Engineered Luminescent Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Activation of Photodynamic-Immune Combination Therapy for Colorectal Cancer.

Oncolytic virus therapy is currently regarded as a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. It has greater therapeutic advantages for colorectal cancer that is prone to distant metastasis. However, the therapeutic efficacy and clinical application of viral agents alone for colorectal cancer remain suboptimal. In this study, an engineered oncolytic vaccinia virus (OVV-Luc) that expresses the firefly luciferase gene is developed and loaded Chlorin e6 (Ce6) onto the virus surface through covalent coupling, resulting in OVV-Luc@Ce6 (OV@C). The OV@C infiltrates tumor tissue and induces endogenous luminescence through substrate catalysis, resulting in the production of reactive oxygen species. This unique system eliminates the need for an external light source, making it suitable for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in deep tissues. Moreover, this synergistic effect between PDT and viral immunotherapy enhances dendritic cell maturation, macrophage polarization, and reversal of the immunosuppressive microenvironment. This synergistic effect has the potential to convert a "cold" into a "hot" tumor, it offers valuable insights for clinical translation and application.

Selective anchoring of Pt NPs on covalent triazine-based frameworks via in situ derived bridging ligands for boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.

The efficient and stable production of hydrogen (H2) through Pt-containing photocatalysts remains a great challenge. Herein, we develop an effective strategy to selectively and uniformly anchor Pt NPs (∼1.2 nm) on a covalent triazine-based framework photocatalyst via in situ derived bridging ligands. Compared to Pt/CTF-1, the obtained Pt/AT-CTF-1 exhibits a considerable photocatalytic H2 evolution rate of 562.9 µmol g-1 h-1 under visible light irradiation. Additionally, the strong interaction between the Pt NPs and in situ derived bridging ligands provides remarkable stability to Pt/AT-CTF-1. Experimental investigations and photo/chemical characterization reveal the synergy of the in situ derived bridging ligands in Pt/AT-CTF-1, which can selectively anchor the Pt NPs with homogeneous sizes and efficiently improve the transmission of charge carriers. This work provides a new perspective toward stabilizing ultrasmall nanoclusters and facilitating electron transfer in photocatalytic H2 evolution materials.

Degradation of pesticide wastewater with simultaneous resource recovery via ozonation coupled with anaerobic biochemical technology.

The effective treatment of pesticide wastewater with high organic content, complex composition and high-toxicity has attracted enormous attention of researchers. This work proposes a new idea for removing the pesticide wastewater with simultaneous resource recovery, which is different from the traditional view of mineralization of pesticide wastewater via composite technology. This novel strategy involved a sequential three-step treatment: (a) acidic Ozonation process, to remove the venomous aromatic heterocyclic compounds; (b) hydrolysis and ozonation in alkaline conditions, enhancing the biodegradability of pesticide wastewater, mainly due to the dehalogenation, elimination of C=C bonds and production of low molecular-weight carboxylate anions; (c) the final step is anaerobic biological reactions. Based on the characterizations, this two-stage acidic-alkaline ozonation can efficiently degraded the virulence of pesticide wastewater and enhance its biodegradability from 0.08 to 0.32. The final anaerobic biochemical treatment can stably remove the residuals and convert the low molecular-weight organics into CH4, achieving the resource recovery. This work explored the pH-dependent of ozonized degradation of pesticide wastewater and gives a new perspective of wastewater treatment.

Boundary Stabilization of Stochastic Delayed Cohen-Grossberg Neural Networks With Diffusion Terms.

This study considers the boundary stabilization for stochastic delayed Cohen-Grossberg neural networks (SDCGNNs) with diffusion terms by the Lyapunov functional method. In the realization of NNs, sometimes time delays and diffusion phenomenon cannot be ignored, so Cohen-Grossberg NNs with time delays and diffusion terms are studied in this article. Moreover, different from the previously distributed control, the boundary control is used to stabilize the system, which can reduce the spatial cost of the controller and is easy to implement. Boundary controllers are presented for system with Neumann boundary and mixed boundary conditions, and criteria are derived such that the controlled system achieves mean-square exponential stabilization. Based on the criterion, the effects of diffusion matrix, coupling strength, coupling matrix, and time delays on exponentially stability are analyzed. In the process of analysis, two difficulties need to be addressed: 1) how to introduce boundary control into system analysis? and 2) how to analyze the influence of system parameters on stability? We deal with these problems by using Poincaré's inequality and Schur's complement lemma. Moreover, mean-square exponential synchronization of stochastic delayed Hopfield NNs with diffusion terms, as an application of the theoretical result, is considered under the boundary control. Examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.

