Structure-Switching Electrochemical Aptasensor for Rapid, Reagentless, and Single-Step Nanomolar Detection of C-Reactive Protein.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase reactant and sensitive indicator for sepsis and other life-threatening pathologies, including systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Currently, clinical turn-around times for established CRP detection methods take between 30 min to hours or even days from centralized laboratories. Here, we report the development of an electrochemical biosensor using redox probe-tagged DNA aptamers, functionalized onto inexpensive, commercially available screen-printed electrodes. Binding-induced conformational switching of the CRP-targeting aptamer induces a specific and selective signal-ON event, which enables single-step and reagentless detection of CRP in as little as 1 min. The aptasensor limit of detection spans approximately 20-60 nM in 50% human serum with dynamic response windows spanning 1-200 or 1-500 nM (R = 0.97/R = 0.98 respectively). The sensor is stable for at least 1 week and can be reused numerous times, as judged from repeated real-time dosing and dose-response assays. By decoupling binding events from the signal induction mechanism, structure-switching electrochemical aptamer-based sensors provide considerable advantages over their adsorption-based counterparts. Our work expands on the retinue of such sensors reported in the literature and is the first instance of structure-switching electrochemical aptamer-based sensors (SS-EABs) for reagentless, voltammetric CRP detection. We hope this study inspires further investigations into the suitability of SS-EABs for diagnostics, which will aid translational R&D toward fully realized devices aimed at point-of-care applications or for broader use by the public.

Alpelisib Monotherapy for PI3K-Altered, Pretreated Advanced Breast Cancer: A Phase II Study.

There is limited knowledge on the benefit of the α-subunit-specific PI3K inhibitor alpelisib in later lines of therapy for advanced estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) HER2- and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We conducted a phase II multicohort study of alpelisib monotherapy in patients with advanced PI3K pathway mutant ER+HER2- and TNBC. In the intention-to-treat ER+ cohort, the overall response rate was 30% and the clinical benefit rate was 36%. A decline in PI3K pathway mutant circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) levels from baseline to week 8 while on therapy was significantly associated with a partial response, clinical benefit, and improved progression-free-survival [HR 0.24; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.083-0.67, P = 0.0065]. Detection of ESR1 mutations at baseline in plasma was also associated with clinical benefit and improved progression-free survival (HR 0.22; 95% CI, 0.078-0.60, P = 0.003). SIGNIFICANCE: Alpelisib monotherapy displayed efficacy in heavily pretreated ER+ breast cancer with PIK3CA mutations. PIK3CA mutation dynamics in plasma during treatment and ESR1 mutations detected in plasma at baseline were candidate biomarkers predictive of benefit from alpelisib, highlighting the utility of ctDNA assays in this setting. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2007.

Circulating tumour DNA in metastatic breast cancer to guide clinical trial enrolment and precision oncology: A cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Metastatic breast cancer (mBC) is a heterogenous disease with increasing availability of targeted therapies as well as emerging genomic markers of therapeutic resistance, necessitating timely and accurate molecular characterization of disease. As a minimally invasive test, analysis of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) is well positioned for real-time genomic profiling to guide treatment decisions. Here, we report the results of a prospective testing program established to assess the feasibility of ctDNA analysis to guide clinical management of mBC patients. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Two hundred thirty-four mBC patients (median age 54 years) were enrolled between June 2015 and October 2018 at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia. Median follow-up was 15 months (range 1-46). All patient samples at the time of enrolment were analysed in real time for the presence of somatic mutations. Longitudinal plasma testing during the course of patient management was also undertaken in a subset of patients (n = 67, 28.6%), according to clinician preference, for repeated molecular profiling or disease monitoring. Detection of somatic mutations from patient plasma was performed using a multiplexed droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) approach to identify hotspot mutations in PIK3CA, ESR1, ERBB2, and AKT1. In parallel, subsets of samples were also analysed via next-generation sequencing (targeted panel sequencing and low-coverage whole-genome sequencing [LC-WGS]). The sensitivity of ddPCR and targeted panel sequencing to identify actionable mutations was compared. Results were discussed at a multidisciplinary breast cancer meeting prior to treatment decisions. ddPCR and targeted panel sequencing identified at least 1 actionable mutation at baseline in 80/234 (34.2%) and 62/159 (39.0%) of patients tested, respectively. Combined, both methods detected an actionable alteration in 104/234 patients (44.4%) through baseline or serial ctDNA testing. LC-WGS was performed on 27 patients from the cohort, uncovering several recurrently amplified regions including 11q13.3 encompassing CCND1. Increasing ctDNA levels were associated with inferior overall survival, whether assessed by ddPCR, targeted sequencing, or LC-WGS. Overall, the ctDNA results changed clinical management in 40 patients including the direct recruitment of 20 patients to clinical trials. Limitations of the study were that it was conducted at a single site and that 31.3% of participants were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSION: In this study, we found prospective ctDNA testing to be a practical and feasible approach that can guide clinical trial enrolment and patient management in mBC.

