Developmental patterns and computational mechanisms of school-aged children's fairness-related decision making under social comparison.

The developmental patterns and computational mechanisms underlying the impact of unfair offers and social comparisons on school-aged children's fairness-related decision making remain unclear. To address this, we recruited 190 children aged 8 to 12 years (52.1% female) in a multi-responder ultimatum game. Results revealed an age-related decline in children's tendency to reject unfair offers, partially mediated by emotions, alongside a slight increase in rejecting inferior social comparisons. Computational modeling identified two distinct motivations guiding children's rejection behavior: inequity aversion and inferior social comparison avoidance. Furthermore, there was significant variability in responses to superior social comparisons, with some children displaying aversion and others seeking. Our refined model enhances the explanatory power of inequity aversion theory in complex multi-player social scenarios, validating and refining existing theories. In addition, the exploration of superior social comparison tendencies reveals individual heterogeneity, enriching our understanding of children's social comparisons. These findings contribute to elucidating the developmental patterns and internal mechanisms of children's socialization processes, offering implications for promoting their social adaptation and mental health.

Electronic skin based on natural biodegradable polymers for human motion monitoring.

The wearability of the flexible electronic skin (e-skin) allows it to attach to the skin for human motion monitoring, which is essential for studying human motion and especially for assessing how well patients are recovering from rehabilitation therapy. However, the use of non-degradable synthetic materials in e-skin may raise skin safety concerns. Natural biodegradable polymers with advantages such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, sustainability, natural abundance, and low cost have the potential to be alternative materials for constructing flexible e-skin and applying them to human motion monitoring. This review summarizes the applications of natural biodegradable polymers in e-skin for human motion monitoring over the past three years, focusing on the discussion of cellulose, chitosan, silk fibroin, gelatin, and sodium alginate. Finally, we summarize the opportunities and challenges of e-skin based on natural biodegradable polymers. It is hoped that this review will provide insights for the future development of flexible e-skin in the field of human motion monitoring.

Progress on the Synthesis Pathways and Pharmacological Effects of Naturally Occurring Pyrazines.

As one of the most essential types of heterocyclic compounds, pyrazines have a characteristic smell and taste and have a wide range of commercial applications, especially in the food industry. With the development of the food industry, the demand for pyrazines has increased. Therefore, understanding the properties, functions, and synthetic pathways of pyrazines is one of the fundamental methods to produce, control, and apply pyrazines in food or medical systems. In this review, we provide an overview of the synthesis pathways and physiological or pharmacological functions of naturally occurring pyrazines. In particular, we focus on the biosynthesis and pharmacological effects of 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine (TTMP), 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine (2,5-DMP), and 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine (TMP). Furthermore, areas where further research on pyrazines is needed are discussed in this work.

The radiation protection behavior of medical workers: A scoping review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Radiation exposure in medical settings stands as the primary source of artificial radiation, compounded by the yearly rise in healthcare worker numbers. Ensuring radiation protection is crucial for safeguarding their occupational health. Nevertheless, existing studies on radiation protection behavior exhibit considerable heterogeneity due to various factors. OBJECTIVE: This scoping review aims to explore the current status of research on radiation protection behavior and identify research gaps, intending to guide future research directions. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The scoping review will follow the Arksey and O'Malley framework and the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. A systematic search will be conducted across English databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Medline, as well as Chinese databases such as CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and China Biomedical Literature Database. Two independent reviewers will screen the studies based on predefined eligibility criteria and extract the data. Any disagreements will be resolved through discussion by a third reviewer. The review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY: A stakeholder consultation will provide an opportunity to validate the findings and address any potential gaps in the article. In this scoping review, all types of studies will be considered. The effectiveness of the methodological quality of the included studies will not be reported, which may lead to some studies of poor quality being included. Only studies published in English or Chinese after 2010 will be considered in this review, potentially leading to the omission of relevant papers.

