ABSTRACT
The key to successful in vitro embryo production (IVEP) is to mimic the natural in vivo oviductal microenvironment. Although the chemically defined media in extensive use for the in vitro culture of mammalian embryos is based on the composition of oviductal fluid, the IVEP systems in current use must still bypass the oviduct to produce embryos in vitro. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the oviduct are versatile intercellular delivery vehicles for maternal-embryo communication, and a lack of them can be associated with failed early embryonic development under in vitro culture conditions. Herein, we isolated EVs from porcine oviduct fluid and confirmed that oviductal EV supplementation improves the embryonic development of parthenogenetically activated (PA) embryos in terms of blastocyst formation rates and total cell numbers. Our experiments also revealed that a beneficial effect of oviductal EVs on PA embryos was achievable, at least in part, by relieving endoplasmic reticulum stress. These results suggest that the maternal-embryo communication mediated by oviductal EVs benefits early embryonic development. Given the contribution of oviductal EVs to early embryonic development, these findings offer novel insights for the optimization of current IVEP systems.
Subject(s)
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress , Extracellular Vesicles , Animals , Embryonic Development , Fallopian Tubes , Female , Humans , Mammals , Oviducts , Pregnancy , SwineABSTRACT
Abscisic acid-insensitive 5 (ABI5) is a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor that is abundantly expressed in seeds. It plays a central role in regulating the abscisic acid (ABA) signal of seed germination and early seedling growth. Brassinosteroid (BR) is a new type of plant endogenous hormone, which has many physiological functions such as regulating plant growth and development and response to adversity stress. It has recently been discovered that under brassinolide stress, BIN2 (BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE2) and BES1 (BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR 1) in the BR signaling pathway can inhibit the expression of ABI5 and promote Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination. In order to further explore the function of ABI5 under BR stress, this study analyzed the ABI5 expression characteristics during seed germination, identified Arabidopsis ABI5 gene deletion mutant abi5-1 and analyzed its function under BR stress, the results of which indicated that ABI5 was abundantly expressed in Arabidopsis dry seeds and responded to BR stress during germination. Under normal conditions, there was no significant difference between the hypocotyls of abi5-1 and wild-type seedlings; but under BR stress, the hypocotyls of abi5-1 seedlings were significantly longer than those of wild-type seedlings. These results reveal that ABI5 regulates the growth of Arabidopsis hypocotyls under BR stress, thereby providing a basis for in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanism of ABI5 regulation on plant development.
Subject(s)
Arabidopsis Proteins , Arabidopsis , Abscisic Acid , Arabidopsis/genetics , Arabidopsis/metabolism , Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics , Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism , Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/genetics , Brassinosteroids , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Germination , Hypocotyl/genetics , Hypocotyl/metabolism , Protein Kinases , Seedlings/genetics , SeedsABSTRACT
A series of dicationic ionic liquids (ILs) including [PF6][(PYR)C4(MIM)][Cl], [PF6][(PYR)C4(PYR)][Cl], [PF6][(PYR)C5(MIM)][Cl], and [PF6][(PYR)C5(PYR)][Cl], and monocationic ILs including [(PYR)C4Cl][PF6], [(PYR)C5Cl][PF6], [(MIM)C2COOH][PF6] and [(PYR)C2COOH][PF6] were synthesized. Their thermal stability and melting points were determined. Their solubility with organic solvents and the miscibility with water were investigated. These functional ILs are hydrophilic at high temperatures and they are hydrophobic at low temperatures, which enable the effective isolation of the resulting reducing sugar. High yields of reducing sugar were obtained for corn stalk after 8 h (20.73%) and potato starch after 6 h (72.50%) by the treatment with the mixture of [PF6][(PYR)C4(PYR)][Cl] and [(PYR)C2COOH][PF6]. The reuse of dicationic and monocationic ILs was successfully performed and no significant reduction in yields of reducing sugar was observed. These functional ILs have important implications in the design of homogeneous and heterogeneous systems with water and organic solvents, which could be used to satisfy some specific applications.