Using UV/peracetic acid as pretreatment for subsequent bio-treatment of antibiotic-containing wastewater treatment: Mitigating microbial inhibition and antibiotic resistance genes proliferation.

UV/peracetic acid (PAA) treatment presents a promising approach for antibiotic removal, but its effects on microbial community and proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during the subsequent bio-treatment remain unclear. Thus, we evaluated the effects of the UV/PAA on tetracycline (TTC) degradation, followed by introduction of the treated wastewater into the bio-treatment system to monitor changes in ARG expression and biodegradability. Results demonstrated effective TTC elimination by the UV/PAA system, with carbon-centered radicals playing a significant role. Crucially, the UV/PAA system not only eliminated antibacterial activity but also inhibited potential ARG host growth, thereby minimizing the emergence and dissemination of ARGs during subsequent bio-treatment. Additionally, the UV/PAA system efficiently removed multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria and ARGs from the bio-treatment effluent, preventing ARGs from being released into the environment. Hence, we propose a multi-barrier strategy for treating antibiotic-containing wastewater, integrating UV/PAA pre-treatment and post-disinfection with bio-treatment. The inhibition of ARGs transmission by the integrated system was verified through actual soil testing, confirming its effectiveness in preventing ARGs dissemination in the surrounding natural ecosystem. Overall, the UV/PAA treatment system offers a promising solution for tackling ARGs challenges by controlling ARGs proliferation at the source and minimizing their release at the end of the treatment process.

Optimizing directional recovery of high-bioavailable phosphorus from human manure: Molecular-level understanding and assessment of application potential.

Phosphorus (P) recovery from human manure (HM) is critical for food production security. For the first time, a one-step hydrothermal carbonation (HTC) treatment of HM was proposed in this study for the targeted high-bioavailable P recovery from P-rich hydrochars (PHCs) for direct soil application. Furthermore, the mechanism for the transformation of P speciation in the derived PHCs was also studied at the molecular level. A high portion of P (80.1∼89.3%) was retained in the solid phase after HTC treatment (120∼240°C) due to high metal contents. The decomposition of organophosphorus (OP) into high-bioavailable orthophosphate (Ortho-P) was accelerated when the HTC temperature was increased, reaching ∼97.1% at 210°C. In addition, due to the high content of Ca (40.45±2.37 g/kg) in HM, the HTC process promoted the conversion of low-bioavailable non-apatite inorganic (NAIP) into high-bioavailable apatite inorganic P (AP). In pot experiments with pea seedling growth, the application of newly obtained PHCs significantly promoted plant growth, including average wet/dry weight and plant height. Producing 1 ton of PHCs (210°C) with the same effective P content as agricultural-type calcium superphosphate could result in a net return of $58.69. More importantly, this pathway for P recovery is predicted to meet ∼38% of the current agricultural demand.

Phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge ash (SSA): An integrated technical, environmental and economic assessment of wet-chemical and thermochemical methods.

Incineration is a promising disposal method for sewage sludge (SS), enriching more than 90% of phosphorus (P) in the influent into the powdered product, sewage sludge ash (SSA), which is convenient for further P recovery. Due to insufficient bioavailable P and enriched heavy metals (HMs) in SSA, it is limited to be used directly as fertilizer. Hence, this paper provides an overview of P transformation in SS incineration, characterization of SSA components, and wet-chemical and thermochemical processes for P recovery with a comprehensive technical, economic, and environmental assessment. P extraction and purification is an important technical step to achieve P recovery from SSA, where the key to all technologies is how to achieve efficient separation of P and HMs at a low economic and environmental cost. It can be clear seen from the review that the economics of P recovery from SSA are often weak due to many factors. For example, the cost of wet-chemical methods is approximately 5∼6 €/kg P, while the cost of recovering P by thermochemical methods is about 2∼3 €/kg P, which is slightly higher than the current P fertilizer (1 €/kg P). So, for now, legislation is significant for promoting P recovery from SSA. In this regard, the relevant experience in Europe is worth learning from countries that have not yet carried out P recovery from SSA, and to develop appropriate policies and legislation according to their own national conditions.

