[HBeAg-positive patients hepatic tissue inflammatory activity and influencing factors during normal ALT and indeterminate phases].

Objective: To analyze the hepatic tissue inflammatory activity and influencing factors in HBeAg-positive patients during normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and indeterminate phases so as to provide a basis for evaluating the disease condition. Methods: Patients with HBeAg-positive with normal ALT and HBV DNA levels below 2 × 10(7) IU/ml from January 2017 to December 2021 were selected as the study subjects. A histopathologic liver test was performed on these patients. Age, gender, time of HBV infection, liver function, HBsAg level, HBV DNA load, genotype, portal vein inner diameter, splenic vein inner diameter, splenic thickness, and others of the patients were collected. Significant influencing factors of inflammation were analyzed in patients using logistic regression analysis, and its effectiveness was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: Of the 178 cases, there were 0 cases of inflammation in G0, 52 cases in G1, 101 cases in G2, 24 cases in G3, and one case in G4. 126 cases (70.8%) had inflammatory activity ≥ G2. Infection time (Z=-7.138, P<0.001), γ-glutamyltransferase (t =-2.940, P=0.004), aspartate aminotransferase (t =-2.749, P=0.007), ALT (t =-2.153, P=0.033), HBV DNA level (t =-4.771, P=0.010) and portal vein inner diameter (t =-4.771, P<0.001) between the ≥G2 group and < G2 group were statistically significantly different. A logistic regression analysis showed that significant inflammation in liver tissue was independently correlated with infection time [odds ratio (OR)=1.437, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.267-1.630; P<0.001)] and portal vein inner diameter (OR=2.738, 95% CI: 1.641, 4.570; P<0.001). The area under the curve (AUROC), specificity, and sensitivity for infection time and portal vein inner diameter were 0.84, 0.71, 0.87, 0.72, 0.40, and 0.95, respectively. Conclusion: A considerable proportion of HBeAg-positive patients have inflammation grade ≥G2 during normal ALT and indeterminate phases, pointing to the need for antiviral therapy. Additionally, inflammatory activity has a close association with the time of infection and portal vein inner diameter.

[Analysis of the application effect and safety of transnasal humidified rapid insufflation ventilatory exchange technique in hysteroscopic diagnostic and therapeutic surgery].

Objective: To investigate the effect and safety of transnasal humidified rapid insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE) technique in hysteroscopic diagnostic and therapeutic surgery. Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial. A total of 100 female patients undergoing hysteroscopy surgery at Beijing Tongren Hospital from September to December 2023 were selected and randomly divided into two groups by the random number table method: the THRIVE group and the mask oxygen group, with 50 patients in each group. Patients in both groups were given total intravenous anesthesia with propofol combined with remifentanil and preserved spontaneous respiration. The THRIVE group was given oxygen by the THRIVE device with an oxygen flow rate of 50 L/min, while the mask oxygen group was given oxygen by the mask with an oxygen flow rate of 5 L/min; the oxygen concentration of both groups was set at 100%. The general condition of the patients, vital signs during the operation, the amount of anesthesia drugs used and the operation time were recorded. The primary observation index was the incidence of hypoxic events in the two groups; the secondary observation indexes were the incidence and time of intraoperative apnea as well as the corresponding oxygenation interventions and the incidence of non-hypoxic adverse events. Results: The age of the THRIVE group was (42±14) years, and the age of the mask oxygen group was (43±15) years. The duration of surgery in the THRIVE group was (15.9±3.4) min, which was statistically lower than that of the mask oxygen group (16.3±4.5) min (P=0.041), and there were no differences observed in the duration of awakening time and anesthesia time (both P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the dosage of propofol, remifentanil, and intraoperative vasoactive drugs between the two groups (all P>0.05). The SpO2 of the patients in the THRIVE group at the end of the operation was (99.7±1.1) %, which was higher than that of the mask-oxygen group (99.1±1.1) % (P<0.05). There was no difference in SpO2 of the two groups at the other time points (all P>0.05). There were no differences in HR and MAP of two group patients at each time point (all P>0.05). The incidence of hypoxic events in the THRIVE group was 12.0% (6/50), which was lower than that of 28.0% (14/50) in the mask oxygen group (P=0.045). The difference in the incidence and duration of apnea between the two groups was not statistically significant (all P>0.05). There were no cases of temporary need for laryngeal mask or tracheal intubation during surgery in both groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of intraoperative body movement, dizziness, nausea and vomiting between the two groups (all P>0.05), and no cardiac, cerebral, renal or other important organ insufficiency occurred in the two weeks after surgery. Conclusion: THRIVE technology can provide effective oxygenation for patients undergoing hysteroscopic diagnosis and treatment, maintain patients' circulatory stability, and improve the safety and efficiency of surgery.

