Cmai: Predicting Antigen-Antibody Interactions from Massive Sequencing Data.

The interaction between antigens and antibodies (B cell receptors, BCRs) is the key step underlying the function of the humoral immune system in various biological contexts. The capability to profile the landscape of antigen-binding affinity of a vast number of BCRs will provide a powerful tool to reveal novel insights at unprecedented levels and will yield powerful tools for translational development. However, current experimental approaches for profiling antibody-antigen interactions are costly and time-consuming, and can only achieve low-to-mid throughput. On the other hand, bioinformatics tools in the field of antibody informatics mostly focus on optimization of antibodies given known binding antigens, which is a very different research question and of limited scope. In this work, we developed an innovative Artificial Intelligence tool, Cmai, to address the prediction of the binding between antibodies and antigens that can be scaled to high-throughput sequencing data. Cmai achieved an AUROC of 0.91 in our validation cohort. We devised a biomarker metric based on the output from Cmai applied to high-throughput BCR sequencing data. We found that, during immune-related adverse events (irAEs) caused by immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment, the humoral immunity is preferentially responsive to intracellular antigens from the organs affected by the irAEs. In contrast, extracellular antigens on malignant tumor cells are inducing B cell infiltrations, and the infiltrating B cells have a greater tendency to co-localize with tumor cells expressing these antigens. We further found that the abundance of tumor antigen-targeting antibodies is predictive of ICI treatment response. Overall, Cmai and our biomarker approach filled in a gap that is not addressed by current antibody optimization works nor works such as AlphaFold3 that predict the structures of complexes of proteins that are known to bind.

Differences in systemic immune parameters in individuals with lung cancer according to race.

Introduction: Racial and ethnic disparities in the presentation and outcomes of lung cancer are widely known. To evaluate potential factors contributing to these observations, we measured systemic immune parameters in Black and White patients with lung cancer. Methods: Patients scheduled to receive cancer immunotherapy were enrolled in a multi-institutional prospective biospecimen collection registry. Clinical and demographic information were obtained from electronic medical records. Pre-treatment peripheral blood samples were collected and analyzed for cytokines using a multiplex panel and for immune cell populations using mass cytometry. Differences between Black and White patients were determined and corrected for multiple comparisons. Results: A total of 187 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (Black, 19; White, 168) were included in the analysis. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between Black and White patients. Compared to White patients, Black patients had significantly lower levels of CCL23 and CCL27, and significantly higher levels of CCL8, CXCL1, CCL26, CCL25, CCL1, IL-1 b, CXCL16, and IFN-γ (all P <0.05, FDR<0.1). Black patients also exhibited greater populations of non-classical CD16+ monocytes, NKT-like cells, CD4+ cells, CD38+ monocytes, and CD57+ gamma delta T cells (all P <0.05). Conclusions: Black and White patients with lung cancer exhibit several differences in immune parameters, with Black patients exhibiting greater levels of numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell populations. The etiology and clinical significance of these differences warrant further evaluation.

Enhanced Lithium-Ion Transport in Lithium Metal Batteries Using ZSM-5 Nanosheets Hybridized Solid Polymer Electrolytes.

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are the key components of lithium metal batteries to overcome the obstacle of insecurity in conventional liquid electrolytes; however, the trade-off between their ionic conductivity and mechanical properties remains a significant challenge. In this work, two-dimensional ZSM-5 nanosheets as fillers are incorporated into a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) matrix and lithium salts to obtain composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs). The improved physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the CPE membranes are characterized in full detail. Stripping/plating measurements in symmetric Li/Li cells and cyclic charge/discharge tests are performed to investigate the cyclability and stability of the CPEs. All-solid-state LiFePO4/Li batteries deliver excellent cycling performance with an initial discharge capacity of 152.3 mAh g-1 and 91.4% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 0.2 C, with a discharge specific capacity of 118.8 mAh g-1 remaining after 350 cycles at 0.5 C. Therefore, CPEs containing ZSM-5 nanosheets are a promising option for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries.