Lymphovenous anastomosis and complex decongestive therapy for severe deformed lymphedema with recurrent infection: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Lower extremity lymphedema is a common complication following treatment for gynecological malignancies. Its incidence rate can reach up to 70%, affecting ~20 million people worldwide. However, specialized treatment centers are scarce, and there is a lack of consensus on treatment approaches. Furthermore, there are even fewer reports on the systematic and effective treatment of severe lymphedema with malformations. Effective management of this condition remains a significant challenge for clinicians. CASE SUMMARY: A 40-year-old woman developed bilateral leg swelling 6 years after receiving treatment for endometrial cancer. Since August 2018, she experienced > 30 episodes of lymphangitis. Upon presentation, she exhibited bilateral leg swelling and deformation, with four large swellings in the posterior thigh that impeded movement, and pain in the limbs. Skin manifestations included lichenoid lesions and features of deep sclerosis. Radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy confirmed the diagnosis of lower limb lymphedema. After 6 mo of complex decongestive therapy (CDT) and three lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) treatments, the patient lost 49 kg in weight. She also experienced a maximum circumference reduction of 35.2 cm in the left lower limb and 37.5 cm in the right lower limb. The leg pain disappeared, her swelling significantly decreased, and she regained the ability to walk, cycle, and run normally. CONCLUSION: The combined application of CDT and LVA therapy demonstrates significant positive effects in the treatment of severe, deformed stage III lymphedema.

miR-93-5p impairs autophagy-lysosomal pathway via TET3 after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Intact autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) in neuronal survival is crucial. However, it remains unclear whether ALP is intact after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Ten-eleven translocation (TET) 3 primarily regulates genes related to autophagy in neurons in neurodegenerative diseases. This study aims to investigate the role of TET3 in the ALP following SAH. The results indicate that the ALP is impaired after SAH, with suppressed autophagic flux and an increase in autophagosomes. This is accompanied by a decrease in TET3 expression. Activation of TET3 by α-KG can improve ALP function and neural function to some extent. Silencing TET3 in neurons significantly inhibited the ALP function and increased apoptosis. Inhibition of miR-93-5p, which is elevated after SAH, promotes TET3 expression. This suggests that the downregulation of TET3 after SAH is, at least in part, due to elevated miR-93-5p. This study clarifies the key role of TET3 in the functional impairment of the ALP after SAH. The preliminary exploration revealed that miR-93-5p could lead to the downregulation of TET3, which could be a new target for neuroprotective therapy after SAH.

PRMT5 mediated FUBP1 methylation accelerates prostate cancer progression.

Strategies beyond hormone-related therapy should need to be developed to improve prostate cancer mortalityfor better disease management. Here we show that FUBP1 and its methylation are essential for prostate cancer progression, and a competitive peptide interfering with FUBP1 methylation suppresses the development of prostate cancer. FUBP1 accelerated prostate cancer development across in various pre-clinical models. PRMT5-mediated FUBP1 methylation, regulated by BRD4, was crucial for its oncogenic effect and correlated with earlier biochemical recurrence shorter treatment durations in our patient cohort. Suppressed prostate cancer progression was observed in different various genetic mouse models expressing FUBP1 mutants deficient in PRMT5-mediated methylation. A competitive peptide, which was delivered through nanocomplexes, successfully disrupted the interaction of FUBP1 with PRMT5, blocked FUBP1 methylation, and inhibited prostate cancer development in different various pre-clinical models. Overall, our findings suggest that targeting FUBP1 methylation provides a potentially therapeutic strategy for disease prostate cancer management.

Analysis of foodborne salmonellosis serotypes and drug resistance in children in Chenzhou City of China from 2017 through 2022.