[Expert consensus on the application of critical care ultrasonography in invasive procedures].

The evolution of critical care medicine is inextricably linked to the development of critical care procedures. These procedures not only facilitate diagnosis and treatment of critically ill patients, but also provide valuable insights into disease pathophysiology. While critical care interventions offer undeniable benefits, the potential for iatrogenic complications necessitates careful consideration. The recent surge in critical care ultrasound (US) utilization is a testament to its unique advantages: non-invasiveness, real-time bedside availability, direct visualization of internal structures, elimination of ionizing radiation exposure, repeatability, and relative ease of learning. Recognizing the need to optimize procedures and minimize complications, critical care utrasound study group of Beijing critical care ultrasound research assocition convened a panel of critical care experts to generate this consensus statement. This document serves as a guide for healthcare providers, aiming to ensure patient safety and best practices in critical care.

[Epidemioloical characteristics and economic burden analysis of palmoplantar pustulosis in urban areas of China].

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and economic burden of palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) in China. Methods: A population-based retrospective study was conducted using the data from China's Urban Basic Medical Insurance data from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2016. International Classification of Diseases code and diagnoses in Chinese for PPP were used to identify cases and estimate the prevalence, incidence, and cost. Subgroup analyses were performed according to age and sex, and sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the robustness of the results. Age-adjusted prevalence rates were calculated based on the 2010 national census data. Results: The crude prevalence and incidence rate of PPP in 2016 were 2.730/100 000 (95%CI: 2.218/100 000-3.242/100 000) and 1.556/100 000 (95%CI: 1.154/100 000-1.958/100 000), and the prevalence rate of females (2.910/100 000) was higher than that of males (2.490/100 000, χ2=97.48, P=0.001). The incidence rate of females (1.745/100 000) was also higher than that of males (1.418/100 000, χ2=85.02, P=0.001). The age peak of incidence and prevalence of patients with PPP was in the 30-39-year age group and a small peak existed in the 0-3-year age group among people under 20 years old. From 2012 to 2016, the average number of visits was (2.44±0.04) per patient, and the total per-capita cost per year was (982.40±39.19) yuan. Conclusion: In 2016, the prevalence and incidence rate of PPP in China were higher in females than in males, and the highest age peak was in the 30-39-year age group.

[Efficacy and safety of venetoclax combined with hypomethylating agents in the treatment of 83 patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes].

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of venetoclax (VEN) combined with hypomethylating agents (HMA) in the treatment of higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (HR-MDS) and analyze the factors influencing their therapeutic effect. Methods: The clinical data of 83 patients with HR-MDS who were diagnosed at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between November 2019 and May 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were treated with VEN combined with HMA. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to depict the survival curves, and the log-rank test was used to compare survival between the groups. Results: The median age was 57 (15-82) years old, and 51 patients (61.4%) were male. Forty-five patients (54.2%) were initially treated with HMA, 23 (27.7%) received ≤4 cycles of HMA, and 15 (18.1%) demonstrated HMA failure. At the median follow-up of 10.3 (0.6-34.4) months, the overall response rate (ORR) was 62.7% (52/83), including 18 patients (21.7%) with a complete response (CR), 14 (16.9%) with a bone marrow CR (mCR) with hematological improvement, and 20 (24.1%) with a mCR. The ORR of patients with initial treatment, ≤4 HMA cycles, and HMA failure were 66.7%, 60.9%, and 53.3%, respectively (P=0.641). The median overall survival time was 14.6 (95% CI 7.2-22.0) months, and the median progression-free survival time was 8.9 (95% CI 6.7-11.1) months. The multivariate analysis showed that serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ≥90 U/L (OR=14.574, 95% CI 3.036-69.951, P=0.001), TP53 mutation (OR=13.052, 95% CI 1.982-85.932, P=0.008), and U2AF1 mutation (OR=7.720, 95% CI 1.540-38.698, P=0.013) were independent risk factors for poor efficacy of VEN combined with HMA. Hematological toxicity occurred in all patients, and the incidence of treatment-induced grade 3-4 leukopenia was 48.2% (40/83). Infection was the most common non-hematological adverse event, mainly pulmonary infection (31.3%) . Conclusion: VEN combined with HMA had a high response rate in patients with HR-MDS, both at initial treatment and with HMA failure. ALP ≥ 90 U/L, TP53 mutation, and U2AF1 mutation were independent risk factors for non-response to treatment.

