), body mass index (p = 0.018), waist-to-height ratio (p < 0.001), %Fat (p = 0.020), VO2peak (p = 0.020), maximal dynamic strength of knee extensors (p = 0.031) and elbow flexors (p = 0,001) and flexibility (p < 0.001), all these values are within the normal range for health. CONCLUSION: The professions analyzed do not seem to interfere in the physical fitness and cardiometabolic health of the girls assessed. However, we identified that exposure to these profession can impair mental health (depressive symptoms in 100% of participants) and body composition (BMD 63% of participants).

Chronic aerobic exercise prevents high-fructose diet-induced impairment in blood pressure in healthy young adults: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial.

The purpose of the study was to verify the effect of 4 weeks of a high-fructose diet (HFD) associated with aerobic training on the risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. Twenty-one young adults were randomised into three groups: HFD (HFD: 1 g/kg body weight of fructose/day), high-glucose diet (HGD: 1 g/kg body weight of glucose/day) and high-fructose diet and exercise (HFDE: 1 g/kg body weight of fructose/day + 3 weekly 60-minute sessions of aerobic exercise). Before and after the 4 weeks of the intervention, blood samples were taken and flow-mediated dilatation, insulin resistance index, pancreatic beta cell functional capacity index, insulin sensitivity index and 24-h blood pressure were evaluated. HFD showed an increase in uric acid concentrations (P = 0·040), and HGD and HFDE groups showed no changes in this outcome between pre- and post-intervention; however, the HFDE group showed increased uric acid concentrations from the middle to the end of the intervention (P = 0·013). In addition, the HFD group showed increases in nocturnal systolic blood pressure (SBP) (P = 0·022) and nocturnal diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P = 0·009). The HGD group exhibited decreases in nocturnal SBP (P = 0·028) and nocturnal DBP (P = 0·031), and the HFDE group showed a decrease in 24-h SBP (P = 0·018). The consumption of 1 g/kg of fructose per day may increase uric acid concentrations and blood pressure in adults. Additionally, aerobic exercises along with fructose consumption attenuate changes in uric acid concentrations and prevent impairment in nocturnal blood pressure.

Glycemic Threshold as an Alternative Method to Identify the Anaerobic Threshold in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.

Purpose: To analyze the agreement between the velocity, heart rate, and oxygen uptake values corresponding to second ventilatory threshold and glycemic threshold in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Twenty-four untrained patients (55.1 ± 8.9 years) were evaluated. Three different parameters of training intensity corresponding to anaerobic threshold, one mechanical (velocity) and two physiological (heart rate and oxygen uptake) parameters, were identified by a classical method (second ventilatory threshold) and by an alternative method (glycemic threshold). To determine the threshold values, patients performed an incremental treadmill test, with an initial velocity of 3 km.h-1 for 3 min, that was then increased by 1 km.h-1 every 2 min. Comparisons between mean values and the degree of agreement between second ventilatory threshold and glycemic threshold were analyzed using the paired t-test and Bland-Altman test, respectively. Results: All patients performed the tests appropriately, and no adverse effects were recorded. Patients demonstrated similar mean velocity (p = 0.25), heart rate (p = 0.97) and oxygen uptake (p = 0.71) between the ventilatory threshold (6.4 ± 0.6 km.h-1, 130.1 ± 18.7 bpm, 15.2 ± 3.5 ml.kg.min-1) and the glycemic threshold (6.2 ± 0.9 km.h-1, 130.2 ± 12.8 bpm, 15.0 ± 3.8 ml.kg.min-1). Conclusion: The present study indicates an agreement between the glycemic and second ventilatory methods in determination of the anaerobic threshold of patients with type 2 diabetes; and thus, either method may be used for these patients.

Quality of life and sleep quality are similarly improved after aquatic or dry-land aerobic training in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of two aerobic training models in water and on dry-land on quality of life, depressive symptoms and sleep quality in patients with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. METHODS: Thirty-five patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to aquatic aerobic training group (n=17) or dry-land aerobic training group (n=18). Exercise training length was of 12 weeks, performed in three weekly sessions (45min/session), with intensity progressing from 85% to 100% of heart rate of anaerobic threshold during interventions. All outcomes were evaluated at baseline and 12 weeks later. RESULTS: In per protocol analysis, physical and psychological domains of quality of life improved in both groups (p<0.05) without between-group differences. Overall quality of life and sleep quality improved in both groups (p<0.05), without between-group differences in per protocol and intention to treat analysis. No changes on depressive symptoms were observed in both groups at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Aerobic training in an aquatic environment provides similar effects to aerobic training in a dry-land environment on quality of life, depressive symptoms and sleep quality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clinical trial reg. no. NCT01956357, clinicaltrials.gov.