Peracetic acid disinfection induces antibiotic-resistant E. coli into VBNC state but ineffectively eliminates the transmission potential of ARGs.

The occurrence of a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state in antibiotic-resistant E. coli (AR E. coli) and inefficient degradation of their antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) may cause potential health risks during disinfection. Peracetic acid (PAA) is an alternative disinfectant for replacing chlorine-based oxidants in wastewater treatment, and the potential of PAA to induce a VBNC state in AR E. coli and to remove the transformation functionality of ARGs were investigated for the first time. Results show that PAA exhibits excellent performance in inactivating AR E. coli (over 7.0-logs) and persistently inhibiting its regeneration. After PAA disinfection, insignificant changes in the ratio of living to dead cells (∼4%) and the level of cell metabolism, indicating that AR E. coli were induced into VBNC states. Unexpectedly, PAA was found to induce AR E. coli into VBNC state by destroying the proteins containing reactive amino acids at thiol, thioether and imidazole groups, rather than the result of membrane damage, oxidative stress, lipid destruction and DNA disruption in the conventional disinfection processes. Moreover, the result of poor reactivity between PAA and plasmid strands and bases confirmed that PAA hardly reduced the abundance of ARGs and damaged the plasmid's integrity. Transformation assays and real environment validation indicated that PAA-treated AR E. coli could release large abundance of naked ARGs with high-efficiency transformation functionality (∼5.4 × 10-4 - ∼8.3 × 10-6) into the environment. This study has significant environmental implications for assessing the transmission of antimicrobial resistance during PAA disinfection.

Who does better for in-situ eutrophic remediation in anoxic environment improvement and nutrient removal: MgO2 versus CaO2.

The long-term insufficient dissolved oxygen (DO), excessive nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) have become the main causes of the troublesome eutrophication. Herein, a 20-day sediment core incubation experiment was conducted to comprehensively evaluate the effects of two metal-based peroxides (MgO2 and CaO2) on eutrophic remediation. Results indicated that CaO2 addition could increase DO and ORP of the overlying water more effectively and improve the anoxic environment of the aquatic ecosystems. However, the addition of MgO2 had a less impact on pH of the water body. Furthermore, the addition of MgO2 and CaO2 removed 90.31% and 93.87% of continuous external P in the overlying water respectively, while the removal of NH4+ was 64.86% and 45.89%, and the removal of TN was 43.08% and 19.16%. The reason why the capacity on NH4+ removal of MgO2 was higher than that of CaO2 is mainly that PO43- and NH4+ can be removed as struvite by MgO2. Compared with MgO2, mobile P of the sediment in CaO2 addition group was reduced obviously and converted to more stable P. Notably, the microbial community structure of sediments was optimized by MgO2 and CaO2, which showed that the relative abundance of anaerobic bacteria decreased and that of aerobic bacteria increased significantly, especially some functional bacteria involved in the nutrient cycle. Taken together, MgO2 and CaO2 have a promising application prospect in the field of in-situ eutrophication management.

Selective Transformation of Micropollutants in Saline Wastewater by Peracetic Acid: The Overlooked Brominating Agents.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is an emerging alternative disinfectant for saline waters; HOBr or HOCl is known as the sole species contributing to halogenation reactions during PAA oxidation and disinfection. However, new results herein strongly indicated that the brominating agents (e.g., BrCl, Br2, BrOCl, and Br2O) are generated at concentrations typically lower than HOCl and HOBr but played significant roles in micropollutants transformation. The presence of Cl- and Br- at environmentally relevant levels could greatly accelerate the micropollutants (e.g., 17α-ethinylestraiol (EE2)) transformation by PAA. The kinetic model and quantum chemical calculations collectively indicated that the reactivities of bromine species toward EE2 follow the order of BrCl > Br2 > BrOCl > Br2O > HOBr. In saline waters with elevated Cl- and Br- levels, these overlooked brominating agents influence bromination rates of more nucleophilic constituents of natural organic matter and increase the total organic bromine. Overall, this work refines our knowledge regarding the species-specific reactivity of brominating agents and highlights the critical roles of these agents in micropollutant abatement and disinfection byproduct formation during PAA oxidation and disinfection.

Water decontamination via nonradical process by nanoconfined Fenton-like catalysts.

