ABSTRACT
Trees have a distinctive and generally long juvenile period during which vegetative growth rate is rapid and floral organs do not differentiate. Among trees, the juvenile period can range from 1 year to 15-20 years, although with some forest tree species, it can be longer. Vegetative propagation of trees is usually much easier during the juvenile phase than with mature phase materials. Therefore, reversal of maturity is often necessary in order to obtain materials in which rooting ability has been restored. Micrografting has been developed for trees to address reinvigoration/rejuvenation of elite selections to facilitate vegetative propagation. Generally, shoots obtained after serial grafting have increased rooting competence and develop juvenile traits; in some cases, graft-derived shoots show enhanced in vitro proliferation. Recent advances in graft signaling have shown that several factors, e.g., plant hormones, proteins, and different types of RNA, could be responsible for changes in the scion. The focus of this review includes (1) a discussion of the differences between the juvenile and mature growth phases in trees, (2) successful restoration of juvenile traits through micrografting, and (3) the nature of the different signals passing through the graft union.
ABSTRACT
Cryopreservation of embryogenic cultures induced from leaves of mature phase trees of Litchi chinensis Sonn. was performed following a vitrification method. Vitrification solution (PVS2) was utilized at two temperatures: 0 degree C and 25 degree C. Post-treatment survival percentages and regrowth rates of the cultures were higher when the PVS2 solution was at 0 degree C. All samples cryopreserved with PVS2 at 0 degree C survived; their regrowth rate after eight weeks on semi-solid maintenance medium was the same as non-treated controls. Cryopreservation suppressed somatic embryo development; the number of somatic embryos derived from cryopreserved cultures was less than the number obtained from the controls. Desiccation during the PVS2 treatment had no effect on reversal of hyperhydric embryogenic cultures.
Subject(s)
Cryopreservation/methods , Desiccation/methods , Litchi/embryology , Litchi/physiology , Plant Leaves/cytology , Cell Culture Techniques , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cryoprotective Agents/pharmacology , Litchi/growth & development , Plant Leaves/embryology , Plant Leaves/growth & developmentABSTRACT
A partir de explantes de embriones cigóticos y megagametofitos fueron inducidos cultivos organogénicos de Dioon merolae del estado de Chiapas (México), cícada en peligro de extinción. El medio de inducción Litz consistió en los macronutrientes del medio B5, los micronutrientes del medio MS y los compuestos orgánicos glutamina (400mg·l-1) arginina (100mg·l-1), asparagina (100mg·l-1), sacarosa (60g·l-1), gellan-gum (4g), y suplementado con 0; 0,45; 2,26; 4,52 y 9,05μM αcido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D), y 0; 2,32; 4,60; 9,30 y 13,90μM kinetina (K), con un arreglo de 5´5 con un diseño de bloque seleccionado al azar. Los cultivos fueron mantenidos en oscuridad a 25°C y el callo fue subcultivado en medio fresco cada cuatro semanas. La iniciación del callo ocurrió en un amplio rango de combinaciones de reguladores de crecimiento en explantes de megagametofito. El callo en explantes de embriones cigóticos se formó en pocas combinaciones. La formación de brotes adventicios ocurrió solo en callos que provenían de combinaciones con K y 2,4-D. A través del análisis histológico de secciones longitudinales de embriones cigóticos se detectaron células meristemáticas apicales de brote y raíz, y en megagametofitos la formación de elementos de conducción similares a traqueidas y raíces coraloides. Esta técnica presenta gran potencial para la preservación de especies de cícadas en peligro de extinción.
Organogenic cultures were induced from zygotic embryo and megagametophyte explants of the Chiapas State (México) endangered cycad species, Dioon merolae. The Litz induction medium consisted of B5 major salts, MS medium minor salts and the organics glutamine (400mg·l-1), arginine (100mg·l-1), asparagines (100mg·l-1), sucrose (60g·l-1), gellan gum (4g), and supplemented with 0, 0.45, 2.26, 4.52 and 9.05μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0, 2.32, 4.60, 9.30, 13.90μM kinetin (K), arranged as a 5´5 factorial in a randomized block design. Cultures were maintained in darkness at 25°C, and callus was subcultured onto fresh medium at 4 week intervals. Callus initiation occurred on a wide range of plant growth regulators (PGR) combinations from megagametophyte explants. In comparison, callus initiation from explanted zygotic embryos occurred on few PGR combinations. Adventitious shoot induction occurred from callus on formulations with K and 2,4-D. Through the histological analysis of longitudinal sections of zygotic embryos were detected apical meristematic cells of the shoot and root and in megagametophytes the formation of elements similar to tracheids and coralloid roots. This technique has a great potential for preservation of the highly endangered cycads.
A partir de explantes de embriões zigóticos e megagametofitos foram induzidos cultivos organogênicos de Dioon merolae do estado de Chiapas (México), Cicas em perigo de extinção. O meio de indução Litz consistiu nos macronutrientes do meio B5, os micronutrientes do meio MS e os compostos orgânicos glutamina (400mg·l-1) arginina (100mg·l-1), asparagina (100mg·l-1), sacarose (60g·l-1), goma gelana (4g), e suplementado com 0; 0,45; 2,26; 4,52 e 9,05μM αcido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D), e 0; 2,32; 4,60; 9,30 e 13,90μM kinetina (K), com um arranjo de 5×5 com um desenho de bloco selecionado aleatoriamente. Os cultivos foram mantidos no escuro a 25°C e o calo foi subcultivado, em meio fresco, cada quatro semanas. A iniciação do calo ocorreu em uma ampla faixa de combinações de reguladores de crescimento em explantes de megagametofito. O calo em explantes de embriões zigóticos se formou em poucas combinações. A formação de brotos adventícios ocorreu somente em calos que provinham de combinações com K e 2,4-D. Através da análise histológica de secções longitudinais de embriões zigóticos se detectaram células meristemáticas apicais de broto e raiz, e em megagametófitos a formação de elementos de condução similares a traqueídes e raízes coralóides. Esta técnica apresenta grande potencial para a preservação de espécies de Cicas em perigo de extinção.
ABSTRACT
The avocado (Persea americana) is a major crop commodity worldwide. Moreover, avocado, a paleopolyploid, is an evolutionary "outpost" among flowering plants, representing a basal lineage (the magnoliid clade) near the origin of the flowering plants themselves. Following centuries of selective breeding, avocado germplasm has been characterized at the level of microsatellite and RFLP markers. Nonetheless, little is known beyond these general diversity estimates, and much work remains to be done to develop avocado as a major subtropical-zone crop. Among the goals of avocado improvement are to develop varieties with fruit that will "store" better on the tree, show uniform ripening and have better post-harvest storage. Avocado transcriptome sequencing, genome mapping and partial genomic sequencing will represent a major step toward the goal of sequencing the entire avocado genome, which is expected to aid in improving avocado varieties and production, as well as understanding the evolution of flowers from non-flowering seed plants (gymnosperms). Additionally, continued evolutionary and other comparative studies of flower and fruit development in different avocado strains can be accomplished at the gene expression level, including in comparison with avocado relatives, and these should provide important insights into the genetic regulation of fruit development in basal angiosperms.