MP-3 microperimeter in early primary open angle glaucoma with a new pattern.

AIM: To investigate macular microperimetry in patients with early primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) using a new custom-made pattern, and analyze the characteristics of macular sensitivity. METHODS: This case-control study included 38 patients with POAG, who were divided into pre-perimetric glaucoma (18 eyes of 18 patients), early-stage (20 eyes of 20 patients), and control (20 eyes of 20 patients) groups. All subjects underwent standard 24-2 humphrey visual field test. An MP-3 microperimeter with a new custom-made pattern (28 testing points distributed in four quadrants, covering the central 10° of the retina) was used to evaluate macular sensitivity. Ganglion cell complex (GCC) thicknesses were examined using an RS-3000 Advance OCT system. The features of structure and function were analysed per quadrant. RESULTS: The pre-perimetric glaucoma group had significantly lower inferior hemifield macular sensitivity compared to controls (P<0.05). The early-stage POAG group had significantly lower average, inferior hemifield, inferonasal, and inferotemporal mean sensitivities compared to the pre-perimetric glaucoma group (P<0.05), and lower macular sensitivity in all sectors compared to controls (P<0.05). Regarding GCC thickness, all sectors in the early-stage POAG group became thinner compared to those in controls (P<0.05); whereas all sectors in the early-stage POAG group, except the superonasal quadrant, became thinner compared to those in the pre-perimetric glaucoma group (P<0.05). Macular sensitivity and GCC thickness were significantly associated in each sector. The inferotemporal quadrant had the highest correlation coefficients (0.840). The structure-function relationship for the inferonasal and inferotemporal sectors was stronger compared to the corresponding superior sectors. CONCLUSION: Microperimetry reveals variations in macular sensitivity in patients with early glaucoma earlier than conventional perimetry, particularly in pre-perimetric glaucoma cases in which it might be undetectable by conventional methods. The new custom-made pattern may improve the accuracy of microperimetry by enhancing point arrangement and reducing fatigue effects. Macular sensitivity measured by MP-3 with this pattern shows statistically significant structural and functional associations with the thicknesses of the GCC.

Case report: Highly response to low-dose brachytherapy in recurrent retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma with FANCD2 frameshift mutation: a unique case study.

We report a case of recurrent retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma in a male who achieved a rapid and robust but transient clinical response to low-dose iodine-125 brachytherapy. A FANCD2 frameshift mutation was detected by gene sequencing in the cancerous tissue.

Material and microbial perspectives on understanding the role of biochar in mitigating ammonia inhibition during anaerobic digestion.

With the increasing adoption of carbon-based strategies to enhance methanogenic processes, there is a growing concern regarding the correlation between biochar properties and its stimulating effects on anaerobic digestion (AD) under ammonia inhibition. This study delves into the relevant characteristics and potential mechanisms of biochar in the context of AD system under ammonia inhibition. The introduction of optimized biochar, distinguished by rich CO bond, abundant defect density, and high electronic capacity, resulted in a significant reduction in the lag period of anaerobic digestion system under 5.0 g/L ammonia stress, approximately by around 63 % compared to the control one. Biochar helps regulate the community structure, promotes the accumulation of acetate-consuming bacteria, in the AD system under ammonia inhibition. More examinations show that biochar promotes direct interspecies electron transfer in AD system under ammonia inhibition, as evidenced by diminished levels of bound electroactive extracellular polymeric substances, increased abundance of electroactive bacteria, and notably, the up-regulation of direct interspecies electron transfer associated genes, including the conductive pili and Cytochrome C genes, as revealed by meta-transcriptomic analysis. Additionally, gene expression related to proteins associated with ammonium detoxification were found to be up-regulated in systems supplemented with biochar. These findings provide essential evidence and insights for the selection and potential engineering of effective biochar to enhance AD performance under ammonia inhibition.