There is an urgent need to develop effective and sustainable solutions to reduce water pollution. Heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts are frequently used to eliminate contaminants from water. However, the applicability of these catalysts is limited due to low availability of the reactive species (RS). Herein, nanoconfinement strategy was applied to encapsulate short-lived RS at nanoscale to boost the utilization efficiency of the RS in Fenton-like reactions. The nanoconfined catalyst was fabricated by assembling Co3O4 nanoparticles in carbon nanotube nanochannels to achieve exceptional reaction rate and excellent selectivity. Experiments collectively suggested that the degradation of contaminants was attributed to singlet oxygen (1O2). Density functional theory calculations demonstrated the nanoconfined space contributes to quantum mutation and alters the transition state to lower activation energy barriers. Simulation results revealed that the enrichment of contaminant on the catalyst reduced the migration distance and enhanced the utilization of 1O2. The synergy between the shell layer and core-shell structure further improved the selectivity of 1O2 towards contaminant oxidation in real waters. The nanoconfined catalyst is expected to provide a viable strategy for water pollution control.

Co-Mn spinel oxides trigger peracetic acid activation for ultrafast degradation of sulfonamide antibiotics: Unveiling critical role of Mn species in boosting Co activity.

Activation of peracetic acid (PAA) to generate powerful oxidizing species has become a promising advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in wastewater treatment, yet the development of low-cost and high-performance activators is still a primary challenge. Herein, a range of Co-Mn spinel oxides (Co3-xMnxO4) with varying levels of Co and Mn were successfully elaborated, in which Co1.1Mn1.9O4 exhibited remarkable performance in PAA activation, outperforming most reported heterogeneous catalysts. Extensive quenching experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis indicated that acetylperoxyl radical (CH3C(O)OO●) was the predominated oxidizing species responsible for sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that doping with Mn not only promoted the electron transfer and accelerated reduction of Co(III) to Co(II), but also lowered the energy barrier for PAA activation. Moreover, the prominent chemisorption and activation of PAA with Co1.1Mn1.9O4 was also benefitted from the significant role of Mn in optimizing the distribution of bonding and antibonding states on Co 3d orbitals. Unexpectedly, high levels of Cl-greatly facilitated SMX degradation due to the mass production of HOCl from the chain reactions of various radicals with Cl-. This work provides new insights into bimetallic activation of PAA, and the knowledge obtained will further advance the application of PAA-based AOPs.

Thiosulfate enhanced Cu(II)-catalyzed Fenton-like reaction at neutral condition: Critical role of sulfidation in copper cycle and Cu(III) production.

Thiosulfate (S2O32-) has been proven to be an effective promoter of Fenton-like reactions by accelerating the metal ions cycle. However, up to now, little is known about the role of sulfur transformation and intermediate sulfur in the regulation of metal chemical cycle and reactive species production. Herein, free Cu(II) was selected as catalyst for the activation of H2O2. The introduction of S2O32- significantly enhanced the degradation of benzoic acid, and the degradation rate (kobs) was 5.8 times that of Cu(II)/H2O2 system. The kinetic model revealed the transformation of sulfur species and demonstrated that sulfides (i.e., HS-/S2-, S2O32-) and S0 were the dominant electron donor for the reduction of Cu(II) into Cu(I). Consequently, the reduction and complexation roles of S2O32- significantly resolve the rate-limiting step and broaden the pH range of in Fenton-like reactions. Evidence for the critical role of high-valent copper (Cu(III)) and HO• on BA degradation was obtained by scavengers experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance and fluorescent probes. Meanwhile, the Cu(II)/H2O2/S2O32- system also exhibited satisfactory anti-interference ability of the various matrix. Overall, this study offers mechanistic insight into sulfidation in Cu chemical cycle and Cu(III) generation, and highlights the potential of S2O32- for Fenton-like reactions to control pollutants.

Simultaneous removal of carbamazepine and Cd(II) in groundwater by integration of peroxydisulfate oxidation and sulfidogenic process: The bridging role of SO42.