Acute glycemic and pressure responses of continuous and interval aerobic exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Aerobic training has been widely indicated to patients with type 2 diabetes. However, there are still few studies comparing acute glycemic and blood pressure effects of different methods of aerobic training. The aim is to compare glycemic and pressure acute responses of continuous aerobic exercise to interval aerobic exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a randomized, crossover clinical trial. Fourteen patients with type 2 diabetes performed two sessions of aerobic training with different methods (continuous and interval). Continuous session had duration of 35 minutes with intensity of 85-90% of heart rate corresponding to anaerobic threshold (HRAT), while interval session had 45 minutes, with stimulus in intensity of 85-90% of HRAT with recovery in intensity under 85% of HRAT. Capillary glycemia, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were analyzed before and after the sessions. RESULTS: Patients were 63.5 ± 9.8 years old. Glycemia was reduced in both sessions (p < 0.001). Only glycemia measured at 25 minutes after continuous session was not lower than pre-session values. Systolic blood pressure was also reduced in both sessions (p = 0.010) with similar behavior between them. In the diastolic blood pressure, there were differences only between the values measured immediately after exercise and the values measured 20 minutes (p = 0.002) and 30 minutes after exercise (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Both continuous and interval aerobic exercise, in a same intensity, are effective for glycemic and pressure acute reductions in individuals with type 2 diabetes. For patients with greater risk of hypertension, we believe that the interval method is safer.

Efeitos agudos dos exercícios de hidroginástica e minitrampolim sobre os níveis pressóricos e glicêmicos de adolescentes obesos / Acute effects of water based and mini-trampoline exercises on pressoric and glycaemic levels of obese adolescents

O número de crianças com excesso de peso está aumentando na sociedade, implicando no aparecimento precoce de diabetes tipo 2 e hipertensão. Para prevenir isso, o exercício físico de baixo impacto pode ser uma alternativa segura e eficaz, podendo ser realizado tanto em meio aquático como em meio terrestre. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou analisar o efeito do exercício aeróbico de baixo impacto, em diferentes meios (hidroginástica vs mini trampolim), sobre os níveis glicêmicos e pressóricos de adolescentes obesos. Trinta e dois adolescentes obesos (12,4±2,5 anos) foram alocados randomicamente no grupo hidroginástica (GH; n = 16) e no grupo minitrampolim (GMT; n = 16). Ambos os grupos realizaram uma sessão de exercícios com duração de 32 minutos, prescrita de forma intervalada, com intensidade de estímulo em índice de esforço percebido intenso e recuperação em índice de esforço percebido muito leve. Os desfechos de glicemia capilar e pressão arterial foram avaliados pré, pós e 30 minutos pós-exercício. Uma equação de estimativas generalizadas foi usada para analisar os níveis glicêmicos e pressóricos nos diferentes momentos e modalidades, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5%. Ambos os grupos apresentaram redução glicêmica apenas imediatamente após a sessão de exercício (GH: -7,4mg/dL, GMT: -4,5mg/dL; efeito tempo, p = 0,005). A pressão arterial diastólica foi reduzida em ambos os grupos cinco minutos pós-exercício (GH: - 4mmHg, GMT: 0mmHg; efeito tempo, p = 0,017), permanecendo assim 30 minutos pós-exercício (efeito tempo; p = 0,013), enquanto a pressão arterial sistólica foi reduzida somente 30 minutos pós-exercício (GH: -14mmHg, GMT: -1,5mmHg; efeito tempo, p < 0,001). Conclui-se que sessões sob minitrampolim e hidroginástica, de forma intervalada, podem diminuir de forma similar os níveis glicêmicos e pressóricos de adolescentes obesos....(AU)