Background: Salmonella is a significant pathogens of foodborne illness. The widespread use of antibiotics in clinical practice and animal husbandry has resulted in increasing drug resistance of Salmonella. In this study, we examined the serotype distribution and drug resistance of Salmonella in pediatric patients with diarrhea in Chenzhou City to provide a basis for the scientific control and rational use of antibiotics in clinical practice in relation to Salmonellosis. Methods: Stool Salmonella spp. were collected from patients younger than 18 years of age who met the definition for foodborne illness at two sentinel hospitals from 2017 through 2022 tested Salmonella, and a descriptive analysis of the epidemiologic characteristics. Salmonella strains isolated from the stool underwent serology and drug-sensitivity tests. The following 14 antibiotics were used for the drug-sensitivity tests: ampicillin (AMP), ampicillin/sulbactam (AMS), cefazolin (CFZ), cefoxitin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, imipenem (IPM), tetracycline (TET), nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol (CHL), gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), and azithromycin. Results: Samples from 1,263 pediatric with diarrhea, and Salmonella was detected in 221 (17.5%) of these patients. Positive test results were principally observed in the second and third quarters of each year, accounting for 21.1% and 19.6% of the cases, respectively. The infection rates of infants aged less than 12 months and toddlers aged 1-3 years with diarrhea were the highest at 21.3% and 17.8%, respectively. The 221 Salmonella strains were divided into 32 serotypes, of which Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) was the dominant strain (79.2%). The resistance rates to TET (86.9%), AMP (75.6%), AMS (58.4%), CFZ (55.7%), CHL (54.3%), and SXT (45.2%) predominated, and the differences in the drug-resistance rates to 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-generation cephalosporins were high (2.3-55.7%). Only 0.9% of the strains were resistant to IPM. The multidrug resistance (MDR) rate was 76.5% (169/221), and 48.9% (108/221) of the strains were resistant to five or more classes of antibiotics, of which the most common drug-resistance profile was AMP-AMS-TET-CHL-CFZ-SXT, accounting for 10.9% of Salmonella strains (24/221). Conclusions: Foodborne salmonellosis tended to occur during the summer and autumn in children, and infants and toddlers were more likely to develop salmonellosis than children in the other age groups. The dominant Salmonella serotype was S. Typhimurium. The drug-resistance rate of the tested strains was high, and the MDR problem was severe. We recommend that in the treatment of salmonellosis, antibiotics be selected rationally based on the drug-resistance status of local Salmonella resistance situation to ensure safety and efficacy.

m6A-Mediated IRS1 Regulates the Development of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma through p53/Line-1 Signaling.

BACKGROUND: The importance of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in tumorigenesis and progression have been highlighted. This study aimed to investigate the modification of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) by m6A and its role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS: Bioinformatics was employed to predict differential genes related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in OSCC. Seventeen pairs of OSCC and paracancerous tissue samples were collected. The impact of IRS1 on OSCC cell growth and EMT was evaluated. The fluctuations in IRS1 enrichment and the involvement of p53/Line-1 were investigated. RESULTS: IRS1 was highly expressed in OSCC. IRS1 silencing decreased OSCC cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. IRS1 silencing hindered EMT by regulating related markers. IRS1 silencing upregulated p53 and downregulated Line-1 ORF1p. The p53 inhibition reversed the effects of IRS1 silencing and induced EMT in OSCC cells. Furthermore, the m6A modification of IRS1 was increased in OSCC cells. IRS1 were positively regulated by the m6A regulators methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14) and YTH domain-containing protein 1 (YTHDC1). IRS1 bound to YTHDC1, and YTHDC1 knockdown inhibited the IRS1 nuclear export. The obesity-associated protein (FTO) negatively regulated IRS1, and FTO overexpression reversed the IRS1-induced OSCC tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS: m6A methylation-mediated IRS1 regulated EMT in OSCC through p53/Line-1. These findings provide potential therapeutic strategies for managing OSCC.

Modular Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Vinyl Sulfides via One-Pot Sequential Carbene Transfer Reaction from Thiols with α-Diazo Carbonyl Compounds.

We present a one-pot reaction that offers an efficient approach to synthesizing tetrasubstituted vinyl sulfides with high stereoselectivity. This method involves the sequential Wolff rearrangement, ylide formation, and [1,4]-aryl transfer by utilizing aryl and alkyl thiols and α-diazo carbonyl compounds as substrates. Notably, this reaction features commercially available materials, straightforward operation, atom economy, and broad substrate scope. Moreover, the primary photophysical properties (aggregation-induced emission effect) of the products were also investigated, which might be useful in functional materials via structural modification.