Development and validation of a prognostic model for 90-day survival in patients with alcohol-associated cirrhosis and acute decompensation.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Patients with alcohol-associated cirrhosis and acute decompensation are considered critically ill and have a higher risk of short-term mortality. This study aimed to establish a nomogram to evaluate their 90-day survival and identify factors that affect disease progression. METHODS: We included patients from September 2008 to December 2016 (n = 387 in the derivation group) and from January 2017 to August 2020 (n = 157 in the validation group). LASSO regression and Cox multivariate risk regression were used to analyze the influencing factors of the 90-day mortality risk, and a nomogram was constructed. The performance of a model was analyzed based on the C-index, area under the receiver operating curve, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis. RESULTS: Total bilirubin >10 upper limit of normal, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lymphocyte and monocyte ratios ≤2.33, white blood cells, and hemoglobin were identified as independent risk factors affecting the 90-day mortality risk of patients and the nomogram was developed. A nomogram demonstrated excellent model predictive accuracy in both the derivation and validation cohorts (C-index: 0.976 and 0.945), which was better than other commonly used liver scoring models (p < 0.05). The nomogram also performed good calibration ability and more clinical net benefit. According to the nomogram score, patients were divided into high- and low-risk groups. Mortality was significantly higher in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The nomogram could accurately predict the 90-day mortality risk in patients with alcohol-associated cirrhosis and acute decompensation, helping to identify high-risk patients and personalize treatment at their first admission.

Palladium-catalyzed carbomonofluoromethylation of unactivated alkenes: rapid access to γ-monofluoromethyl carboxylic acid derivatives.

Herein, we report a palladium-catalyzed regioselective carbomonofluoromethylation of unactivated alkenes. The reaction uses easily available fluorobis(phenylsulfonyl)methane (FBSM) as a fluoromethylating reagent, and proceeds smoothly with a wide variety of carbon electrophiles, including (hetero)aryl iodides, styrenyl iodides and TIPSBr. A range of remote γ-CH2F/CD2F carboxylic acid derivatives were constructed rapidly after a simple reductive desulfonylation step. The reaction features high regioselectivity, mild and simple reaction conditions and a broad substrate scope, and is easy to scale up.

Zn-coordination polymers for fluorescence sensing various contaminants in water.

Luminescent coordination polymers (LCPs) have garnered significant attention from researchers as promising materials for detecting contaminants. In this paper, three new LCPs ([Zn(tib)(opda)]n⋅H2O (1), [Zn3(tib)2(mpda)3]n⋅5H2O (2), [Zn (tib)(ppda)]n⋅H2O (3)) with different structures (LCP 1-3: 1D, 2D, 1D) using phenylenediacetic acid isomers and 1,3,5-tris (1-imidazolyl) benzene (tib) are synthesized. The specific surface areas (BET) of LCP 1-3 are 4 m2/g, 19 m2/g, and 13 m2/g respectively. LCP 1-3 exhibit excellent fluorescence properties and can serve as fluorescent probe for the detection of inorganic contaminants and organic contaminants. Due to the large BET of LCP 2, the detection limits for trace analytes surpass those of LCP 1 and 3. The detection limits of LCP 2 for Fe3+, nitrobenzene (NB), chloramphenicol (CAP), and pyrimethanil (PTH) are 8.3 nM, 0.016 µM, 0.19 µM, and 0.032 µM, respectively, and the fluorescence quenching rates are 98.6 %, 98.8 %, 92.3 %, and 98.8 %, respectively. These values outperform most reported in the literature. The quantum yields of LCP 1-3 are 11.84 %, 25.22 %, 22.00 % respectively. Real sample testing of LCP 1-3 reveals favorable performance, where spiked recoveries of LCP 2 for the detection of pyrimethanil in grape skins ranged from 99.62 % to 119.3 % with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.627 % to 4.56 % (n = 3). The fluorescence quenching mechanism was attributed to a combination of photoelectron transfer (PET), resonance energy transfer (RET), and competitive absorption (CA). This study advances the application of LCPs in luminescence sensing and contributes to the expansion of novel materials for detecting environmental pollutants.

The Emerging Roles and Mechanisms of PAQR3 in Human Cancer: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Implications.

Cancer was one of the common causes of death in the world, and it was increasing year by year. At present, Progestin and AdipoQ receptor family member 3 (PAQR3) was widely studied in cancer. It has been found that PAQR3 was down regulated in various cancers, such as the gastric cancer, osteosarcoma, glioma, hepatocellular carcinoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal cancer, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and colorectal cancer. The decreased expression of PAQR3 was associated with short overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal cancer, breast cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer. PAQR3 could inhibit cancer progression by using the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3/AKT, EMT and other mechanisms, and was negatively regulated by the miR-543, miR-15b-5p and miR-15b. The roles and signaling mechanisms of PAQR3, and the relationship between the expression of PAQR3 and prognosis in cancer progression are reviewed in this article, and provides new tumor marker and idea to guide cancer treatment.