The number of children that are overweight it has been increasing in society, resulting in early-onset type 2 diabetes and hypertension. To prevent this, the physical low-impact exercise can be a safe and effective alternative and can be performed both aquatic as terrestrial environment. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the effect of aerobic exercise with low impact in different environment (water vs/ land) on glucose and blood pressure levels in obese adolescents. Thirty-two obese adolescents (12.4 ± 2.5 years; BMI: 33.1 ± 5.3 kg / m2) were randomly allocated in two aerobics group: water group (GH; n = 16) and mini-trampoline training (GMT; n = 16). Both groups performed an exercise session lasting 32 minutes of prescribed intervals and stimulus intensity perceived intense effort index and recovery in very light perceived. The outcomes of blood glucose and blood pressure were analyze before, after and 30 minutes after exercise. An equation of generalized estimates was use to analyze the blood sugar and blood pressure levels at different times and modalities, adopting the significance level of 5%. Both groups had reduced glycemic only immediately after the exercise session (GH: -7,4mg/dL, GMT: -4,5mg/dL; time effect, p = 0,005). The diastolic blood pressure was reduced both the five minutes post-exercise groups (GH: - 4mmHg, GMT: 0mmHg; time effect, p = 0.017) and remained at 30 minutes post-exercise (time effect, p = 0.013), while the systolic blood pressure was reduced just 30 minutes post-exercise (GH: -14mmHg, GMT: -1,5mmHg; time effect; p <0.001). We conclude that interval sessions with low impact exercise can decrease similarly glycemic and blood pressure of obese adolescents....(AU)

Glycemic reductions following water- and land-based exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

PURPOSE: To assess the acute glucose responses to the first sessions of three mesocycles of water- and land-based aerobic exercise. METHODS: The water-based exercise group (WBE, n = 14; 54.1 ± 9.1 years) performed deep water walking and/or running, while the land-based exercise group (LBE, n = 11; 60.1 ± 7.3 years) performed walking and/or running on athletic track. In the first mesocycle, patients trained at 85-90% of their anaerobic threshold (AT) for 35 min, progressing to 90-95% of the AT in the second mesocycle, and 95-100% of the AT in the last mesocycle. Capillary glucose was assessed before and immediately after the first session of each mesocycle. RESULTS: There was glycemic reduction (p < 0.001) in all sessions, with relative reductions of 19%, 29% and 24% for the WBE and 24%, 29% and 27% for the LBE in the mesocycles 1, 2 and 3, respectively. There were no found differences between groups and between mesocycles. CONCLUSIONS: The acute response of blood glucose to aerobic training between 85 and 100% of the heart rate of AT is effective and independent of the environment in which it is performed. Clinical trial reg. no. NCT01956357, clinicaltrials.gov.

Acute glycemic outcomes along the aerobic training in deep water in patients with type 2 diabetes / Respuestas de la glucemia aguda a lo largo del entrenamiento aeróbico en aguas profundas en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2

Aims: The present study aimed to analyze the acute glucose responses in the first and last sessions of four mesocycles along an aquatic aerobic training periodization. Methods: Fourteen patients (6 men and 8 women; 54.3 ± 9.0 years; body mass index of 34.5 ± 3.9 kg/m2) with type 2 diabetes underwent a 12-week training program involving deep-water running. This exercise training was performed by an interval training method, with a frequency of 3 times a week, session duration of 35 minutes and intensity progressing from 85 to 90% to 95 to 100% of the anaerobic threshold heart rate (ATHR) along the periodization. Capillary glucose was assessed before and immediately after the first and last session of each mesocycle. A generalized estimated equation (time x session x mesocycle) was used to assess reductions in glucose levels in different sessions (first and last) along four mesocycles (α = 0.05). Results: All sessions resulted in a reduction in glucose levels (time effect: p <0.001), without differences between the first and last session of each mesocycle (session effect: p = 0.738). With regard to the mesocycles (mesocycle effect: p = 0.003), significant differences were found between mesocycles 2 and 3. In time mesocycle interaction (p = 0.002), in most comparisons, post-session values were lowest that pre-session values, regardless of mesocycle, except for the post-session value of mesocycle 3, which was similar to the pre-values of mesocycles 2 and 4. Conclusion: Aerobic training in deep water with crescent linear periodization over 12 weeks is able to reduce glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes

Objetivo: Analizar las respuestas de glucemia aguda en las primeras y últimas sesiones de cuatro mesociclos a lo largo de una periodización de entrenamiento aeróbico acuático. Métodos: Catorce pacientes (6 hombres y 8 mujeres; 54,3 ± 9,0 años; índice de masa corporal de 34,5 ± 3,9 kg/m2) con diabetes tipo 2 fueron sometidos a un programa de entrenamiento de 12 semanas de carrera en aguas profundas. Se realizó un entrenamiento aeróbico de intervalos, realizado 3 veces por semana, con sesiones de 35 minutos y la intensidad progresando a lo largo de la periodización desde 85% - 90% a 95% - 100% de la frecuencia cardiaca del umbral anaeróbico (FCUA). La glucosa capilar fue evaluada antes e inmediatamente después de la primera y la última sesión de cada mesociclo. Se utilizó una ecuación generalizada estimada (tiempo x sesión x mesociclo) para evaluar las reducciones en los niveles de glucosa en las diferentes sesiones (primera y última) a lo largo de cuatro mesociclos (α = 0.05). Resultados: todas las sesiones resultaran en una reducción en los niveles de glucosa (efecto tiempo: p<0,001), sin diferencias entre la primera y la última sesión de cada mesociclo (efecto de sesión: p = 0,738). Con respecto a los mesociclos (efecto mesociclo: p=0,003) se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los mesociclos 2 y 3. En la interacción tiempo mesociclo (p=0,002), en la mayor.a de las comparaciones, los valores post-sesión fueron menores de los valores pre-sesión, independientemente de mesociclo, excepto para el valor después de la sesión del mesociclo 3, que fue similar a los valores antes de la sesión de los mesociclos 2 y 4. Conclusión: Doce semanas de entrenamiento aeróbico en aguas profundas con la periodización linear y creciente es capaz de reducir los niveles de glucosa en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2