Boundary Mittag-Leffler stabilization of fractional reaction-diffusion cellular neural networks.

Mittag-Leffler stabilization is studied for fractional reaction-diffusion cellular neural networks (FRDCNNs) in this paper. Different from previous literature, the FRDCNNs in this paper are high-dimensional systems, and boundary control and observed-based boundary control are both used to make FRDCNNs achieve Mittag-Leffler stability. First, a state-dependent boundary controller is designed when system states are available. By employing the spatial integral functional method and some inequalities, a criterion ensuring Mittag-Leffler stability of FRDCNNs is presented. Then, when the information of system states is not fully accessible, an observer is presented to estimate the system states based on boundary output and an observer-based boundary controller is provided aiming to stabilize the considered FRDCNNs. Furthermore, a robust observer-based boundary controller is proposed to ensure the Mittag-Leffler stability for FRDCNNs with uncertainties. Examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of obtained theoretical results.

Intermittent boundary stabilization of stochastic reaction-diffusion Cohen-Grossberg neural networks.

Cohen-Grossberg neural networks (CGNNs) play an important role in many applications and the stabilization of this system has been well studied. This study considers the exponential stabilization for stochastic reaction-diffusion Cohen-Grossberg neural networks (SRDCGNNs) by means of an aperiodically intermittent boundary control. Both SRDCGNNs without and with time-delays are discussed. By employing the spatial integral functional method and Poincare's inequality, criteria are derived to ensure the controlled systems achieve mean square exponential stabilization. Based on these criteria, the effects of diffusion item, control gains, the minimum control proportion and time-delays on exponential stability are analyzed. Examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the obtained theoretical results.

Simultaneous expression of two pathogenic genes in four Chinese patients affected with inherited retinal dystrophy.

AIM: To describe the complex, overlapping phenotype of four Chinese patients with inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) who harbored two pathogenic genes simultaneously. METHODS: This retrospective study included 4 patients affected with IRDs. Medical and ophthalmic histories were obtained, and clinical examinations were performed. A specific Hereditary Eye Disease Enrichment Panel (HEDEP) based on exome capture technology was used for genetic screening. RESULTS: Four patients were identified to harbor disease-causing variants in two different genes. Patient retinitis pigmentosa (RP) 01-II:1 exhibited both classical ABCA4-induced Stargardt disease (STGD) 1 and USH2A-associated RP, patient RP02-III:2 exhibited both classical ABCA4-induced STGD1 and CDH23-associated RP, patient RP03-II:1 exhibited both USH2A-induced autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP) syndrome and SNRNP200-induced autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP), and patient RP04-II:2 exhibited USH2A-induced arRP syndrome and EYS-induced arRP at the same time. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that genotype-phenotype correlations and comprehensive genetic screening is crucial for diagnosing IRDs and helping family planning for patients suffering from the disease.

Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 Fermentation on Asparagus officinalis Polysaccharide: Characterization, Antioxidative, and Immunoregulatory Activities.

Lactic acid fermentation represents a novel method to produce bioactive functional ingredients, including polysaccharides. In this work, a selected lactic acid bacteria strain NCU116 was used to ferment Asparagus officinalis (asparagus) pulps. Two polysaccharides were subsequently separated from both unprocessed and fermented asparagus pulps, namely, asparagus polysaccharide (AOP) and fermented-AOP (F-AOP). The physicochemical and bioactive properties of AOP and F-AOP were characterized and investigated. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography showed that fermentation increased the proportions of rhamnose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in polysaccharides by 46.70, 114.09, and 12.75‰, respectively. High-performance size-exclusion chromatography revealed that fermentation decreased the average molecular weight from 181.3 kDa (AOP) to 152.8 kDa (F-AOP). Moreover, the fermentation reduced the particle size and changed the rheology property. In vitro, F-AOP displayed superior free radical scavenging properties compared to AOP, using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl, hydroxyl, and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays. In vivo, F-AOP administration dose-dependently promoted a gradual shift from Th17-dominant acute inflammatory response (IL-17 and RORγt) to Th1-dominant defensive immune response (IFN-γ and T-bet). These results indicated that the Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 fermentation was practical and useful to obtain promising bioactive polysaccharides.