An analysis of the relationship between donor and recipient biomarkers and kidney graft function, dysfunction, and rejection.

BACKGROUND: The study aimed to find predictive biomarkers to evaluate donor kidney function to predict graft dysfunction as well as to assess an early signs of acute graft rejection. METHOD: Twenty-seven deceased donors and 54 recipients who underwent a successful kidney transplantation were enrolled in the study. An assessment was made in serum and urine from donors and recipients to measure the following biomarkers: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2) and urinary N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase (uNAG). These biomarkers were used to establish a model for predicting a reduced graft function (RGF) classified as either a delayed or slow graft function. RESULT: Our analysis suggest that out of four tested biomarkers, the serum TIMP-2 and uNAG levels of the donors had a predictive value for RGF; the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC) of serum TIMP-2 and uNAG were 0.714 and 0.779, respectively. The combined best fitting prediction model of serum TIMP-2, uNAG, and creatinine levels was better in predicting RGF than the serum creatinine level alone. In addition, the recipient serum TIMP-2 level on the third day post-transplantation (D3) was associated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on the seventh day post-transplantation (D7; OR 1.119, 95% CI 1.016-1.233, p = 0.022). Furthermore, the ROC curve value revealed that the AUROC of TIMP-2 on D3 was 0.99 (95% CI 0.97-1, p < 0.001), and this was the best predictive value of the renal function on D7. CONCLUSIONS: Donor serum TIMP-2 and uNAG levels are useful predictive biomarkers because they can provide the donor-based prediction for RGF.

Depression mediates the relationship between social capital and health-related quality of life among Chinese older adults in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study.

AIM: To explore the association between social capital and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and to determine whether depression mediates the association among Chinese older adults in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN: A descriptive cross-sectional research design. METHODS: The Geriatric Depression Scale-15, Social Capital Questionnaire and 12-item Short-Form Health Survey were used to investigate 1201 older adults selected from Jinan, Shandong Province, China, using a multistage stratified cluster random sampling method. RESULTS: Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between social capital and HRQoL (r = 0.269, p < 0.01). Multivariate linear regression analyses demonstrated that social capital was significantly negatively associated with depression (ß = -0.072, p < 0.001) and that depression was associated with HRQoL (ß = -1.031, p < 0.001). The mediation analyses showed that depression mediated the association between social capital and HRQoL, and the indirect effect size was 0.073 (95% confidence interval: 0.050, 0.100).

A new pathway for the transformation of AML in MDS: APA mechanism regulated by NUDT21 and RUNX1.

We have identified that NUDT21 plays a vital role in MDS transformations, while the transcription factor RUNX1 is essential for normal hematopoiesis, which is a high expression in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and we aim to explore the linkage between the two genes and new pathways for MDS transformation to AML. Prediction of RUNX1 expression levels and its relationship with NUDT21 in AML and MDS patients was performed using bioinformatics techniques and validated in patients. Using lentiviral packaging technology, NUDT21 knockdown and overexpression models were developed in AML and MDS cell lines. These models were validated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting. The cell cycle, apoptosis, differentiation, and cytokines were examined by flow cytometry, CCK-8 analyzed proliferation, and the intracellular localization of NUDT21 and RUNX1 was examined by immunofluorescence. mRNA transcriptome sequencing was performed on THP-1, MUTZ-1, and Dapars analyzed SKM-1 cell lines and the sequencing data to observe the knockdown effect of NUDT21 on RUNX1. qPCR and western blot revealed a positive correlation between NUDT21 and RUNX1; both were located in the nucleus. Overexpression of NUDT21 reduced apoptosis, promoted cell proliferation, and possibly increased the invasive ability of cells. It also altered the APA site in the RUNX1 3'-UTRs region. NUDT21 regulates RUNX1 gene expression and promotes AML transformation in MDS through an APA mechanism.