METTL3 Modulates Ctsk+ Lineage Supporting Cranial Osteogenesis via Hedgehog.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, a eukaryotic messenger RNA modification catalyzed by methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3), plays a pivotal role in stem cell fate determination. Calvarial bone development and maintenance are orchestrated by the cranial sutures. Cathepsin K (CTSK)-positive calvarial stem cells (CSCs) contribute to mice calvarial ossification. However, the role of m6A modification in regulating Ctsk+ lineage cells during calvarial development remains elusive. Here, we showed that METTL3 was colocalized with cranial nonosteoclastic Ctsk+ lineage cells, which were also associated with GLI1 expression. During neonatal development, depletion of Mettl3 in the Ctsk+ lineage cells delayed suture formation and decreased mineralization. During adulthood maintenance, loss of Mettl3 in the Ctsk+ lineage cells impaired calvarial bone formation, which was featured by the increased bone porosity, enhanced bone marrow cavity, and decreased number of osteocytes with the less-developed cellular outline. The analysis of methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing and RNA sequencing data indicated that loss of METTL3 reduced Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Restoration of Hh signaling pathway by crossing Sufufl/+ alleles or by local administration of SAG21 partially rescued the abnormity. Our data indicate that METTL3 modulates Ctsk+ lineage cells supporting calvarial bone formation by regulating the Hh signaling pathway, providing new insights for clinical treatment of skull vault osseous diseases.

[Construction and validation of an in-hospital mortality risk prediction model for patients receiving VA-ECMO: a retrospective multi-center case-control study].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors of in-hospital mortality and establish a risk prediction model for patients receiving venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO). METHODS: We retrospectively collected the data of 302 patients receiving VA-ECMO in ICU of 3 hospitals in Guangdong Province between January, 2015 and January, 2022 using a convenience sampling method. The patients were divided into a derivation cohort (201 cases) and a validation cohort (101 cases). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the risk factors for in-hospital death of these patients, based on which a risk prediction model was established in the form of a nomogram. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve and clinical decision curve were used to evaluate the discrimination ability, calibration and clinical validity of this model. RESULTS: The in-hospital mortality risk prediction model was established based the risk factors including hypertension (OR=3.694, 95% CI: 1.582-8.621), continuous renal replacement therapy (OR=9.661, 95%CI: 4.103-22.745), elevated Na2 + level (OR=1.048, 95% CI: 1.003-1.095) and increased hemoglobin level (OR=0.987, 95% CI: 0.977-0.998). In the derivation cohort, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of this model was 0.829 (95% CI: 0.770-0.889), greater than those of the 4 single factors (all AUC < 0.800), APACHE II Score (AUC=0.777, 95% CI: 0.714-0.840) and the SOFA Score (AUC=0.721, 95% CI: 0.647-0.796). The results of internal validation showed that the AUC of the model was 0.774 (95% CI: 0.679-0.869), and the goodness of fit test showed a good fitting of this model (χ2=4.629, P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The risk prediction model for in-hospital mortality of patients on VA-ECMO has good differentiation, calibration and clinical effectiveness and outperforms the commonly used disease severity scoring system, and thus can be used for assessing disease severity and prognostic risk level in critically ill patients.