The Protein Arginine Methyltransferase PRMT8 and Substrate G3BP1 Control Rac1-PAK1 Signaling and Actin Cytoskeleton for Dendritic Spine Maturation.

Excitatory synapses of neurons are located on dendritic spines. Spine maturation is essential for the stability of synapses and memory consolidation, and overproduction of the immature filopodia is associated with brain disorders. The structure and function of synapses can be modulated by protein post-translational modification (PTM). Arginine methylation is a major PTM that regulates chromatin structure, transcription, and splicing within the nucleus. Here we find that the protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT8 is present at neuronal synapses and its expression is upregulated in the hippocampus when dendritic spine maturation occurs. Depletion of PRMT8 leads to overabundance of filopodia and mis-localization of excitatory synapses. Mechanistically, PRMT8 promotes dendritic spine morphology through methylation of the dendritic RNA-binding protein G3BP1 and suppression of the Rac1-PAK1 signaling pathway to control synaptic actin dynamics. Our findings unravel arginine methylation as a crucial regulatory mechanism for actin cytoskeleton during synapse development.

Dysregulation of protein synthesis and dendritic spine morphogenesis in ASD: studies in human pluripotent stem cells.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a brain disorder that involves changes in neuronal connections. Abnormal morphology of dendritic spines on postsynaptic neurons has been observed in ASD patients and transgenic mice that model different monogenetic causes of ASD. A number of ASD-associated genetic variants are known to disrupt dendritic local protein synthesis, which is essential for spine morphogenesis, synaptic transmission, and plasticity. Most of our understanding on the molecular mechanism underlying ASD depends on studies using rodents. However, recent advance in human pluripotent stem cells and their neural differentiation provides a powerful alternative tool to understand the cellular aspects of human neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize recent progress on studying mRNA targeting and local protein synthesis in stem cell-derived neurons, and discuss how perturbation of these processes may impact synapse development and functions that are relevant to cognitive deficits in ASD.

Specific depletion of the motor protein KIF5B leads to deficits in dendritic transport, synaptic plasticity and memory.

The kinesin I family of motor proteins are crucial for axonal transport, but their roles in dendritic transport and postsynaptic function are not well-defined. Gene duplication and subsequent diversification give rise to three homologous kinesin I proteins (KIF5A, KIF5B and KIF5C) in vertebrates, but it is not clear whether and how they exhibit functional specificity. Here we show that knockdown of KIF5A or KIF5B differentially affects excitatory synapses and dendritic transport in hippocampal neurons. The functional specificities of the two kinesins are determined by their diverse carboxyl-termini, where arginine methylation occurs in KIF5B and regulates its function. KIF5B conditional knockout mice exhibit deficits in dendritic spine morphogenesis, synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Our findings provide insights into how expansion of the kinesin I family during evolution leads to diversification and specialization of motor proteins in regulating postsynaptic function.

Transporting molecules within a cell becomes a daunting task when the cell is a neuron, with fibers called axons and dendrites that can stretch as long as a meter. Neurons use many different molecules to send messages across the body and store memories in the brain. If the right molecules cannot be delivered along the length of nerve cells, connections to neighboring neurons may decay, which may impair learning and memory. Motor proteins are responsible for transporting molecules within cells. Kinesins are a type of motor protein that typically transports materials from the body of a neuron to the cell's periphery, including the dendrites, which is where a neuron receives messages from other nerve cells. Each cell has up to 45 different kinesin motors, but it is not known whether each one performs a distinct task or if they have overlapping roles. Now, Zhao, Fok et al. have studied two similar kinesins, called KIF5A and KIF5B, in rodent neurons to determine their roles. First, it was shown that both proteins were found at dendritic spines, which are small outgrowths on dendrites where contact with other cells occurs. Next, KIF5A and KIF5B were depleted, one at a time, from neurons extracted from a brain region called the hippocampus. Removing KIF5B interfered with the formation of dendritic spines, but removing KIF5A did not have an effect. Dendritic spines are essential for learning and memory, so several behavioral tests were conducted on mice that had been genetically modified to express less KIF5B in the forebrain. These tests revealed that the mice performed poorly in tasks that tested their memory recall. This work opens a new area of research studying the specific roles of different kinesin motor proteins in nerve cells. This could have important implications because certain kinesin motor proteins such as KIF5A are known to be defective in some inherited neurodegenerative diseases.