Heat-activated PDS oxidation (HAPO) has been widely used for in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) of micropollutants in groundwater, whereas the aesthetic demerit of additional SO42- production is largely overlooked. In this study, the sulfidogenic process is used to offset the aesthetic demerit, and the production of SO42- is then employed to recycle heavy metals. The innovative integration technology with PDS oxidation and sulfidogenic process via the bridging role of SO42- was reported to remove micropollutants and heavy metals in groundwater simultaneously. HAPO could completely degrade CBZ, producing 400 mg/L SO42- with the addition of 0.50 g/L PDS. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) utilize SO42- generated from HAPO as the electron acceptor in the sulfidogenic process, removing and recycling Cd(II) via the precipitation of CdS. The SRB tolerance experiment revealed the viability of PDS oxidation coupled with the sulfidogenic process via the bridging role of SO42-. Overall, the integration technology is a green and promising technology for simultaneous micropollutants removal and heavy metals recycling in groundwater.

Unexpected Role of Nitrite in Promoting Transformation of Sulfonamide Antibiotics by Peracetic Acid: Reactive Nitrogen Species Contribution and Harmful Disinfection Byproduct Formation Potential.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is an emerging oxidant and disinfectant for wastewater (WW) treatment due to limited harmful disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation. Nitrite (NO2-) is a ubiquitous anion in water, but the impact of NO2- on PAA oxidation and disinfection has been largely overlooked. This work found for the first time that NO2- could significantly promote the oxidation of sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) by PAA. Unexpectedly, the reactive nitrogen species (RNS), for example, peroxynitrite (ONOO-), rather than conventional organic radicals (R-O•) or reactive oxygen species (ROS), played major roles in SAs degradation. A kinetic model based on first-principles was developed to elucidate the reaction mechanism and simulate reaction kinetics of the PAA/NO2- process. Structural activity assessment and quantum chemical calculations showed that RNS tended to react with an aromatic amine group, resulting in more conversion of NO2--N to organic-N. The formation of nitrated and nitrosated byproducts and the enhancement of trichloronitromethane formation potential might be a prevalent problem in the PAA/NO2- process. This study provides new insights into the reaction of PAA with NO2- and sheds light on the potential risks of PAA in WW treatment in the presence of NO2-.

Rapid oxidation of histamine H2-receptor antagonists by peroxymonosulfate during water treatment: Kinetics, products, and toxicity evaluation.

Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) is an appealing oxidant for organic contaminant destruction relying on radical generation after activation. Herein, we report PMS-promoted rapid degradation of histamine H2-receptor antagonists (HRAs) through non-radical process for the first time. Five commonly used HRAs, i.e., ranitidine (RNTD), cimetidine (CMTD), famotidine (FMTD), nizatidine (NZTD) and roxatidine (RXTD), were examined their reactivity towards PMS. Results show that HRAs (except RXTD) exhibit high reactivity towards PMS, with apparent second-order rate constants from 403 to 872 M-1s-1 at pH 7.0. Radical scavenging experiments excluded the contribution of radicals to PMS-promoted degradation of HRAs, and this non-radical process was unaffected by the real water matrices. Structure-activity assessment and theoretical calculation indicated that the thioether sulfur in HRAs (except RXTD) was the main reactive site for PMS oxidation. Transformation product analysis further elucidated oxidation of the thioether sulfur to sulfoxide product through an oxygen atom transfer process. Moreover, the thioether sulfur on the straight chain was more susceptible to oxygen transfer with PMS than that on the thiazole ring of HRAs. Toxicity evaluation indicated the ecotoxicity of HRAs could be remarkably reduced after PMS oxidation. Hence, this work provides a promising strategy to rapidly remove HRAs and significantly reduce their toxicity in water treatment.

N-Doped Animal Keratin Waste Porous Biochar derived from Trapa Natans Husks.

Animal-keratin-wastes (AKWs), horns (HN), hair (HR), puffed waterfowl feathers (PF), hydrolyzed waterfowl feathers (HF), hydrolyzed fish meal (HM), crab meat (CM), feathers (FR), shrimp chaff (SC), fish scales (FS), and waste leather (WL) were used as modifiers to prepare animal-keratin-wastes biochars (AKWs-BC) derived from Trapa natans husks (TH). AKWs-BC have a well-developed microporous structure with a pore size mainly below 3 nm. Due to the doping of AKWs, the surface chemical properties of AKWs-BC (especially N functional groups) were improved. The utilization of APWs not only realizes the resource utilization of waste, but also can be used to prepare high-performance biochars.