Genetic screening and functional analysis of CASP9 mutations in a Chinese cohort with neural tube defects.

AIM: Neural tube defects (NTDs) are birth defects of the nervous system and are the second most frequent cause of birth defects worldwide. The etiology of NTDs is complicated and involves both genetic and environmental factors. CASP9 is an initiator caspase in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, which in Casp9-/- mice has been shown to result in NTDs because of decreased apoptosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential genetic contribution of the CASP9 gene in human NTDs. METHODS: High-throughput sequencing was performed to screen genetic variants of CASP9 genes in 355 NTD cases and 225 matched controls. Apoptosis-relevant assays were performed on transiently transfected E9 neuroepithelial cells or human embryonic kidney 293T cells, to determine the functional characteristics of NTD-specific rare variants under complete or low folic acid (FA) status. RESULTS: We found significant expression of CASP9 rare variants in NTDs and identified 4 NTD-specific missense variants. Functional assays demonstrated that a p.Y251C variant attenuates apoptosis by reducing CASP9 protein expression and decreasing activity of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. From this, we conclude that this variant may represent a loss-of-function mutation. A 4-time recurrent p.R191G variant did not affect intrinsic apoptosis in complete medium, while it completely inhibited apoptosis induced by low FA medium. CONCLUSION: Our findings identify a genetic link for apoptosis in human NTDs and highlight the effect of gene-environment interactions in a complex disease.

Arenimonas soli sp. nov., isolated from saline-alkaline soil.

A Gram-staining-negative, non-motile, aerobic bacterial strain, designated Y3L17T, was isolated from the saline-alkaline soil of a farmland, Hangjin Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern China. Y3L17T could grow at 15-45 °C (optimum 35 °C), pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum pH 8.0) and with 0-4 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0 %). The results of phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene and gyrB gene sequences revealed that Y3L17T tightly clustered with strains of members of the genus Arenimonas, sharing the highest 16S rRNA gene similarities with Arenimonas aestuarii S2-21T (99.5 %) and Arenimonas donghaensis HO3-R19T (98.2 %), and lower similarities (<97 %) with all the other type strains of species of this genus. However, Y3L17T shared only 92.62 % gyrB gene similarities with A. aestuarii S2-21T. The DNA-DNA hybridization values of Y3L17T with A. aestuariiS2-21T and A. donghaensis HO3-R19T were 20.1±2.5 and 18.2±3.2 %, respectively. Y3L17T contained phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, five unknown phospholipids and one unknown lipid as the major polar lipids. Ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) was the predominant respiratory quinone, while iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0ω9c and iso-C11 : 0 3-OH were the major cellular fatty acids. Its genomic DNA G+C content was 65.4 mol%. On the basis of its phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic characteristics, Y3L17T represents a novel species within the genus Arenimonas, for which the name Arenimonas soli sp. nov. is proposed, the type strain is Y3L17T (=CGMCC 1.15905T =KCTC 52420T).

Aliidiomarina soli sp. nov., isolated from saline-alkaline soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, motile, non-spore-forming bacterium, designated strain Y4G10-17T, was isolated from the saline-alkali farmland top soil, Inner Mongolia, northern China. Strain Y4G10-17T could grow at 4-45 °C (with 30 °C as the optimal temperature), pH 6.0-12.0 (optimal at pH 9.0) and in the presence of 1.0-12.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimal at 4.0-6.0 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on the eight different copies of the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain Y4G10-17T shared the highest sequence similarity with Aliidiomarina maris CF12-14T, 97.93-98.66 %, and lower than 97.0 % sequence similarity with all other type strains. Its major cellular fatty acids contained iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0, summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or C16 : 0 10-methyl), iso-C15 : 1 F, iso-C11 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c). Q-8 was the predominantubiquinone. The major polar lipids of strain Y4G10-17T were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unknown lipids and one unknown aminolipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was 49.3 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization revealed that strain Y4G10-17T showed 20.2±5 % genomic DNA relatedness with its close relative A. maris CF12-14T. Based on the phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic characteristics, strain Y4G10-17T represents a novel species within the genus Aliidiomarina, for which the name Aliidiomarina soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Y4G10-17T (=CGMCC 1.15759T=KCTC 52381T).