[Comparison of the microbiota diversity between autogenous and anautogenous Culex pipiens pallens].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the microbiota composition and diversity between autogenous and anautogenous Culex pipiens pallens, so as to provide insights into unraveling the pathogenesis of autogeny in Cx. pipiens pallens. METHODS: Autogenous and anautogenous adult Cx. pipiens pallens samples were collected at 25 ℃, and the hypervariable regions of the microbial 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene was sequenced on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 sequencing platform. The microbiota abundance and diversity were evaluated using the alpha diversity index, and the difference in the microbiota structure was examined using the beta diversity index. The microbiota with significant differences in the abundance between autogenous and anautogenous adult Cx. pipiens pallens samples was identified using the linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). RESULTS: The microbiota in autogenous and anautogenous Cx. pipiens pallens samples belonged to 18 phyla, 28 classes, 70 orders, 113 families, and 170 genera, and the dominant phyla included Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and so on. At the genus level, Wolbachia was a common dominant genus, and the relative abundance was (77.6 ± 11.3)% in autogenous Cx. pipiens pallens samples and (47.5 ± 8.5)% in anautogenous mosquito samples, while Faecalibaculum (0.4% ± 0.1%), Dubosiella (0.5% ± 0.0%) and Massilia (0.5% ± 0.1%) were specific species in autogenous Cx. pipiens pallens samples. Alpha diversity analysis showed that higher Chao1 index and ACE index in autogenous Cx. pipiens pallens samples than in anautogenous samples (both P values > 0.05), and lower Shannon index (P > 0.05) and Simpson index (P < 0.05) in autogenous Cx. pipiens pallens samples than in anautogenous samples. LEfSe analysis showed a total of 48 significantly different taxa between autogenous and anautogenous Cx. pipiens pallens samples (all P values < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant difference in the microbiota diversity between autogenous and anautogenous Cx. pipiens pallens.

[Clinical study of the efficacies of ruxolitinib plus low-dose PTCY for acute GVHD prevention after haploidentical transplantation in malignant hematological diseases].

Objective: To investigate and verify a novel acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) prevention protocol in the context of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) . Methods: Patients who underwent haplo-HSCT in our center between January 2022 and December 2022 were included. All patients received reduced doses of cyclophosphamide, Rabbit anti-human tymoglobulin, ruxolitinib, methotrexate, cyclosporine, and MMF to prevent aGVHD. The transplantation outcomes, complications, and survival rate of all patients were investigated. Results: A total of 52 patients with haplo-HSCT were enrolled, 29 (55.8%) male and 23 (44.2%) female, with a median age of 28 (5-59) years. There were 25 cases of acute myeloid leukemia, 17 cases of acute lymphocyte leukemia, 6 cases of myelodysplastic syndrome, 2 cases of chronic myeloid leukemia and 2 cases of myeloproliferative neoplasms. 98.1% of patients had successful engraftment. The incidence of Ⅱ-Ⅳ aGVHD and Ⅲ-Ⅳ aGVHD was 19.2% (95% CI 8.2% -30.3% ) and 7.7% (95% CI 0.2% -15.2% ), respectively. No patients experienced severe gastrointestinal mucositis. The Epstein-Barr virus and CMV reactivation rates were 40.4% and 21.3%, respectively. 9.6% of patients relapsed during followup, with 1-year overall survival, progression-free survival, and non-relapse mortality rates of 86.5% (95% CI 76.9% -96.1% ), 78.8% (95% CI 67.4% -90.3% ) and 11.5% (95% CI 2.6% -20.5% ), respectively. Conclusion: Ruxolitinib combined with a low dose of PTCY is a safe and effective first-line aGVHD prevention strategy.

[New 2023 global definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome: progress and limitation].

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) presents a challenge in clinical diagnosis as it lacks a definitive gold standard. Over the past 55 years, there have been several revisions to the definition of ARDS. With the progress of clinical practice and scientific research, the limitations of the "Berlin definition" have become increasingly evident. In response to these changes, the 2023 global definition of ARDS aims to address these issues by expanding the diagnostic targets, chest imaging, and methods for assessing hypoxia. Additionally, the new definition increases the diagnostic criteria to accommodate resource-constrained settings. The expansion facilitates early identification and treatment interventions for ARDS, thereby advancing epidemiological and clinically related research. Nevertheless, the broad nature of this revision may include patients who do not actually have ARDS, thus raising the risk of false-positive diagnoses. Therefore, additional verification is crucial to ascertain the validity and accuracy of the 2023 global definition of ARDS.

[The mechanical ventilation guided by electrical impedance tomography in acute respiratory distress syndrome].