Sublethal and transgenerational effects of broflanilide on the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri.

BACKGROUND: The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri is a serious pest of the citrus industry and has developed resistance to many acaricides. Broflanilide is a novel meta-diamide insecticide that binds to a new site on the γ -aminobutyric acid receptor with high potency against pests. However, little information has been reported about its effect on the citrus red mite. RESULTS: Broflanilide exhibited higher toxicity to female adults and eggs of a laboratory strain of P. citri The median lethal concentration (LC50), 9.769 mg/L and 4.576 mg/L, respectively) than other commonly used acaricides and was also toxic to two P. citri field strains. Broflanilide treatment with LC10, LC20, and LC30 significantly decreased the fecundity and longevity of female adults of F0 P. citri compared with the control. The duration of larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult, and total life span in the F1 generation were significantly reduced after treatment of F0 with broflanilide. Population parameters, including the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ), were significantly increased, and the mean generation time (T) of F1 progeny was significantly reduced in the LC20 treatment. The predicted population size of F1 increased when parental female adults were treated with sublethal concentrations. CONCLUSION: Broflanilide had high acaricidal activity toward P. citri, and exposure to a sublethal concentration significantly inhibited the population growth of F0. The transgenerational hormesis effect is likely to cause population expansion of F1. More attention should be paid when broflanilide is applied to control P. citri in citrus orchards. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

[Research on Construction of Test Environment for Assessment of RF-Induced Heating Effects of Implants].

In magnetic resonance examination, the interaction between implants and the radio frequency (RF) fields induces heating in human tissue and may cause tissue damage. To assess the RF-induced heating of implants, three steps should be executed, including electromagnetic model construction, electromagnetic model validation, and virtual human body simulations. The crucial step of assessing RF-induced heating involves the construction of a test environment for electromagnetic model validation. In this study, a hardware environment, comprised of a RF generation system, electromagnetic field measurement system, and a robotic arm positioning system, was established. Furthermore, an automated control software environment was developed using a Python-based software development platform to enable the creation of a high-precision automated integrated test environment. The results indicate that the electric field generated in this test environment aligns well with the simulated electric field, making it suitable for assessing the RF-induced heating effects of implants.

Homochiral Tetraphenylethene-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks with Circularly Polarized Luminescence for Enantioselective Recognition.

A pair of water-stable and highly porous homochiral fluorescent silver-organic framework enantiomers, namely, R-Ag-BPA-TPyPE (R-1) and S-Ag-BPA-TPyPE (S-1), had been prepared as enantioselective fluorescence sensors. Combining homochiral 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diyl hydrogen phosphate (BPA) with an AIE-based ligand tetrakis[4-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl]ethene (TPyPE) in complexes R-1 and S-1 made them possess favorable circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) properties, and their CPL spectra were almost mirror images of each other. The luminescence dissymmetry factors (glum) are ±2.2 × 10-3 for R-1 and S-1, and the absolute fluorescence quantum yields (ΦFs) are 32.0% for R-1 and S-1, respectively. Complex R-1 could enantioselectively recognize two enantiomers of amino acids in water or DMF with high Stern-Volmer constants of 236-573 M-1 and enantioselectivity ratios of 1.40-1.78.

Efficacy and advantage of immunotherapy for melanoma via intramuscular co-expression of plasmid-encoded PD-1 and CTLA-4 scFvs.

Immunotherapy, in the shape of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has completely changed the treatment of cancer. However, the increasing expense of treatment and the frequency of immune-related side effects, which are frequently associated with combination antibody therapies and Fc fragment of antibody, have limited the patient's ability to benefit from these treatments. Herein, we presented the therapeutic effects of the plasmid-encoded PD-1 and CTLA-4 scFvs (single-chain variable fragment) for melanoma via an optimized intramuscular gene delivery system. After a single injection, the plasmid-encoded ICI scFv in mouse sera continued to be above 150 ng/mL for 3 weeks and reached peak amounts of 600 ng/mL. Intramuscular delivery of plasmid encoding PD-1 and CTLA-4 scFvs significantly changed the tumor microenvironment, delayed tumor growth, and prolonged survival in melanoma-bearing mice. Furthermore, no significant toxicity was observed, suggesting that this approach could improve the biosafety of ICIs combination therapy. Overall, the expression of ICI scFvs in vivo using intramuscular plasmid delivery could potentially develop into a reliable, affordable, and safe immunotherapy technique, expanding the range of antibody-based gene therapy systems that are available.