Reducing central serotonin in adulthood promotes hippocampal neurogenesis.

Chronic administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which up-regulates central serotonin (5-HT) system function, enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis. However, the relationship between central 5-HT system and adult neurogenesis has not fully been understood. Here, we report that lowering 5-HT level in adulthood is also able to enhance adult hippocampal neurogenesis. We used tamoxifen (TM)-induced Cre in Pet1-CreER(T2) mice to either deplete central serotonergic (5-HTergic) neurons or inactivate 5-HT synthesis in adulthood and explore the role of central 5-HT in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. A dramatic increase in hippocampal neurogenesis is present in these two central 5-HT-deficient mice and it is largely prevented by administration of agonist for 5-HTR2c receptor. In addition, the survival of new-born neurons in the hippocampus is enhanced. Furthermore, the adult 5-HT-deficient mice showed reduced depression-like behaviors but enhanced contextual fear memory. These findings demonstrate that lowering central 5-HT function in adulthood can also enhance adult hippocampal neurogenesis, thus revealing a new aspect of central 5-HT in regulating adult neurogenesis.

[Preparation of La(2)Zr(2)O(7) Powder with Combustion Method and Its Spectral Properties].

La(2)Zr(2)O(7) powder was prepared with combustion method with La(2)O(3), Zr(NO(3))(4) and glycine as raw materials. La(2)Zr(2)O(7) powders were characterized with ICP-AES, EDAX, XRD, IR and TG-DTA techniques, respectively. Effects of heat treatment temperature on the XRD spectra and IR spectra of La(2)Zr(2)O(7) powders were studied. The X-ray diffraction pattern of La(2)Zr(2)O(7) powder after heat treatment at 600 ℃ has one diffraction peak, and the diffraction peak is quite broad, therefore, the crystal structure of the La(2)Zr(2)O(7) powder is semi-crystal structure. With the increase of heat treatment temperature, diffraction peaks become gradually sharp and increase. The crystal structure of the La(2)Zr(2)O(7) powders after heat treatment in 750～800 ℃ are pyrochlore structure. Analysis results of IR spectra of La(2)Zr(2)O(7) powders after heat treatment in 650～750 ℃ show that the crystal structure of the La(2)Zr(2)O(7) powders after heat treatment at 750 ℃ is pyrochlore structure, and the analysis results of XRD and IR are the same. Analysis results of TG-DTG of La(2)Zr(2)O(7) powders show that the crystal structure of the La(2)Zr(2)O(7) powders are stability in 120～1 600 ℃.

Ganoderma atrum Polysaccharide Ameliorates Hyperglycemia-Induced Endothelial Cell Death via a Mitochondria-ROS Pathway.

The aim of the present study was to examine the role of Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial function in hyperglycemia-induced angiopathy. In this work, ROS scavenger, oxidizing agent tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBH), mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) blockers, and caspase inhibition are used to investigate whether PSG-1 may promote survival of human umbilical vein cells (HUVECs) through preventing the overproduction of ROS and mitochondrial dysfunction. Experimental results show that exposure of HUVECs to 35.5 mmol/L glucose increases the proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis. PSG-1, mPTP blocker, or caspase inhibition can reduce apoptosis and ROS generation. PSG-1 also increases mitochondrial Bcl-2 protein formation and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) but inhibits Bax translocation, cytochrome c release, and caspase activation. In summary, vascular protection of PSG-1 can be mediated by a mitochondria-ROS pathway. ROS generation and mPTP induction are critical for high glucose-mediated apoptosis. PSG-1 ameliorates endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting oxidative stress and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction.

Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature on the Spectral Properties of Cu-Ni Coating.

Cu-Ni coatings were prepared on the surface of nickel by electrodeposition method, and Cu-Ni coatings were heat-treated in 25-900 °C. Heat-treated Cu-Ni coatings were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, respectively. Effects of heat treatment temperature on the spectral properties of Cu-Ni coatings were studied. The surface of Cu-Ni coating is composed of the nodules. The nodules of Cu-Ni coating surface become smaller with the increase in heat treatment temperature in 25-600 °C. The nodules of Cu-Ni coating surface become smaller and the dividing line between the nodules becomes more blurred with the increase in heat treatment temperature in 600-900 °C. The contents of copper in Cu-Ni coating decrease from 82.52 at % to 78.30 at % with the increase in heat treatment temperature in the range of 25-900 °C; the contents of nickel in Cu-Ni coating increase from 17.48 at % to 21.70 at % with the increase in heat treatment temperature in the range of 25-900 °C. The crystal structure of Cu-Ni coating is Cu0:8lNi0.19 cubic crystal structure. The crystal structure of the CuO0.81Ni0.19 becomes more complete with the increase in heat treatment temperature in 25- 300 °C. Part of crystal structure of the Cu0.81AlNi0.19 can turn Cu0.8lNi0.19 cubic crystal structure into Cu3.8Ni cubic crystal structure, and is advantageous to Cu3.8Ni (311) and Cu0.81Ni0.19 (311) growth with the increase in heat treatment temperature in 600-900 °C.

Superovulation Induced Changes of Lipid Metabolism in Ovaries and Embryos and Its Probable Mechanism.

This research was intended to investigate the fetal origins of changed birth weight of the offspring born through assisted reproductive technology (ART). The association between hormone and lipid metabolism or body weight has been generally accepted, and as the basic and specific treatment in ART procedure, gonadotropin stimulation might have potential effects on intrauterine lipid metabolism. In our studies, the mice were superovulated with two doses of gonadotropin. The cholesterol metabolism in ovaries and the triglyceride metabolism in embryos were analyzed. The results showed gonadotropin probably accelerated luteinization and induced a longer time follicle development and ovulation, which resulted in histological and morphological alteration of ovary, and increased the cholesterol content and the expressions of steroidogenesis-related genes. In embryos, gonadotropin increased lipid accumulation and decreased fatty acid synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the changes of fatty acid composition were also shown in superovulation groups. Our studies firstly provided the evidence that the superovulation might affect the maternal and fetal lipid metabolism. These variations of lipid metabolism in our results may be associated with birth weight of ART infants.

Effect of REAu on Silver Staining Results and Their UV-Vis Absorption Spectra.

La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy particles and gold nanoparticles were prepared. Effects of La-Au, Ce-Au, Nd-Au, Sm-Au, Eu-Au, Gd-Au and Dy-Au particles on silver staining results were studied, respectively, and UV-Vis absorption spectra of La-Au, Ce-Au, Nd-Au, Sm-Au, Eu-Au, Gd-Au and Dy-Au particles were studied. Times and colors of sports with La-Au, Ce-Au, Nd-Au, Sm-Au, Eu-Au, Gd-Au, Dy-Au particles are longer and darker than that of with gold nanoparticles, respectively. The time of sport with Nd-Au particles is as long as 30 min, which is 2.7 times as long as with gold nanoparticles. Although amount of gold nanoparticles reduced 80%, the color of sport with Nd-Au particles is darker than that of with gold nanoparticles. In 200.00-800.00 nm, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy particles and gold nanoparticles has one absorption peak, respectively, and λ(max) is 275, 277, 276, 276, 278, 277, 278 and 521 nm, respectively. La-Au, Ce-Au, Nd-Au, Sm-Au, Eu-Au, Gd-Au, Dy-Au particles have two absorption peaks, respectively, λ(max)(RE) and λ(max) are 276 and 522 nm, 276 and 522 nm, 276 and 523 nm, 276 and 523 nm, 276 and 522 nm, 276 and 522 nm, 276 and 523 nm, respectively. λ(max) of Au nanoparticles and La particles occurs red moving respectively, and λ(max) of Ce, Eu, Gd and Dy particles occurs blue moving, respectively, and λ(max) of Nd and Sm particles is constant respectively. Rare earths particles and gold nanoparticles may have interaction, respectively.