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common and critical clinical condition characterized by diffuse damage to the lung interstitium, alveoli, and increased permeability of pulmonary blood vessels. CT can be used to assess the imaging features, severity, and prediction of ARDS, but it requires patient transportation to the CT room and is only a static examination. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is an increasingly widely used monitoring tool in clinical applications in recent years. It enables continuous real-time assessment of lung ventilation distribution at the bedside and has high clinical value in optimizing mechanical ventilation parameters for critically ill patients. This article introduces the basic principles of EIT and how to better utilize EIT technology to guide mechanical ventilation treatment for ARDS patients.

[Effect of asiaticoside on systolic blood pressure and relaxation of isolated thoracic aorta of rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of asiaticoside on blood pressure and relaxation of thoracic aorta in rats and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS: SD rats treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg asiaticoside by daily gavage for 2 weeks were monitored for systolic blood pressure changes, and histological changes of the thoracic aorta were evaluated using HE staining. In isolated rat endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded thoracic aorta rings, the effects of asiaticoside on relaxation of the aortic rings were tested at baseline and following norepinephrine (NE)- and KCl-induced constriction. The vascular relaxation effect of asiaticoside was further observed in NE-stimulated endothelium-intact rat aortic rings pretreated with L-nitroarginine methyl ester, indomethacin, zinc protoporphyrin Ⅸ, tetraethyl ammonium chloride, glibenclamide, barium chloride, Iberiotoxin, 4-aminopyridine, or TASK-1-IN-1. The aortic rings were treated with KCl and NE followed by increasing concentrations of CaCl2 to investigate the effect of asiaticoside on vasoconstriction induced by external calcium influx and internal calcium release. RESULTS: Asiaticoside at 50 and 100 mg/kg significantly lowered systolic blood pressure in rats without affecting the thoracic aorta histomorphology. While not obviously affecting resting aortic rings with intact endothelium, asiaticoside at 100 mg/kg induced significant relaxation of the rings constricted by KCl and NE, but its effects differed between endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded rings. In endothelium-intact aortic rings pretreated with indomethacin, ZnPP Ⅸ, barium chloride, glyburide, TASK-1-IN-1 and 4-aminopyridine, asiaticoside did not produce significant effect on NE-induced vasoconstriction, and tetraethylammonium, Iberiotoxin and L-nitroarginine methyl ester all inhibited the relaxation effect of asiaticoside. In KCland NE-treated rings, asiaticoside obviously inhibited CaCl2-induced vascular contraction. CONCLUSION: Asiaticoside induces thoracic aorta relaxation by mediating high-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel opening, promoting nitric oxide release from endothelial cells and regulating Ca2+ influx and outflow, thereby reducing systolic blood pressure in rats.

[A sericin hydrogel scaffold for sustained dexamethasone release modulates macrophage polarization to promote mandibular bone defect repair in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a modified sericin hydrogel scaffold loaded with dexamethasone (SMH-CD/DEX) scaffold for promoting bone defect healing by stimulating anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization. METHODS: The light-curable SMH-CD/DEX scaffold was prepared using dexamethasone-loaded NH2-ß-cyclodextrin (NH2-ß-CD) and sericin hydrogel and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), biocompatibility assessment and drug release test. THP-1 macrophages incubated with the scaffold were examined for protein expressions of iNOS and Arg-1, mRNA expressions of IL-6, Il-10, Arg-1 and iNOS, and surface markers CD86 and CD206 using Western blotting, RT-qPCR, and flow cytometry. In a co-culture system of human periodontal ligament stem cells (HPDLSCs) and THP-1 macrophages, the osteogenic ability of the stem cells incubated with the scaffold was evaluated by detecting protein expressions of COL1A1 and Runx2 and expressions of ALP, Runx2, OCN and BMP2 mRNA, ALP staining, and alizarin red staining. In a rat model of mandibular bone defect, the osteogenic effect of the scaffold was assessed by observing bone regeneration using micro-CT and histopathological staining. RESULTS: In THP-1 macrophages, incubation with SMH-CD/DEX scaffold significantly enhanced protein expressions of Arg-1 and mRNA expressions of IL-10 and Arg-1 and lowered iNOS protein expression and IL-6 and iNOS mRNA expressions. In the co-culture system, SMH-CD/DEX effectively increased the protein expressions of COL1A1 and Runx2 and mRNA expressions of ALP and BMP2 in HPDLSCs and promoted their osteogenic differentiation. In the rat models, implantation of SMH-CD/DEX scaffold significantly promoted bone repair and bone regeneration in the bone defect. CONCLUSION: The SMH-CD/DEX scaffold capable of sustained dexamethasone release promotes osteogenic differentiation of stem cells and bone defect repair in rats by regulating M2 polarization.

[Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase and p16 as surrogate diagnostic markers for CDKN2A homozygous deletion in brain tumors].

Objective: To examine whether immunohistochemistry of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) and p16 could be used to predict the CDKN2A status in various brain tumors. Methods: A total of 118 cases of IDH-mutant astrocytomas, 16 IDH-wildtype glioblastoma, 17 polymorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) and 20 meningiomas diagnosed at Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China from November 2017 to October 2023 were collected and analyzed. The CDKN2A status was detected by using fluorescence in situ hybridization or next-generation sequencing. Expression of MTAP and p16 proteins was detected with immunohistochemistry. The association of loss of MTAP/p16 expression with CDKN2A homozygous/heterozygous deletion was examined. Results: Among the 118 cases of IDH-mutant astrocytoma, 13 cases showed homozygous deletion of CDKN2A. All of them had no expression of MTAP while 9 cases had no expression of p16. Among the 16 cases of IDH wild-type glioblastoma, 6 cases showed homozygous deletion of CDKN2A. All 6 cases had no expression of MTAP, while 3 of these cases had no expression of p16 expression. Among the 17 PXA cases, 4 cases showed homozygous deletion of CDKN2A, and the expression of MTAP and p16 was also absent in these 4 cases. Among the 20 cases of meningiomas, 4 cases showed homozygous deletion of CDKN2A. Their expression of MTAP and p16 was also absent. Among the four types of brain tumors, MTAP was significantly correlated with CDKN2A homozygous deletion (P<0.05), with a sensitivity of 100%. However, it was only significantly correlated with the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of CDKN2A in astrocytomas (P<0.001). P16 was associated with CDKN2A homozygous deletion in IDH-mutant astrocytoma and PXA (P<0.001), but not with the LOH of CDKN2A. Its sensitivity and specificity were lower than that of MTAP. Conclusions: MTAP could serve as a predictive surrogate for CDKN2A homozygous deletion in adult IDH-mutant astrocytoma, PXA, adult IDH-wildtype glioblastoma and meningioma. However, p16 could only be used in the first two tumor types, and its specificity and sensitivity are lower than that of MTAP.

[A comparative study of rigid gas permeable corneal contact lenses versus frame glasses for refractive correction of postoperative aphakic eyes after congenital cataract surgery in infants and children].

Objective: The aim of this paper is to compare the refractive correction effects of rigid gas permeable contact lenses (RGPCL) and spectacle correction in children with aphakia after congenital cataract surgery. Methods: This was a prospective non-randomized controlled trial. Children with aphakic eyes after congenital cataract surgery, who underwent vision correction in the Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Clinic of Beijing Tongren Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University from April 2012 to November 2019, were continuously collected. Those who voluntarily chose to wear RGPCL for refractive correction were included in the experimental group. Patients with monocular disease were in trial group 1, and patients with binocular disease were in trial group 2. Patients who chose to wear frame glasses for refractive correction were included in the control group. Patients with monocular disease were in control group 1, and patients with binocular disease were in control group 2. Regional origin, medical history, and family information were collected at the first diagnosis. During the follow-up, adverse reactions occurring during the process of wearing glasses were recorded. The Teller acuity card was used for visual examination to obtain the best-corrected visual acuity and convert it into the logarithm of the minimum resolution angle. The degree of nystagmus was determined according to the amplitude and frequency of nystagmus. Treatment cost, treatment compliance, and the reasons for adopting or not adopting RGPCL were analyzed through a questionnaire completed by the parents of children with RGPCL. Results: A total of 203 children (344 eyes) who underwent congenital cataract surgery were included, including 124 males (210 eyes) and 79 females (134 eyes). The age range was 3 to 36 months. There were 28 cases in the experimental group, including 19 cases in trial group 1 and 9 cases in trial group 2. There were 175 cases in the control group, including 43 cases in control group 1 and 132 cases in control group 2. Except for 6 months of age, the visual acuity of the experimental group was better than that of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The visual acuity of children in trial group 1 was better than that of children in control group 1 at the same age. Among them, at 12 months of age [1.54 (1.27, 1.97), 1.84 (0.97, 2.12)], 18 months of age [1.27 (0.97, 1.84), 1.84 (0.97, 2.12)], 24 months of age [1.54 (1.27, 1.84), 1.84 (0.97, 2.12)], and 30 months old [0.97 (0.66, 1.27), 1.54 (0.66, 2.12)], the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). The visual acuity of children in trial group 2 was better than that in control group 2 at the same age. Among them, at 18 months old [1.27 (0.97, 1.54), 1.27 (0.66, 2.12)], 24 months old [0.97 (0.66, 1.27), 1.27 (0.66, 2.12)], and 30 months old [1.27 (0.66, 2.12)], the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The remission rate of nystagmus in the experimental group was 8/9 (8 cases), the remission rate of nystagmus in the control group was 34.40% (32 cases), and the exacerbation rate was 29.03% (27 cases). The average annual cost of the experimental group was 25 125 yuan, and that of the control group was 2 511 yuan. Conclusions: RGPCL is a well-tolerated, safe, and effective treatment for infants and young children. The visual acuity and degree of nystagmus were significantly improved in children who wore RGPCL for aphakia refractive correction after congenital cataract surgery compared with spectacle correction.