TMEM41A overexpression correlates with poor prognosis and immune alterations in patients with endometrial carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Expression levels of transmembrane protein 41A (TMEM41A) are related to the progression of malignant tumors. However, the association between TMEM41A expression and endometrial carcinoma (EC) remains unclear. This study aims to identify the roles of TMEM41A expression in the prognosis of patients with EC and its correlation with EC progression. METHODS: The TMEM41A expression and its correlation with the survival of patients with EC were assessed. Cox regression analysis was used to identify the prognostic factors, while nomograms were used to examine the association between the prognostic factors and the survival of patients with EC. Finally, the link between TMEM41A level and immune microenvironment and RNA modifications was investigated in EC. RESULTS: TMEM41A was overexpressed in EC. TMEM41A overexpression could diagnose the EC and evaluate the poor prognosis of patients. Overexpression of TMEM41A was associated with clinical stage, age, weight, histological subtype, tumor grade, and survival status of patients with EC. Clinical stage, age, tumor grade, radiotherapy, and TMEM41A overexpression were factors of poor prognosis in patients with EC. The nomograms revealed the correlation between the TMEM41A level and survival time of patients with EC at 1, 3, and 5 years. Furthermore, TMEM41A overexpression was significantly correlated with the level of the stromal score, immune score, estimate score, NK CD56 bright cells, iDC, NK cells, eosinophils, pDC, T cells, TReg, cytotoxic cells, mast cells, Th17 cells, neutrophils, aDC, NK CD56 dim cells, TFH, Th2 cells, CD8 T cells, macrophages, immune cell markers, and RNA modifications. CONCLUSIONS: TMEM41A is overexpressed in EC tissues and is associated with the prognosis, immune microenvironment, and RNA modification. Our preliminary studies indicate that overexpression of TMEM41A can potentially serve as a biomarker for EC treatment.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy in elderly patients with four types of dementia.

BACKGROUND: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is commonly used to study human brain function by measuring the hemodynamic signals originating from cortical activation and provides a new noninvasive detection method for identifying dementia. AIM: To investigate the fNIRS imaging technique and its clinical application in differential diagnosis of subtype dementias including frontotemporal lobe dementia, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: Four patients with different types of dementia were examined with fNIRS during two tasks and a resting state. We adopted the verbal fluency task, working memory task and resting state task. Each patient was compared on the same task. We conducted and analyzed the fNIRS data using a general linear model and Pearson's correlation analysis. RESULTS: Compared with other types of dementias, fNIRS showed the left frontotemporal and prefrontal lobes to be poorly activated during the verbal fluency task in frontotemporal dementia. In Lewy body dementia, severe asymmetry of prefrontal lobes appeared during both verbal fluency and working memory tasks, and the patient had low functional connectivity during a resting state. In PDD, the patient's prefrontal cortex showed lower excitability than the temporal lobe during the verbal fluency task, while the prefrontal cortex showed higher excitability during the working memory task. The patient with AD showed poor prefrontal and temporal activation during the working memory task, and more activation of frontopolar instead of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSION: Different hemodynamic characteristics of four types of dementia (as seen by fNIRS imaging) provides evidence that fNIRS can serve as a potential tool for the diagnosis between dementia subtypes.

The effects of childhood maltreatment on adolescent non-suicidal self-injury behavior: mediating role of impulsivity.

Background: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) severely challenges mental health in adolescents. Childhood maltreatment experience acts as high-risk factor for adolescents to engage in NSSI behaviors. On the other hand, impulsivity or loss of control sets the threshold for NSSI execution. Here we examined the effects of childhood maltreatment on adolescent NSSI-related clinical outcomes and the potential role of impulsivity. Methods: We assessed the clinical data of 160 hospitalized NSSI adolescents and recruited 64 age-matched healthy subjects as a control group. The clinical symptoms of NSSI are expressed by the NSSI frequency, depression, and anxiety measured by the Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Childhood maltreatment and impulsivity were assessed with Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Results: The results showed that when compared to HC group, NSSI group is more likely to experience childhood maltreatment. Notably, NSSI group with Childhood maltreatment accompanies higher trait impulsivity and exacerbated clinical outcomes, such as NSSI frequency, depression and anxiety symptoms. Mediation analyses indicated that the association between childhood maltreatment and NSSI-related clinical outcomes was partially explained by impulsivity. Conclusion: We found that NSSI adolescents have a higher proportion of childhood maltreatment. Impulsivity plays a mediating role between childhood maltreatment and NSSI behaviors.