Distinct autoantibody profiles across checkpoint inhibitor types and toxicities.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are increasingly used in combination. To understand the effects of different ICI categories, we characterized changes in circulating autoantibodies in patients enrolled in the E4412 trial (NCT01896999) of brentuximab vedotin (BV) plus ipilimumab, BV plus nivolumab, or BV plus ipilimumab-nivolumab for Hodgkin Lymphoma. Cycle 2 Day 1 (C2D1) autoantibody levels were compared to pre-treatment baseline. Across 112 autoantibodies tested, we generally observed increases in ipilimumab-containing regimens, with decreases noted in the nivolumab arm. Among 15 autoantibodies with significant changes at C2D1, all nivolumab cases exhibited decreases, with more than 90% of ipilimumab-exposed cases showing increases. Autoantibody profiles also showed differences according to immune-related adverse event (irAE) type, with rash generally featuring increases and liver toxicity demonstrating decreases. We conclude that dynamic autoantibody profiles may differ according to ICI category and irAE type. These findings may have relevance to clinical monitoring and irAE treatment.

Panda-UV Unlocks Deeper Protein Characterization with Internal Fragments in Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry.

Ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) mass spectrometry unlocks insights into the protein structure and sequence through fragmentation patterns. While N- and C-terminal fragments are traditionally relied upon, this work highlights the critical role of internal fragments in achieving near-complete sequencing of protein. Previous limitations of internal fragment utilization, owing to their abundance and potential for random matching, are addressed here with the development of Panda-UV, a novel software tool combining spectral calibration, and Pearson correlation coefficient scoring for confident fragment assignment. Panda-UV showcases its power through comprehensive benchmarks on three model proteins. The inclusion of internal fragments boosts identified fragment numbers by 26% and enhances average protein sequence coverage to a remarkable 93% for intact proteins, unlocking the hidden region of the largest protein carbonic anhydrase II in model proteins. Notably, an average of 65% of internal fragments can be identified in multiple replicates, demonstrating the high confidence of the fragments Panda-UV provided. Finally, the sequence coverages of mAb subunits can be increased up to 86% and the complementary determining regions (CDRs) are nearly completely sequenced in a single experiment. The source codes of Panda-UV are available at https://github.com/PHOENIXcenter/Panda-UV.

Molecular structure regulation of FCCs enabling N/S co-doped hollow amorphous carbon with enlarged interlayer spacing and rich defects for superior potassium storage.

Constructing high-performance and low-cost carbon anodes for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) is highly desirable but faces great challenges. In this study, we present a novel approach to fabricating N/S co-doped hollow amorphous carbon (LNSHAC) for superior potassium storage through a template-assisted molecular structure regulation strategy. By tailoring a 3D crosslinked aromatics precursor from fluid catalytic cracking slurry (FCCs), the LNSHAC features a N/S co-doped hollow structure with enlarged interlayer spacing of up to 0.405 nm and rich defects. Such unique microstructure offers fast transport channels for K-ion intercalation/deintercalation and provides more active sites, leading to boosted reaction kinetics and potassium storage capacity. Consequently, the LNSHAC electrode delivers an impressive reversible capacity (466.2 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A/g), excellent rate capability (336.3 mAh g-1 at 2 A/g), and superior cyclic performance (256.9 mAh g-1 after 5000 cycles at 5 A/g with admirable retention of 76.9 %), standing out among the reported carbon-based anodes. When KFeHCF is employed as the cathode, the LNSHAC-based K-ion full cell exhibits a high reversible capacity of 176.6 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A/g and excellent cyclic stability over 200 cycles. This work will inspire the development and application of advanced carbon-based materials for potassium electrochemical energy storage.

Schwann cell derived pleiotrophin stimulates fibroblast for proliferation and excessive collagen deposition in plexiform neurofibroma.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 associated plexiform neurofibroma (pNF) is characterized by abundant fibroblasts and dense collagen, yet the intricate interactions between tumor-origin cells (Schwann cells) and neurofibroma-associated fibroblasts (NFAFs) remain elusive. Employing single-cell RNA sequencing on human pNF samples, we generated a comprehensive transcriptomics dataset and conducted cell-cell communication analysis to unravel the molecular dynamics between Schwann cells and NFAFs. Our focus centered on the pleiotrophin (PTN)/nucleolin (NCL) axis as a pivotal ligand-receptor pair orchestrating this interaction. Validation of PTN involvement was affirmed through coculture models and recombinant protein experiments. Functional and mechanistic investigations, employing assays such as CCK8, EdU, Western Blot, ELISA, Hydroxyproline Assay, and Human phospho-kinase array, provided critical insights. We employed siRNA or inhibitors to intercept the PTN/NCL/proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa (PRAS40) axis, validating the associated molecular mechanism. Our analysis highlighted a subset of Schwann cells closely linked to collagen deposition, underscoring their significance in pNF development. The PTN/NCL axis emerged as a key mediator of the Schwann cell-NFAF interaction. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that elevated PTN levels enhanced NFAF proliferation and collagen synthesis, either independently or synergistically with TGF-ß1 in vitro. Activation of the downstream molecule PRAS40 was noted in NFAFs upon PTN treatment. Crucially, by targeting NCL and PRAS40, we successfully reversed collagen synthesis within NFAFs. In conclusion, our findings unveil the pivotal role of the PTN/NCL/PRAS40 axis in driving pNF development by promoting NFAFs proliferation and function. Targeting this pathway emerges as a potential therapeutic strategy for pNF. This study contributes novel insights into the molecular mechanisms governing pNF pathogenesis.