[Effects of applying human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell exosomes through different pathways to treat full-thickness skin defect wounds in mice].

Objective: To investigate the effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUCMSC) exosomes in the treatment of full-thickness skin defect wounds in mice through local wound application, subcutaneous injection at the wound margin, and tail vein injection, and to explore the optimal administration route of hUCMSC exosomes for wound treatment. Methods: This study was an experimental study. hUCMSC exosomes were extracted from the discarded umbilical cord tissue of three normal delivery women aged 25-35 years in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Baogang Hospital of Inner Mongolia and successfully identified. Totally 120 male BALB/c mice aged 6-8 weeks were selected, and full-thickness skin defect wounds were prepared on the back of them. According to the random number table, the injured mice were divided into control group (without drug administration), local wound application group, wound margin subcutaneous injection group, and tail vein injection group (with 30 mice in each group). Mice in the latter three groups were given 0.2 mL phosphate buffer solution containing 200 µg hUCMSC exosomes by local wound application, subcutaneous injection at the wound margin, and tail vein injection, respectively. On post injury day (PID) 7, 14, and 21, the general condition of the wound was observed, and the wound healing rate was calculated; the wound tissue was collected, the pathological changes and collagen fibers were observed respectively by hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining, the number of new microvessels was observed by CD31 immunohistochemical staining, and the content of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The sample number was 10 in each group at each time point. Results: On PID 7, 14, and 21, the wounds of mice in the 4 groups all healed gradually, and the wound healing of the mice in wound margin subcutaneous injection group was the best; the wound healing rates of mice in the three administration groups were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05), the wound healing rates of mice in wound margin subcutaneous injection group and tail vein injection group were significantly higher than those in local wound application group (P<0.05), and the wound healing rates of mice in wound margin subcutaneous injection group were significantly higher than those in tail vein injection group (P<0.05). On PID 7, 14, and 21, the growth and epithelialization speed of the wound tissue of mice in the three administration groups were significantly accelerated, and the collagen fibers in the wounds of mice in the three administration groups were larger in number and more neatly arranged in comparison with the control group. On PID 7, 14, and 21, under every 200-fold visual field, the number of new microvessels in the wound tissue of mice in local wound application group was 24.1±2.5, 50.7±4.1, and 44.2±2.3, respectively, the number of new microvessels in the wound tissue of mice in wound margin subcutaneous injection group was 32.2±2.9, 67.5±4.9, and 53.6±3.7, respectively, and the number of new microvessels in the wound tissue of mice in tail vein injection group was 27.8±2.4, 59.1±3.7, and 49.6±2.6, respectively, which was significantly more than 20.6±1.7, 46.7±3.4, and 40.9±2.8 in control group (P<0.05); the number of new microvessels in the wound tissue of mice in wound margin subcutaneous injection group and tail vein injection group was significantly more than that in local wound application group (P<0.05); the number of new microvessels in the wound tissue of mice in wound margin subcutaneous injection group was significantly more than that in tail vein injection group (P<0.05). On PID 7, 14, and 21, the content of TNF-α and IL-6 in the wound tissue of mice in the three administration groups was significantly less than that in control group (P<0.05), the content of TNF-α and IL-6 in the wound tissue of mice in wound margin subcutaneous injection group and tail vein injection group was significantly less than that in local wound application group (P<0.05), and the content of TNF-α and IL-6 in the wound tissue of mice in wound margin subcutaneous injection group was significantly less than that in tail vein injection group (P<0.05). Conclusions: Local wound application, subcutaneous injection at the wound margin, and tail vein injection of hUCMSC exosomes can all promote the wound healing of full-thickness skin defects in mice through alleviating excessive inflammatory response and promoting angiogenesis. Among them, subcutaneous injection at the wound margin has a better therapeutic effect, indicating subcutaneous injection at the wound margin is the optimal administration route for hUCMSC exosomes in wound treatment.