Selective oxidation of tetracyclines by peroxymonosulfate in livestock wastewater: Kinetics and non-radical mechanism.

Tetracyclines (TCs) discharged from livestock wastewater have received worldwide concerns owing to their potential threats to the ecosystem and human health. Advanced oxidation processes always exhibit low efficiency to remove TCs in livestock wastewater due to the radical scavenging by water matrices. Herein, we report selective elimination of TCs by peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in livestock wastewater. A kinetic model was developed to describe the rapid degradation of TCs by PMS in the real livestock wastewater. The radical scavenging study and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique excluded the contribution of radical species (e.g., SO4-) in the PMS-promoted oxidation of TCs. Theoretical calculations revealed the electrophilic attacks of PMS most likely located on the B-ring of TCs. Transformation product analysis further elucidated that hydroxylation dominated in the PMS-promoted oxidation of TCs, and N-demethylation also significantly contributed to chlorotetracycline (CTC) oxidation by PMS. These results demonstrate a promising strategy to eliminate TCs in livestock wastewater, because PMS shows specific reactivity towards TCs, and thus suffers less interference from the complicated water matrices.

The individual and Co-exposure degradation of benzophenone derivatives by UV/H2O2 and UV/PDS in different water matrices.

Benzophenone derivatives, including benzophenone-1 (C13H10O3, BP1), benzophenone-3 (C14H12O3, BP3) and benzophenone-8 (C14H12O4, BP8), that used as UV filters are currently viewed as emerging contaminants. Degradation behaviors on co-exposure benzophenone derivatives using UV-driven advanced oxidation processes under different aqueous environments are still unknown. In this study, the degradation behavior of mixed benzophenone derivatives via UV/H2O2 and UV/peroxydisulfate (PDS), in different water matrices (surface water, hydrolyzed urine and seawater) were systematically examined. In surface water, the attack of BP3 by hydroxyl radicals (HO∙) or carbonate radicals (CO3∙-) in UV/H2O2 can generate BP8, which was responsible for the relatively high degradation rate of BP3. Intermediates from BP3 and BP8 in UV/PDS were susceptible to CO3∙-, bringing inhibition of BP1 degradation. In hydrolyzed urine, Cl- was shown the negligible effect for benzophenone derivatives degradation due to low concentration of reactive chlorine species (RCS). Meanwhile, BP3 abatement was excessively inhibited during co-exposure pattern. In seawater, non-first-order kinetic behavior for BP3 and BP8 was found during UV/PDS treatment. Based on modeling, Br- was the sink for HO∙, and the co-existence of Br- and Cl- was the sink for SO4∙-. The cost-effective treatment toward target compounds removal in different water matrices was further evaluated using EE/O. In most cases, UV/H2O2 process is more economically competitive than UV/PDS process.

The role of reactive oxygen species and carbonate radical in oxcarbazepine degradation via UV, UV/H2O2: Kinetics, mechanisms and toxicity evaluation.

Oxcarbazepine (OXC) is ubiquitous in the aqueous environment. And due to its ecotoxicological effects and potential risks to human, an effective way to eliminate OXC from aqueous environment has aroused public concerns in recent years. Radical-based reactions have been shown to be an efficient way for OXC destruction, but the reactions of OXC with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and carbonate radical (CO3•-) are still unclear. In this study, we focused the degradation of OXC and ROS, CO3•- generation mechanism, and their roles in OXC degradation via UV and UV/H2O2. The triplet state of oxcarbazepine (3OXC∗) was found to play an important role in OXC degradation via UV. And hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2) were found to be the dominant ROS in OXC degradation. Superoxide radical (O2•-) did not react with OXC directly, but it may react with intermediate byproducts. Generation of CO3•- played a positive role on OXC degradation for both UV and UV/H2O2. In addition to •OH, 3OXC* also contribute to CO3•- production. The second-order rate constants of OXC with •OH and CO3•- were 1.7 × 1010 M-1 s-1 and 8.6 × 107 M-1 s-1, respectively. Potential OXC degradation mechanisms by •OH were proposed and included hydroxylation, α-ketol rearrangement, and benzylic acid rearrangement. Compared with non-selective •OH, the reactions involving CO3•- are mainly electron transfer and hydrogen abstraction. And the acute toxicity of OXC was lower after UV/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/HCO3- treatments, which was confirmed by luminescent bacterial assay (Vibrio fischeri bacterium).