[Optimization of extraction process for tannins from Geranium orientali-tibeticum by supercritical CO2 method].

In order to optimize extraction process conditions of tannins from Geranium orientali-tibeticum by supercritical CO2, the content of tannins was determined by phosphomolybdium tungsten acid-casein reaction, with extraction pressure, extraction temper- ature and extraction time as factors, the content of tannins from extract of G. orientali-tibeticum as index, technology conditions were optimized by orthogonal test. Optimum technology conditions were as follows: extraction pressure was 25 MPa, extraction temperature was 50 °C, extracted 1.5 h. The content of tannins in extract was 12.91 mg x g(-1), extract rate was 3.67%. The method established could be used for assay the contents of tannin in G. orientali-tibeticum. The circulated extraction was an effective extraction process that was stable and feasible, and that provides a way of the extraction process conditions of tannin from G. orientali-tibeticum.

[Association of folate metabolism genes MTRR and MTHFR with complex congenital abnormalities among Chinese population in Shanxi Province, China].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association of polymorphisms in folate metabolism genes, methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) gene and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, with complex congenital abnormalities and to further investigate its association with complex congenital abnormalities derived from three germ layers. METHODS: A total of 250 cases of birth defects (with complex congenital abnormalities including congenital heart disease, neural tube defects, and craniofacial anomalies) in Shanxi Province, China were included in the study. MTRR single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs1801394) and MTHFR SNP (rs1801133) were genotyped by the SNaPshot method, and the genotyping results were compared with those of controls (n=420). RESULTS: SNPs rs1801394 and rs1801133 were associated with multiple birth defects. For the recessive model, individuals with GG genotype at rs1801394 and CC genotype at rs1801133 had a relatively low risk of developing birth defects, so the two genotypes were protective factors against birth defects. The homozygous recessive genotype at rs1801133, which served as a protective factor, was associated with ectoderm- or endoderm-derived complex congenital abnormalities, while the homozygous recessive genotype at rs1801394, which served as a protective factor, was associated with ectoderm-, mesoderm- or endoderm-derived complex congenital abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: Among the Chinese population in Shanxi Province, the SNPs in folate metabolism genes (MTRR and MTHFR) are associated with complex congenital abnormalities and related to ectoderm, mesoderm or endoderm development.

Preparation of electrodeposited Mo-Ni coating and its spectral properties.

Mo-Ni coatings were prepared on Ni alloy by electrodeposition method. The properties of microhardness, wear weight loss and friction coefficients, and thermal expansion of the coatings were investigated, respectively. Mo-Ni coatings were characterized with inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), energy-dispersive analyses of X-ray (EDAX), scanning electron microcopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, respectively. Mo-Ni coating shows higher microhardness, lower wear weight loss and friction coefficient compared with those of Ni alloy. The microhardness of Mo-Ni coating is as high as 518 HV, which is 72.67% higher than that of the Ni alloy (300 HV). The wear weight losses of Mo-Ni coating is 1.94 times lower than that of Ni alloy. The friction coefficient of Ni alloy and Mo-Ni coating are 0.640 and 0.559 respectively. The physical thermal expansion curve of Ni alloy has two the peaks in the ranges of 100-120 and 570-640 degrees C respectively; and that of Ni alloy+Mo-Ni coating has one the peaks in the ranges of 570-640 degrees C. The peak of the physical thermal expansion curve of Ni alloy+Mo-Ni coating in the ranges of 570-640 degrees C is much smaller than that of the Ni alloy. Because the part of nickel was replaced by molybdenum in the Ni lattice, molybdenum decreases the lattices transformation of nickel (bcc --> fcc). The reason for the formation of the small peak of the physical thermal expansion curve of Ni alloy+Mo-Ni coating in the ranges of 595-625 degrees C is the changes of MoNi4 and MoNi from the semi-crystalline structure to the crystalline structure respectively.