ABCA7-Associated Clinical Features and Molecular Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of neurodegenerative disease and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Genetic factors are thought to account for a large proportion of the overall AD phenotypes. ATP-binding cassette transporter A7 (ABCA7) is one of the most important risk gene for AD. Multiple forms of ABCA7 variants significantly increase the risk of AD, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms, premature termination codon variants, missense variants, variable number tandem repeat, mutations, and alternative splicing. AD patients with ABCA7 variants usually exhibit typical clinical and pathological features of traditional AD with a wide age of onset range. ABCA7 variants can alter ABCA7 protein expression levels and protein structure to affect protein functions such as abnormal lipid metabolism, amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, and immune cell function. Specifically, ABCA7 deficiency can cause neuronal apoptosis by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress through the PERK/eIF2α pathway. Second, ABCA7 deficiency can increase Aß production by upregulating the SREBP2/BACE1 pathway and promoting APP endocytosis. In addition, the ability of microglia to phagocytose and degrade Aß is destroyed by ABCA7 deficiency, leading to reduced clearance of Aß. Finally, disturbance of lipid metabolism may also be an important method by which ABCA7 variants influence the incidence rate of AD. In the future, more attention should be given to different ABCA7 variants and ABCA7 targeted therapies for AD.

A new prognostic model for RHOV, ABCC2, and CYP4B1 to predict the prognosis and association with immune infiltration of lung adenocarcinoma.

Background: Lymph node metastasis is one of the important factors affecting the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients. The key molecules in lymph node metastasis have not yet been fully revealed. Therefore, we aimed to construct a prognostic model based on lymph node metastasis-related genes to evaluate the prognosis of LUAD patients. Methods: The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the process of LUAD metastasis were identified in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and the biological roles of the DEGs were depicted using Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Survival analysis and Cox regression analysis were used to identify the genes related to the prognosis of patients with LUAD, and a nomogram and a prognostic model were constructed. The potential prognostic value, immune escape, and regulatory mechanisms of the prognostic model in LUAD progression were explored through survival analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Results: A total of 75 genes were upregulated, and 138 genes were downregulated in tissues of lymph node metastasis. The expression levels of STC1, CYP17A1, RHOV, GUCA2B, TM4SF20, DEFB1, CRHR2, ABCC2, CYP4B1, KRT16, and NTS were revealed as risk factors for a poor prognosis in LUAD patients. High-risk LUAD patients had a poor prognosis in the prognostic model based on RHOV, ABCC2, and CYP4B1. The clinical stage and the risk score were found to be independent risk factors for a poor prognosis in LUAD patients, and the risk score was associated with the tumor purity, T cell, natural killer (NK) cell, and other immune cells. The prognostic model might affect the progression of LUAD using DNA replication, the cell cycle, P53, and other signaling pathways. Conclusions: Lymph node metastasis-related genes RHOV, ABCC2, and CYP4B1 are associated with a poor prognosis in LUAD. A prognostic model based on RHOV, ABCC2, and CYP4B1 might predict the prognosis of LUAD patients and be associated with immune infiltration.

Investigating the causal association between branched-chain amino acids and Alzheimer's disease: A bidirectional Mendelian randomized study.

Background: There are many metabolic pathway abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several studies have linked branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism disorders with AD but have not obtained consistent results. The purpose of this study is to explore the causal association between BCAA concentration and the risk of AD. Methods: A bidirectional Mendelian randomized (MR) study was applied to explore the causal effect between BCAA level and the risk of AD. Genetic instrumental variables from the genome-wide association study (GWAS) of serum BCAA levels [total BCAAs (115,047 participants), valine (115,048 participants), leucine (115,074 participants), and isoleucine (115,075 participants)] from the UK Biobank and AD (21,982 AD cases and 41,944 controls) from the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project were applied to explore the causal effect through the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method, MR-Egger, and weighted median, accompanied by multiple pluripotency and heterogeneity tests. Results: The forward MR analysis showed that there was no causal effect of total BCAAs (OR: 1.067, 95% CI: 0.838-1.358; p = 0.838), valine (OR: 1.106, 95% CI: 0.917-1.333; p = 0.292), leucine (OR: 1.096, 95% CI: 0.861-1.396; p = 0.659), and isoleucine (OR: 1.457, 95% CI: 1.024-2.742; p = 0.037) levels on the risk of AD. The reverse analysis showed that AD was related to reduced levels of total BCAAs (OR: 0.979, 95% CI: 0.989-0.990; p < 0.001), valine (OR: 0.977, 95% CI: 0.963-0.991; p = 0.001), leucine (OR: 0.983, 95% CI: 0.973-0.994; p = 0.002), and isoleucine (OR: 0.982, 95% CI: 0.971-0.992; p = 0.001). Conclusion: We provide robust evidence that AD was associated with a decreased level of BCAAs, which can serve as a marker for early diagnosis of AD.