PTPN9 dephosphorylates FGFR2 pY656/657 through interaction with ACAP1 and ameliorates pemigatinib effect in cholangiocarcinoma.

ABSTRACT AND AIM: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly aggressive and lethal cancer that originates from the biliary epithelium. Systemic treatment options for CCA are currently limited, and the first targeted drug of CCA, pemigatinib, emerged in 2020 for CCA treatment by inhibiting FGFR2 phosphorylation. However, the regulatory mechanism of FGFR2 phosphorylation is not fully elucidated. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Here we screened the FGFR2-interacting proteins and showed that protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) N9 interacts with FGFR2 and negatively regulates FGFR2 pY656/657 . Using phosphatase activity assays and modeling the FGFR2-PTPN9 complex structure, we identified FGFR2 pY656/657 as a substrate of PTPN9, and found that sec. 14p domain of PTPN9 interacts with FGFR2 through ACAP1 mediation. Coexpression of PTPN9 and ACAP1 indicates a favorable prognosis for CCA. In addition, we identified key amino acids and motifs involved in the sec. 14p-APCP1-FGFR2 interaction, including the "YRETRRKE" motif of sec. 14p, Y471 of PTPN9, as well as the PH and Arf-GAP domain of ACAP1. Moreover, we discovered that the FGFR2 I654V substitution can decrease PTPN9-FGFR2 interaction and thereby reduce the effectiveness of pemigatinib treatment. Using a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments including patient-derived xenografts (PDX), we showed that PTPN9 synergistically enhances pemigatinib effectiveness and suppresses CCA proliferation, migration, and invasion by inhibiting FGFR2 pY656/657 . CONCLUSIONS: Our study identifies PTPN9 as a negative regulator of FGFR2 phosphorylation and a synergistic factor for pemigatinib treatment. The molecular mechanism, oncogenic function, and clinical significance of the PTPN9-ACAP1-FGFR2 complex are revealed, providing more evidence for CCA precision treatment.

pan-MHC and cross-Species Prediction of T Cell Receptor-Antigen Binding.

Profiling the binding of T cell receptors (TCRs) of T cells to antigenic peptides presented by MHC proteins is one of the most important unsolved problems in modern immunology. Experimental methods to probe TCR-antigen interactions are slow, labor-intensive, costly, and yield moderate throughput. To address this problem, we developed pMTnet-omni, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system based on hybrid protein sequence and structure information, to predict the pairing of TCRs of αß T cells with peptide-MHC complexes (pMHCs). pMTnet-omni is capable of handling peptides presented by both class I and II pMHCs, and capable of handling both human and mouse TCR-pMHC pairs, through information sharing enabled this hybrid design. pMTnet-omni achieves a high overall Area Under the Curve of Receiver Operator Characteristics (AUROC) of 0.888, which surpasses competing tools by a large margin. We showed that pMTnet-omni can distinguish binding affinity of TCRs with similar sequences. Across a range of datasets from various biological contexts, pMTnet-omni characterized the longitudinal evolution and spatial heterogeneity of TCR-pMHC interactions and their functional impact. We successfully developed a biomarker based on pMTnet-omni for predicting immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment in a cohort of 57 ICI-treated patients. pMTnet-omni represents a major advance towards developing a clinically usable AI system for TCR-pMHC pairing prediction that can aid the design and implementation of TCR-based immunotherapeutics.