Glucose control can be similarly improved after aquatic or dry-land aerobic training in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of two aerobic training methods in water and on dry-land on glycemic, lipid, inflammatory, hormonal, cardiorespiratory, and functional outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. METHODS: Thirty-five patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to aquatic aerobic training group (n=17) or dry-land aerobic training group (n=18). Exercise training interventions had duration of 12 weeks, performed in three weekly sessions (45min/session), with intensity progressing from 85% to 100% of heart rate of anaerobic threshold during interventions. All outcomes were evaluated at baseline and 12 weeks later. RESULTS: Patients were 56.7±7.9 years old. Decreases in glycated hemoglobin were observed in both groups (AT: -0.42±0.28%, DLT: -0.35±1.8%). Total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein levels, plasma renin activity, angiotensin II concentrations, C-reactive protein, systolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, and timed up and go test performed at the usual speed also decreased in both groups in response to both interventions (p<0.05), without between-group differences. Both groups increased the ratio between oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold and oxygen uptake of peak (p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Aerobic training in an aquatic environment provides effects similar to aerobic training in a dry-land environment in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Punto de desviación de la frecuencia cardíaca es una alternativa de método para identificar el umbral anaeróbico en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 / Heart rate deflection point as an alternative method to identify the anaerobic threshold in patients with type 2 diabetes

Objetivos: El propósito de este artículo fue evaluar la concordancia entre frecuencia cardíaca (FC) y velocidad en la cinta de correr correspondiente al umbral anaeróbico medido por el segundo umbral ventilatorio (VT2) y por el punto de deflexión de la FC (PDFC) en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Métodos: Se evaluaron treinta y dos pacientes sedentarios (56,1 ± 7,7 años) para determinar los valores de los umbrales, los pacientes realizaron una prueba de esfuerzo incremental a una velocidad inicial de 3 km h-1 durante 3 min, con incrementos de 1 km h-1 cada 2 min. Se analizó el grado de concordancia entre VT2 y PDFC mediante el test de Bland-Altman. Resultados: Los pacientes mostraron una FC de 133 ± 16 lpm en VT2 y 133 ± 18 lpm en PDFC. La velocidad media correspondiente a VT2 fue 6,3 ± 0,7 km h-1 y la correspondiente a PDFC fue 6,4 ± 1,1 km h-1. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los métodos evaluados (FC:p = 0,78; velocidad media: p = 0,57). Conclusión: Esta investigación concluye que existe correspondencia entre los métodos VT2 y PDFC en FC y la velocidad media en la cinta de correr, por lo tanto, cualquiera de estos dos métodos puede ser usado en estos pacientes

Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the agreement between heart rate (HR) and treadmill velocity corresponding to the anaerobic threshold measured by second ventilatory threshold (VT2) and the HR deflection point (HRDP) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods: Thirty-two sedentary patients (56.1 ± 7.7 years) were evaluated. To determine the threshold values, patients performed an incremental treadmill test, with an initial velocity of 3 km h-1 for 3 min, which was then increased by 1 km h-1 every 2 min. The degree of agreement between VT2 and HRDP was analyzed using the Bland–Altman test. Results: Patients had a HR of 133 ± 16 bpm at VT2 and 133 ± 18 bpm at HRDP. Mean velocity corresponding to VT2 was 6.3 ± 0.7 km h-1, and that corresponding to HRDP was 6.4 ± 1.1 km h-1. There were no significant differences between the methods evaluated (HR: p = 0.78; mean velocity: p = 0.57). Conclusions: The present investigation concludes that there is an agreement between VT2 and HRDP methods for HR and treadmill velocity, and thus, either method may be used for these patients