Prednisolone degradation by UV/chlorine process: Influence factors, transformation products and mechanism.

Prednisolone (PDNN) as an emergent micropollutant directly influences the regional ecological security. In this study, the degradation of PDNN by ultraviolet activated chlorine (UV/chlorine) oxidation process was comprehensively evaluated. The quenching experiment suggested that the PDNN degradation in UV/chlorine process was involved in the participation of hydroxyl radical (OH) and reactive chlorine species (RCS). Influence factors including chlorine dosage, pH, common anion and cation, fulvic acid (FA) on PDNN degradation via UV/chlorine process were investigated. A low chlorine (≤7.1 mg L-1) promoted the PDNN degradation, while a high chlorine dosage (>7.1 mg L-1) was adverse. The pH (4.0-10.0) showed negligible effect, while the investigated anions (Cl-, Br-, HCO3- and SO42-), NH4+ and FA exerted negative impact on PDNN degradation. An efficient process to minimize pharmaceutical micropollutants was the disposal of human urine containing a high concentration of pharmaceutical and potential toxic metabolites. An inhibitory effect was observed in the synthetic urine (fresh urine and hydrolyzed urine). The intermediates/products were identified and the mechanism of PDNN degradation was proposed. PDNN gone through three degradation routes, involving the direct addition of α, ß-unsaturated ketone at C1 or C5, the photolysis of C17 and H-abstraction of C11. The main reactive sites were further determined by comparison of the frontier orbitals calculation and the proposed mechanism. Based on the toxicological tests for PDNN degradation, TP396 (TP396-C1Cl and TP396-C5Cl) and TP414-2-1 (TP414-C1ClC5OH) exhibited much higher toxicity than PDNN, and prolonging reaction time was necessary to achieve PDNN detoxification.

Telomerase activity in urine in diagnosis and recurrence surveillance of urothelial carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the significance of telomerase activity in urine in the diagnosis and recurrence surveillance of urothelial carcinoma. METHODS: Telomerase activity in urine of 54 cases of urothelial carcinoma (urothelial carcinoma group) was estimated by polymerase chain reaction-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and monitored continuously in 23 cases after tumor removal. 46 patients with benign urological diseases were also included as the control group. RESULTS: The telomerase activity in urine of patients with urothelial carcinoma increased significantly as compared with the control group (P < 0.001), decreased into the normal range after tumor removal, and rose again upon intravesical tumor recurrence before the screening of recurrent tumors by cystoscopy. The higher the grade of tumor, the higher the telomerase activity; no correlation could be found between the preoperative level of telomerase activity in urine and recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The examination of telomerase activity in urine is helpful in the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma and may be related to the differentiation degree of tumors. Its sensitivity is higher than that of cystoscopic examination and may become an important ancillary method in the screening of urothelial carcinoma recurrence.

Application of super-selective renal artery embolization in renal injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To use super-selective renal artery embolization in treatment of patients with renal injuries. METHODS: From 1991 to 1998, 11 cases of renal injuries due to d ifferent causes underwent super-selective renal artery embolization. In these p atients, 91% of injury sites were segmental arteries and their branches. All the patients were treated with steel coil for embolization. RESULTS: Nine patients showed prompt cessation of hematuria, an d in 2 patients hematuria stopped 2-4 days after embolization. CONCLUSIONS: Super-selective renal artery embolization (SSRAE) is suitable for severe hematuria, limited size of kidney injuries, stable hemod ynamic parameters after conservative treatment and low reserve of renal function. Steel coil is an effective embolic material, rapid hemostasis can be fulfilled and renal function can be reserved. Super-selective renal artery embolization has low incidence of complications and can shorten hospitalization time.