GALNT5 functions as a suppressor of ferroptosis and a predictor of poor prognosis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Mucin-type O-glycosylation, a posttranslational modification of membrane and secretory proteins, facilitates metastasis and immune escape in tumor cells. N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase 5 (GALNT5), the enzyme initiating mucin-type O-glycosylation, is known to advance the progression of various tumors. Yet, the comprehensive role of GALNT5 in pan-cancer scenarios remains to be elucidated. In this research, we conducted a database-centric pan-cancer expression analysis of GALNT5. We examined its aberrant expression, assessed its prognostic implications, and explored the correlations between GALNT5 expression and factors such as ferroptosis, immune cell infiltration levels, and immune checkpoint gene expression across multiple tumor types. To substantiate GALNT5's role, we analyzed cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and ferroptosis in PAAD cells after GALNT5 knockdown. Additionally, RNA-seq was employed to discern potential downstream pathways influenced by GALNT5. Our findings indicate that GALNT5 expression is heightened in the majority of tumors, correlating with the prognosis of multiple cancers. There's a notable association between GALNT5 levels and ferroptosis-related genes, immune cell infiltration, and immune checkpoint genes. In PAAD specifically, the role of GALNT5 was further probed. Knockdown of GALNT5 curtailed the proliferation, migration, and invasion capacities of PAAD cells, concurrently promoting ferroptosis. Moreover, in vivo studies demonstrated that GALNT5 inhibition stunted PAAD tumor growth. The RNA-seq analysis unveiled inflammation and immune-centric pathways, such as the TNF signaling pathway, as potential downstream conduits of GALNT5. In conclusion, our pan-cancer study underscores GALNT5 as a potential therapeutic target for enhancing PAAD prognosis, given its strong ties with ferroptosis and immune cell infiltration. Our experiments further define GALNT5 as a novel suppressor of ferroptosis.

Development of an accurate optical sensor for the in situ real-time determination of the chemical oxygen demand of seawater.

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is an important indicator for monitoring the quality of seawater. The COD of seawater reflects the levels of organic pollutants in the water. Methods that are commonly used to measure the COD of seawater have high accuracy, good repeatability, and low costs. However, using them for the in situ real-time monitoring of the COD of seawater is unfavorable because they require complex procedures and a long measurement time and may cause pollution to the environment. This paper reports on an optical sensor that accurately determines the COD of seawater in situ. The COD determination is based on the absorption of ultraviolet and visible lights with different wavelengths by organic matter in the water. Single-point LEDs emitting lights with different wavelengths (254, 265, 280, and 546 nm) were used as sources of excitation lights, and photodiodes were used as receiving devices. The optical system, circuit system, and mechanical structure of the sensor were efficiently integrated. The inversion of the COD of seawater was obtained after turbidity correction using the multiple linear regression algorithm. The maximum measurement error, detection limit, and repeatability of the sensor were 5%, 0.05 mg/l, and 0.62%, respectively. Moreover, the R2 values for correlations between COD values and absorbance values measured at three wavelengths (254, 265, and 280 nm) were above 0.99. Overall, the sensor is suitable for the in situ real-time monitoring of the COD of seawater. It requires a short measurement time and generates no pollution.

A new approach to predict microhardness of two-phase in cutting S32760 duplex stainless steel.

The uneven distribution of microhardness in the two-phase structure of S32760 duplex stainless steel after cutting is attributed to variations in the crystal structure, which significantly impact the material's performance. This paper presents a new approach to predict the microhardness of two-phase based on the flow stresses in the austenitic and ferrite. The effect of strain, strain rate, and temperature on the flow stress in the shear plane of orthogonal cutting S32760 was analyzed, and the prediction model for microhardness of two-phase considering the two-phase flow stress was established to obtain a mapping relationship between the two-phase flow stress and the two-phase microhardness of S32760. The impact of cutting dosages on shear strain, strain rate, and temperature in the shear plane was investigated. A function relationship between cutting dosages and microhardness of austenite and ferrite in the shear plane was established, two-phase microhardness experiments were conducted, and the model's accuracy was validated with a prediction error of less than 6%. This study provided insights into the impact of strain, strain rate, and temperature in the shear plane on the microhardness of the two-phase, thus contributing to the theoretical foundation of processing techniques in duplex stainless steel.

Identification of ARAP3 as a regulator of tumor progression, macrophage infiltration and osteoclast differentiation in a tumor microenvironment-related prognostic model of Ewing sarcoma.