Preserving Porcine Genetics: A Simple and Effective Method for On-Site Cryopreservation of Ear Tissue Using Direct Cover Vitrification.

Cell cryopreservation is widely used for porcine genetic conservation; however, isolating and freezing primary cells in farms without adequate experimental equipment and environment poses a significant challenge. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a quick and simple method to freeze tissues on-site, which can be used for deriving primary fibroblasts when needed to achieve porcine genetic conservation. In this study, we explored a suitable approach for porcine ear tissue cryopreservation. The porcine ear tissues were cut into strips and frozen by direct cover vitrification (DCV) in the cryoprotectant solution with 15% EG, 15% DMSO and 0.1 M trehalose. Histological analysis and ultrastructural evaluation revealed that thawed tissues had normal tissue structure. More importantly, viable fibroblasts could be derived from these tissues frozen in liquid nitrogen for up to 6 months. Cells derived from thawed tissues did not show any cell apoptosis, had normal karyotypes and could be used for nuclear transfer. These results suggest that this quick and simple ear tissue cryopreservation method can be applied for porcine genetic conservation, especially in the face of a deadly emerging disease in pigs.

Height-Corrected Definition of Metabolic Syndrome Is a Simple and Effective Method for Identifying Insulin Resistance and Low-Grade Inflammation in Adolescents: Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the height-corrected definition of metabolic syndrome(MetS) in adolescents. A retrospective study was conducted on US adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. Waist-to-height ratio and blood pressure-to-height ratio were substituted for waist circumference and blood pressure when defining MetS in adolescents. The proportions of insulin resistance of adolescents with 1 (30.1%), 2 (50.7%), and ≥3 components (77.8%) of MetS were 2.578 (P < .001), 6.882 (P < .001), and 23.992 (P < .001) times than the proportion of adolescents without the component of MetS (14.2%). The proportions of low-grade inflammation of adolescents with 1 (3.4%), 2 (5.3%), and ≥3 components (14.4%) of MetS were 2.050 (P = .106), 3.699 (P = .005), and 10.664 (P < .001) times than the proportion of adolescents without the component of MetS (1.7%). This study demonstrates that height-corrected definition of MetS is a simple and accurate method for identifying insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation in adolescents.

Hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype, hypertriglyceridemic waist-to-height ratio phenotype and abnormal glucose metabolism in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between hypertriglyceridemic waist (HW) phenotype,hypertriglyceridemic waist-to-height ratio (HWHtR) phenotype and abnormal glucose metabolism in adolescents. METHODS: A secondary analysis was conducted on 2626 adolescents aged 12-19 years in United States. Abnormal glucose metabolism was defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥ 5.6 mmol/L or oral glucose tolerance test 2-h plasma glucose ≥ 7.8 mmol/L or glycohemoglobin A1c ≥ 5.7% or a previous diagnosis of diabetes. The HW phenotype was defined as triglyceride(TG) concentrations ≥ 1.47 mmol/L and waist circumference (WC) ≥ 90th percentile. The HWHtR phenotype was defined as TG concentrations ≥ 1.47 mmol/L and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) ≥ 0.5. RESULTS: 621(23.6%) adolescents had abnormal glucose metabolism. The prevalences of abnormal glucose metabolism were 22.7% and 40.6% in adolescents without and with HW phenotype. The prevalences of abnormal glucose metabolism were 22.4% and 38.6% in adolescents without and with HWHtR phenotype. Adolescents with HWHtR phenotype were more likely to have abnormal glucose metabolism (OR = 1.548, P = 0.010). The levels of homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance and ß cell fuction index were higher in adolescents with HWHtR phenotype than in adolescents without HWHtR phenotype (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates that HWHtR phenotype was closely associated with an increased risk of abnormal glucose metabolism in adolescents. Adolescents with HWHtR phenotype had worsen insulin resistance and increased insulin secretion as a result of compensation. IMPACT STATEMENT: The study provided a simple method, HWHtR phenotype, for evaluating the status of glucose metabolism in adolescents.