The effect of choice on memory across development.

Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of making choices as an internal motivator to improve performance, and recent studies in the domain of memory have focused on adults. To chart the developmental trend of the choice effect on memory, we conducted a series of seven experiments involving children, adolescents, and young adults. Participants (N = 512) aged 5 to 26 years performed a choice encoding task that manipulated the opportunities to choose and then took a memory test. Using different types of experimental materials and corroborated by a mini meta-analysis, we found that the choice effect on memory was significant in childhood and early adolescence but not significant in late adolescence and early adulthood. The developmental changes were statistically significant, particularly evident during the transition from early to late adolescence. These findings suggest that the internal value of choice decreases across development and contributes to our understanding of developmental differences in the role of choice in memory.

Brain responses to self- and other- unfairness under resource distribution context: Meta-analysis of fMRI studies.

Under resource distribution context, individuals have a strong aversion to unfair treatment not only toward themselves but also toward others. However, there is no clear consensus regarding the commonality and distinction between these two types of unfairness. Moreover, many neuroimaging studies have investigated how people evaluate and respond to unfairness in the abovementioned two contexts, but the consistency of the results remains to be investigated. To resolve these two issues, we sought to summarize existing findings regarding unfairness to self and others and to further elucidate the neural underpinnings related to distinguishing evaluation and response processes through meta-analyses of previous neuroimaging studies. Our results indicated that both types of unfairness consistently activate the affective and conflict-related anterior insula (AI) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/supplementary motor area (dACC/SMA), but the activations related to unfairness to self appeared stronger than those related to others, suggesting that individuals had negative reactions to both unfairness and a greater aversive response toward unfairness to self. During the evaluation process, unfairness to self activated the bilateral AI, dACC, and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), regions associated with unfairness aversion, conflict, and cognitive control, indicating reactive, emotional and automatic responses. In contrast, unfairness to others activated areas associated with theory of mind, the inferior parietal lobule and temporoparietal junction (IPL-TPJ), suggesting that making rational judgments from the perspective of others was needed. During the response, unfairness to self activated the affective-related left AI and striatum, whereas unfairness to others activated cognitive control areas, the left DLPFC and the thalamus. This indicated that the former maintained the traits of automaticity and emotionality, whereas the latter necessitated cognitive control. These findings provide a fine-grained description of the common and distinct neurocognitive mechanisms underlying unfairness to self and unfairness to others. Overall, this study not only validates the inequity aversion model but also provides direct evidence of neural mechanisms for neurobiological models of fairness.

A novel nomogram for the prediction of perforation during endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal neoplasms.

BACKGROUND: High perforation risk hinders the widespread adoption of ESD for colorectal neoplasms. This study was performed to determine the risk factors of colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)-induced perforation and develop a predictive model. METHODS: A total of 1046 colorectal neoplasms in 1011 patients were retrospectively enrolled from January 2011 to December 2021, in a single tertiary center as the derivation cohort. We identified independent risk factors for perforation using univariate analysis and multi-variate logistic regression. A nomogram was developed based on the logistic regression model and prospectively applied to 266 colorectal neoplasms as the validation cohort. The performance of the predictive model was evaluated with the receiver operating characteristic curve, calibration plot, and decision curve analysis. RESULTS: Independent pre-operative factors for colorectal ESD-induced perforation were tumor located in the left colon [odds ratio (OR) 2.39, P = 0.040], size ≥ 40 mm (OR 3.36, P < 0.001), ≥2/3 circumference (OR 7.55, P = 0.004), located across folds (OR 6.26, P < 0.001), and laterally spreading tumor (non-granular type, OR 2.34, P = 0.029; granular type, OR 2.46, P = 0.021). The nomogram model incorporating the pre-operative factors performed well in both the derivation and validation cohorts (areas under the curve of 0.750 and 0.806, respectively). Decision curve analysis demonstrated that the clinical benefit of the nomogram was favorable. CONCLUSIONS: The novel nomogram, developed and prospectively validated, incorporating tumor size, location, and morphology can successfully predict perforation during ESD for colorectal neoplasms.