Understanding the specificity and complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of Ewing sarcoma (ES) is essential for identifying the immune characteristics of ES, improving the prediction of immunotherapeutic response, and facilitating therapeutic target discovery. In this study, we not only evaluated the gene sets associated with TME in ES using ESTIMATE and WGCNA algorithms based on the transcriptome data of ES, but also constructed a prognostic model (ES Score) using univariate Cox regression and Lasso regression and assessed its predictive ability on immune cell infiltration. Subsequently, we identified ARAP3 as a key gene affecting the TME of ES. In addition, bioinformatic analyses and in vitro experiments proved that the high expression of ARAP3 regulated ES cell proliferation, migration, as well as apoptosis via the p53 signaling pathway and affected macrophage infiltration and osteoclast differentiation through regulating IL1B and IL11 secretion of tumor cells.

Two-stage method of free gingival graft prior to periodontal regenerative surgery for the treatment of intrabony defects with insufficient keratinised tissue width: a study protocol for an open-label randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) combined with bone grafting for periodontal regenerative surgery has ideal clinical results for intrabony defect. However, some sites of intrabony defects often suffer from insufficient keratinised gingival width, which affects the efficacy and long-term prognosis of periodontal tissue regeneration. Free gingival graft (FGG) is an effective surgical procedure to widen the keratinised gingiva, but there are few clinical studies on FGG prior to GTR combination with bone grafting to improve clinical outcomes. METHODS: This study is an open-label randomised controlled trial. 68 patients with periodontitis with at least one intrabony defect depth with ≥3 mm are recruited and randomly grouped. In the test group, FGG is performed first, followed by GTR and bone grafting 3 months later; while in the control group, only periodontal tissue regenerative procedures are performed. After completion of all procedures, the patients will be recalled at 3 months, 6 months and 12 months and the relevant clinical and radiographic examinations will be carried out and statistical analysis of the data will also be performed. The present research has received approval from the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Stomatological Hospital (No.2022-007) on 4 August 2022. DISCUSSION: Exploring the effectiveness of the two-stage approach of FGG prior to periodontal tissue regenerative surgery for the treatment of keratinised gingival width deficient intrabony defects can provide a high-level evidence-based basis for the formulation of relevant treatment strategies in clinical practice. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The present research has received approval from the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Stomatological Hospital (No.2022-007) on 4 August 2022. The patients will be incorporated into this trial only after their written informed consent has been obtained. The study will be performed according to the 2013 revision of the Helsinki Declaration of 1975. Personal information of all subjects will be stored in the Department of Periodontology of Shanghai Stomatological Hospital. Data of the present research will be registered with the Clinical Trials Registry Platform. Additionally, we will disseminate the results through scientific journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ID: ChiCTR 2200063180. Registered on 1 September 2022.

Cobalt-catalyzed enantioselective desymmetrizing reductive cyclization of alkynyl cyclodiketones.

A highly enantioselective cobalt-catalyzed desymmetrizing reductive cyclization of alkynyl cyclodiketones has been developed. Under mild reaction conditions by employing HBpin as a reducing agent and ferrocene-based PHOX as a chiral ligand, a series of polycyclic tertiary allylic alcohols bearing contiguous quaternary stereocenters are achieved in moderate to excellent yields with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99%). Broad substrate scope and high functional group compatibility are observed in this reaction. A CoH-catalyzed pathway involving alkyne hydrocobaltation followed by nucleophilic addition to the C[double bond, length as m-dash]O bond is proposed. Synthetic transformations of the product are conducted to demonstrate the practical utilities of this reaction.

FGF19-Induced Inflammatory CAF Promoted Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation in the Liver Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer.

Liver metastasis is the main cause of death in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC); thus, necessitating effective biomarkers and therapeutic targets for colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM). Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is a protumorigenic gene in numerous human malignancies. In this study, it is shown that FGF19 plays an indispensable role in CRLM. FGF19 expression and secretion are markedly correlated with liver metastasis and lower overall survival rates of patients with CRC. An in vivo metastasis model shows that FGF19 overexpression confers stronger liver-metastatic potential in CRC cells. Mechanistically, FGF19 exerts an immunomodulatory function that creates an environment conducive for metastasis in CRLM. FGF19 mediates the polarization of hepatic stellate cells to inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblasts (iCAFs) by activating the autocrine effect of IL-1α via the FGFR4-JAK2-STAT3 pathway. FGF19-induced iCAFs promote neutrophil infiltration and mediate neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in liver metastatic niches via the production of complement C5a and IL-1ß, which in turn accelerates the liver colonization of CRC cells. Importantly, targeting FGF19 signaling with fisogatinib efficiently suppresses FGF19-induced liver metastasis in a mouse model. In summary, this study describes the mechanism by which FGF19 regulates CRLM, thereby providing a novel target for CRLM intervention.

