ABSTRACT
Hu sheep, a locally bred species in China known for its high productivity, is currently suffering from pneumonia. Here, we combine high-throughput 16SrRNA gene sequencing and bacterial culturing to examine the bacterial community in pneumonic Hu Sheep lungs (p < 0.05). The results showed that the abundance and diversity of lung bacteria in healthy sheep were significantly higher than those in pneumonia sheep (p = 0.139), while there was no significant difference between moderate and severe pneumonia. Furthermore, the composition of the lung microbiota community underwent significant alterations between different levels of pneumonia severity. The application of LEfSe analysis revealed a notable enrichment of Mannheimiae within the lungs of sheep afflicted with moderate pneumonia (p < 0.01), surpassing the levels observed in their healthy counterparts. Additionally, Fusobacterium emerged as the prevailing bacterial group within the lungs of sheep suffering from severe pneumonia. Integrating the results of bacterial isolation and identification, we conclusively determined that Mannheimia haemolytica was the primary pathogenic bacterium within the lungs of sheep afflicted with moderate pneumonia. Furthermore, the exacerbation of pneumonia may be attributed to the synergistic interplay between Fusobacterium spp. and other bacterial species. Our results provide new insights for guiding preventive and therapeutic measures for pneumonia of different severities in sheep.
ABSTRACT
The capability of precisely constructing bimetallic clusters with atomic accuracy provides exciting opportunities for establishing their structure-property correlations. However, the chemistry (the charge state of precursors, the property of ligands, the amount of dopant, and so forth) dictating the fabrication of clusters with atomic-level control has been a long-standing challenge. Herein, based on the well-defined Au25(SR)18 cluster (SR = thiolates), we have systematically investigated the factors of steric hindrance and electronic effect of ligands, the charge state of Au25(SR)18, and the amount of dopant that may determine the structure of AuCd clusters. It is revealed that [Au19Cd3(SR)18]- can be obtained when a ligand of smaller steric hindrance is used, while Au24Cd(SR)18 is attained when a larger steric hindrance ligand is used. In addition, negatively charged [Au25(SR)18]- is apt to form [Au19Cd3(SR)18]- during Cd doping, while Au24Cd(SR)18 is produced when neutral Au25(SR)18 is used as a precursor. Intriguingly, the reversible transformation between [Au19Cd3(SR)18]- and Au24Cd(SR)18 is feasible by subtly manipulating ligands with different steric hindrances. Most importantly, by introducing the excess amount of dopant, a novel bimetallic cluster, Au4Cd4(SR)12 is successfully fabricated and its total structure is fully determined. The electronic structures and the chirality of Au4Cd4(SR)12 have been elucidated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Au4Cd4(SR)12 reported herein represents the smallest AuCd bimetallic cluster with chirality.
ABSTRACT
Metal nanoparticles occupy an important position in electrocatalysis. Unfortunately, by using conventional synthetic methodology, it is a great challenge to realize the monodisperse composition/structure of metal nanoparticles at the atomic level, and to establish correlations between the catalytic properties and the structure of individual catalyst particles. For the study of well-defined nanocatalysts, great advances have been made for the successful synthesis of nanoparticles with atomic precision, notably ligand-passivated metal nanoclusters. Such well-defined metal nanoclusters have become a type of model catalyst and have shown great potential in catalysis research. In this review, the authors summarize the advances in the utilization of atomically precise metal nanoclusters for electrocatalysis. In particular, the factors (e.g., size, metal doping/alloying, ligand engineering, support materials as well as charge state of clusters) affecting selectivity and activity of catalysts are highlighted. The authors aim to provide insightful guidelines for the rational design of electrocatalysts with high performance and perspectives on potential challenges and opportunities in this emerging field.