[Practical application of the Paris system for reporting urinary cytology].

Objective: To validate the diagnostic performance of the Paris system for reporting urinary cytology (TPS). Methods: A total of 7 046 urine cytology samples from 3 402 patients collected in the Department of Pathology, Beijing Hospital, China from January 2020 to January 2022 were analyzed. 488 patients had a biopsy or resection specimen during the follow-up period of 6 months. The sensitivity, specificity, risk of malignancy (ROM) and risk of high-grade malignancy (ROHM) of the TPS were evaluated using histological diagnosis as the golden standard. Results: Among the 7 046 samples, high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) accounted for 5.7% (399/7 046), suspicious for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (SHGUC) for 3.2% (227/7 046), atypical urothelial cells (AUC) for 8.4% (593/7 046), and negative for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (NHGUC) for 72.9% (5 139/7 046) including low-grade urothelial neoplasm (LGUN) for 0.8% (59/7 046) and insufficient samples for 9.8% (688/7 046). 488 patients had a bladder biopsy or resection in the follow-up of six months, including 314 males and 174 females, aged 27 to 92 years (average, 66 years). The ROHM of TPS was 94.7% in HGUC, 83.3% in SHGUC, 41.3% in AUC and 18.8% in NHGUC. The sensitivity and specificity of urine cytology were 70.1% (169/241) and 97.0% (162/167), respectively. The negative predictive value of NHGUC was 69.2% (162/234). Conclusions: The study has shown that TPS classification has high sensitivity and specificity, high ROHM for HGUC and SHGUC, and high negative predictive value for NHGUC. The application of TPS reporting system can better interpret the clinical significance of cytology samples, improve the accuracy of urine cytopathology and ensure continuous diagnostic consistency.

[Role of innate lymphoid cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma microenvironment].

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common oral malignancy. It has a high incidence, strong invasion ability, easy metastasis, poor curative effect, and poor prognosis. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are an important part of immune cells located in the mucosal barrier, which play an important role in the occurrence, development and outcome of tumors. ILCs are the key cells for decoding the regulatory mechanism of tumor microenvironment and the signatures for tumor progression. This paper reviewed the latest progress on ILCs, summarized the possible characteristics and functions of ILCs in the microenvironment of OSCC, and explored the relationship between ILCs and the occurrence, development and immunotherapy of OSCC.

Three dimensional analysis of the exhalation flow in the proximity of the mouth.

The human exhalation flow is characterized in this work from the three-dimensional velocimetry results obtained by using the stereo particle image velocimetry (SPIV) measurement technique on the flow emitted from a realistic airway model. For this purpose, the transient exhalation flow through the mouth of a person performing two different breaths corresponding to two metabolic rates, standing relaxed (SR) and walking active (WA), is emulated and studied. To reproduce the flow realistically, a detailed three-dimensional model obtained from computed tomography measurements on real subjects is used. To cope with the variability of the experimental data, a subsequent analysis of the results is performed using the TR-PIV (time resolved particle image velocimetry) technique. Exhalation produces a transient jet that becomes a puff when flow emission ends. Three-dimensional vector fields of the jet velocity are obtained in five equally spaced transverse planes up to a distance of Image 1 from the mouth at equally spaced time instants Image 2 which will be referred to as phases (φ), from the beginning to the end of exhalation. The time evolution during exhalation of the jet area of influence, the velocity field and the jet air entrainment have been characterized for each of the jet cross sections. The importance of the use of realistic airway models for the study of this type of flow and the influence of the metabolic rate on its development are also analyzed. The results obtained contribute to the characterization of the human exhalation as a pathway of the transmission of pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 virus.