Surgical Outcome and Prognosis of Patients with Spinal Metastasis from Esophageal Cancer: The Experience from a Single Center.

BACKGROUND: The spine is one of the common sites of esophageal cancer metastasis, with a worse prognosis than that of metastasis occurring in other sites. However, the exact mechanism underlying metastatic spinal esophageal cancer (MSEC) is poorly understood possibly due to the short survival time of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate surgical outcomes and factors affecting the prognosis of patients with MSEC. METHODS: Enrolled in this retrospective study were 20 consecutive patients who received surgical treatment for MSEC in our hospital from 2013 to 2020. The impact of surgery on patient's quality of life was assessed by visual analog scale score and American Spinal Injury Association grade. Prognostic variables relative to traditional clinical parameters and inflammation and nutrition indicators were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The median survival time of patients with MSEC was 6 months, with a one-year survival rate of 20%. Pain relief was achieved in most patients, and nerve function was recovered in part of the patients after surgery. Analysis of clinical factors showed that total tumor resection was beneficial to overall survival of patients with MSEC. Laboratory indicators of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and platelet/lymphocyte ratio were identified as independent prognostic factors for patients with MSEC. CONCLUSIONS: Timely surgical intervention can improve the quality of life of patients with MSEC. The preoperative erythrocyte sedimentation rate, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and platelet/lymphocyte ratio could help predict the overall survival of patients with MSEC. These findings may help in decision-making for the treatment of patients with MSEC.

Comprehensive analysis of the role of SFXN family in breast cancer.

The sideroflexin (SFXN) family is a group of mitochondrial membrane proteins. Although the function of the SFXN family in mitochondria has been widely recognized, the expression levels, role, and prognostic value of this family in breast cancer (BC) have not been clearly articulated and systematically analysed. In our research, SFXN1 and SFXN2 were significantly upregulated in BC versus normal samples based on Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 and the Human Protein Atlas databases. We found that high SFXN1 expression was significantly related to poor prognosis in BC patients and that high SFXN2 expression was significantly associated with good prognosis in BC patients. Gene Ontology analysis of the SFXN family was performed based on the STRING database to explore the potential functions of this family, including biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. Based on the MethSurv database, we found that two SFXN1 CpG sites (5'-UTR-S_Shelf-cg06573254 and TSS200-Island-cg17647431), two SFXN2 CpG sites (3'-UTR-Open_Sea-cg04774043 and Body-Open_Sea-cg18994254), one SFXN3 CpG site (Body-S_Shelf-cg17858697), and nine SFXN5 CpG sites (1stExon;5'-UTR-Island-cg03856450, Body-Open_Sea-cg04016113, Body-Open_Sea-cg04197631, Body-Open_Sea-cg07558704, Body-Open_Sea-cg08383863, Body-Open_Sea-cg10040131, Body-Open_Sea-cg10588340, Body-Open_Sea-cg17046766, and Body-Open_Sea-cg22830638) were significantly related to the prognosis of BC patients. According to the ENCORI database, four negative regulatory miRNAs for SFXN1 (hsa-miR-22-3p, hsa-miR-140-5p, hsa-miR-532-5p, and hsa-miR-582-3p) and four negative regulatory miRNAs for SFXN2 (hsa-miR-9-5p, hsa-miR-34a-5p, hsa-miR-532-5p, and hsa-miR-885-5p) were related to poor prognosis for BC patients. This study suggests that SFXN1 and SFXN2 are valuable biomarkers and treatment targets for patients with BC.

"Cold" colorectal cancer faces a bottleneck in immunotherapy.

The advent of immunotherapy and the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are changing the way we think about cancer treatment. ICIs have shown clinical benefits in a variety of tumor types, and ICI-based immunotherapy has shown effective clinical outcomes in immunologically "hot" tumors. However, for immunologically "cold" tumors such as colorectal cancer (CRC), only a limited number of patients are currently benefiting from ICIs due to limitations such as individual differences and low response rates. In this review, we discuss the classification and differences between hot and cold CRC and the current status of research on cold CRC, and summarize the treatment strategies and challenges of immunotherapy for cold CRC. We also explain the mechanism, biology, and role of immunotherapy for cold CRC, which will help clarify the future development of immunotherapy for cold CRC and discovery of more emerging strategies for the treatment of cold CRC.