A Phase Ib Dose-Escalation and Expansion Study of the BCL2 Inhibitor Venetoclax Combined with Tamoxifen in ER and BCL2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer.

Venetoclax, a potent and selective BCL2 inhibitor, synergizes with endocrine therapy in preclinical models of ER-positive breast cancer. Using a phase Ib 3 + 3 dose-escalation and expansion study design, 33 patients with ER and BCL2-positive metastatic disease (mean prior regimens, 2; range, 0-8) were treated with daily tamoxifen (20 mg) and venetoclax (200-800 mg). Apart from uncomplicated "on-target" lymphopenia, no dose-limiting toxicities or high-grade adverse events were observed in the escalation phase (15 patients), and 800 mg was selected as the recommended phase II dose (RP2D). In the expansion phase (18 patients), few high-grade treatment-related adverse events were observed. For 24 patients treated at the RP2D, the confirmed radiologic response rate was 54% and the clinical benefit rate was 75%. Treatment responses were preempted by metabolic responses (FDG-PET) at 4 weeks and correlated with serial changes in circulating tumor DNA. Radiologic responses (40%) and clinical benefit (70%) were observed in 10 patients with plasma-detected ESR1 mutations. SIGNIFICANCE: In the first clinical study to evaluate venetoclax in a solid tumor, we demonstrate that combining venetoclax with endocrine therapy has a tolerable safety profile and elicits notable activity in ER and BCL2-positive metastatic breast cancer. These findings support further investigation of combination therapy for patients with BCL2-positive tumors.See related commentary by Drago et al., p. 323.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 305.

Validation of the IBIS breast cancer risk evaluator for women with lobular carcinoma in-situ.

BACKGROUND: Management advice for women with lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is hampered by the lack of accurate personalised risk estimates for subsequent invasive breast cancer (BC). Prospective validation of the only tool that estimates individual BC risk for a woman with LCIS, the International Breast Cancer Intervention Study Risk Evaluation Tool (IBIS-RET), is lacking. METHODS: Using population-based cancer registry data for 732 women with LCIS, the calibration and discrimination accuracy of IBIS-RET Version 7.2 were assessed. RESULTS: The mean observed 10-year risk of invasive BC was 14.1% (95% CI:11.3%-17.5%). IBIS-RET overestimated invasive BC risk (p = 0.0003) and demonstrated poor discriminatory accuracy (AUC 0.54, 95% CI: 0.48 - 0.62). CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should understand that IBIS-RET Version 7.2 may overestimate 10-year invasive BC risk for Australian women with LCIS. The newer IBIS-RET Version 8.0, released September 2017, includes mammographic density and may perform better, but validation is needed.

The iPrevent Online Breast Cancer Risk Assessment and Risk Management Tool: Usability and Acceptability Testing.

BACKGROUND: iPrevent estimates breast cancer (BC) risk and provides tailored risk management information. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the usability and acceptability of the iPrevent prototype. METHODS: Clinicians were eligible for participation in the study if they worked in primary care, breast surgery, or genetics clinics. Female patients aged 18-70 years with no personal cancer history were eligible. Clinicians were first familiarized with iPrevent using hypothetical paper-based cases and then actor scenarios; subsequently, they used iPrevent with their patients. Clinicians and patients completed the System Usability Scale (SUS) and an Acceptability questionnaire 2 weeks after using iPrevent; patients also completed measures of BC worry, anxiety, risk perception, and knowledge pre- and 2 weeks post-iPrevent. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The SUS and Acceptability questionnaires were completed by 19 of 20 clinicians and 37 of 43 patients. Usability was above average (SUS score >68) for 68% (13/19) clinicians and 76% (28/37) patients. The amount of information provided by iPrevent was reported as "about right" by 89% (17/19) clinicians and 89% (33/37) patients and 95% (18/19) and 97% (36/37), respectively, would recommend iPrevent to others, although 53% (10/19) clinicians and 27% (10/37) patients found it too long. Exploratory analyses suggested that iPrevent could improve risk perception, decrease frequency of BC worry, and enhance BC prevention knowledge without changing state anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: The iPrevent prototype demonstrated good usability and acceptability. Because concerns about length could be an implementation barrier, data entry has been abbreviated in the publicly available version of iPrevent.