DNA-Mediated Magnetic-Dimer Assembly for Fault-Free Ultra-High-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumors.

Ultra-high-field (UHF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) stands as a pivotal cornerstone in biomedical imaging, yet the challenge of false imaging persists, constraining its full potential. Despite the development of dual-mode contrast agents improving conventional MRI, their effectiveness in UHF remains suboptimal due to the high magnetic moment, resulting in diminished T1 relaxivity and excessively enhanced T2 relaxivity. Herein, we report a DNA-mediated magnetic-dimer assembly (DMA) of iron oxide nanoparticles that harnesses UHF-tailored nanomagnetism for fault-free UHF-MRI. DMA exhibits a dually enhanced longitudinal relaxivity of 4.42 mM-1·s-1 and transverse relaxivity of 26.23 mM-1·s-1 at 9 T, demonstrating a typical T1-T2 dual-mode UHF-MRI contrast agent. Importantly, DMA leverages T1-T2 dual-modality image fusion to achieve artifact-free breast cancer visualization, effectively filtering interference from hundred-micrometer-level false-positive signals with unprecedented precision. The UHF-tailored T1-T2 dual-mode DMA contrast agents hold promise for elevating the accuracy of MR imaging in disease diagnosis.

Ligand-Induced Atomically Segregation-Tunable Alloy Nanoprobes for Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Bimetallic iron-noble metal alloy nanoparticles have emerged as promising contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to their biocompatibility and facile control over the element distribution. However, the inherent surface energy discrepancy between iron and noble metal often leads to Fe atom segregation within the nanoparticle, resulting in limited iron-water molecule interactions and, consequently, diminished relaxometric performance. In this study, we present the development of a class of ligand-induced atomically segregation-tunable alloy nanoprobes (STAN) composed of bimetallic iron-gold nanoparticles. By manipulating the oxidation state of Fe on the particle surface through varying molar ratios of oleic acid and oleylamine ligands, we successfully achieve surface Fe enrichment. Under the application of a 9 T MRI system, the optimized STAN formulation, characterized by a surface Fe content of 60.1 at %, exhibits an impressive r1 value of 2.28 mM-1·s-1, along with a low r2/r1 ratio of 6.2. This exceptional performance allows for the clear visualization of hepatic tumors as small as 0.7 mm in diameter in vivo, highlighting the immense potential of STAN as a next-generation contrast agent for highly sensitive MR imaging.

Identification and functional analyses of CD4-1+ cells in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).

In mammals, CD4 is found to be expressed on T cells and innate immune cells, however, teleost cells bearing CD4 have not been well identified and characterized. In this study, we identified two different CD4-1+ cell subsets in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): CD4-1+ lymphocytes (Lym) and CD4-1+ myeloid cells (Mye), both of which had the highest proportions in the head kidney. The mRNA expression analysis showed that CD4-1, CD4-2, TCRß, CD3γ/δ, and LCK1 are highly expressed in CD4-1+ Lym and also expressed in CD4-1+ Mye. Furthermore, we found that CD4-1+ Lym have a Lym morphology and highly express T-cell cytokines, suggesting that they are CD4+ T cells equivalent to mammalian Th cells. On the other hand, CD4-1+ Mye were found to have a morphology of macrophage and highly express macrophage marker gene MCSFR, indicating that they are macrophages. In addition, functional analysis revealed that CD4-1+ Mye possess phagocytic ability and great antigen-processing ability. Taken together, our study sheds further light on the composition and function of CD4+ cells in teleost fish.