Determination of dendritic spine morphology by the striatin scaffold protein STRN4 through interaction with the phosphatase PP2A.

Dendritic spines are heterogeneous and exist with various morphologies. Altered spine morphology might underlie the cognitive deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, but how different subtypes of dendritic spines are selectively maintained along development is still poorly understood. Spine maturation requires spontaneous activity of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and local dendritic protein synthesis. STRN4 (also called zinedin) belongs to the striatin family of scaffold proteins, and some of the potential striatin-interacting proteins are encoded by autism risk genes. Although previous studies have demonstrated their localization in dendritic spines, the function of various striatin family members in the neuron remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Strn4 mRNA is present in neuronal dendrites, and the local expression of STRN4 protein depends on NMDA receptor activation. Notably, STRN4 is preferentially expressed in mushroom spines, and STRN4 specifically maintains mushroom spines but not thin spines and filopodia through interaction with the phosphatase PP2A. Our findings have therefore unraveled the local expression of STRN4 as a novel mechanism for the control of dendritic spine morphology.

BRAF Mutation Testing and Metastatic Colorectal Cancer in the Community Setting: Is There an Urgent Need for More Education?

BACKGROUND: Patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) with BRAF mutation (BRAF MT) generally have a poorer prognosis. BRAF MT may also have implications for treatment strategy. Despite this, inclusion of BRAF in routine molecular testing varies. Here we report the frequency of BRAF reporting in the South Australian (SA) mCRC registry reflecting community practice, together with the survival outcomes based on mutation status. METHODS: The SA population-based mCRC registry was analysed to assess the number of patients where a BRAF MT result was available. The patient characteristics are reported and overall survival was analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Of the 3639 patients who have been entered in the registry, only 6.2% (227) have BRAF MT results available. Of the patients tested, the BRAF MT rate is 12.7%. The mutation rate was highest in rightsided primary; right colon 23 versus left colon 8.9% and rectum 7%. There was no significant difference in median age or male/female proportion. The median overall survival (mOS) for BRAF MT versus wild-type (WT) patients is 14.0 versus 32.9 months (p = 0.003). For patients who have chemotherapy (plus or minus surgery) the mOS is 14.6 months BRAF MT versus 36.1 months (p ≤ 0.001) WT. Liver or lung resection was performed on only 8% of the BRAF MT group versus 26.5% of the WT group. CONCLUSION: Results in a population setting confirm our understanding that BRAF MT is more frequently right sided and of lower frequency in rectal cancer. Survival is lower for patients with mCRC that have BRAF MT, regardless of the therapy. BRAF testing is currently performed infrequently in an Australian setting despite its importance as a significant prognostic factor, and the implications for alternate therapeutic approaches.

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of panitumumab in the treatment of colorectal cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Integration of targeted therapy and additional chemotherapy options has improved median overall survival (OS) in patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Cetuximab and panitumumab are examples of targeted therapies, specifically against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This review focuses on Panitumumab, a fully human IgG2 monoclonal antibody, which inhibits key oncogenic downstream cell signalling pathways. Panitumumab and cetuximab have improved tumour response rate, progression-free survival, and OS in mCRC patients in whom the RAS (Rat Sarcoma) gene is of Wild Type (WT) status. AREAS COVERED: The EGFR signalling pathway and preclinical, Phase I and Phase II clinical studies on the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety evaluation of panitumumab are presented. Phase III studies utilising panitumumab in the first, second and third line setting in mCRC are also described. EXPERT OPINION: Panitumumab exhibits excellent pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics by way of uncomplicated dosing, non-existent drug interactions, minimal infusion reactions and manageable side effects, making it a suitable target for combination treatments. However, innate and acquired resistances are still obstacles. To overcome this, experimented strategies are ongoing, particularly in patients with Her-2 and BRAF gene alterations. Novel biomarkers to improve patient selection and second-generation targeted antibodies are in development.