Formulation and assessment of biological properties of garcinia indica fruit extract mouthrinse as an adjunct to oral hygiene regimen: an in vitro analysis.

The prevalence of gingivitis is substantial within the general population, necessitating rigorous oral hygiene maintenance. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed a Garcinia indica (GI) fruit extract-based mouthrinse, comparing it to a 0.1% turmeric mouthrinse and a 0.2% Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthrinse. The evaluation encompassed substantivity, staining potential, antimicrobial efficacy and cytocompatibility. METHODOLOGY: The study employed 182 tooth sections. For antimicrobial analysis, 64 extracted human teeth coated with a polymicrobial biofilm were divided into four groups, each receiving an experimental mouthrinse or serving as a control group with distilled water. Microbial reduction was assessed through colony forming units (CFU). Substantivity was evaluated on 54 human tooth sections using a UV spectrophotometer, while staining potential was examined on 64 tooth sections. Cytocompatibility was tested using colorimetric assay to determine non-toxic levels of 0.2% GI fruit extract, 0.1% Turmeric, and 0.2% CHX. RESULTS: Data were analysed with one-way ANOVA (α=0.05). Cell viability was highly significant (p<0.001) in the 0.2% GI group (64.1±0.29) compared to 0.1% Turmeric (40.2±0.34) and 0.2% CHX (10.95±1.40). For antimicrobial activity, both 0.2% GI (20.18±4.81) and 0.2% CHX (28.22±5.41) exhibited no significant difference (P>0.05) at end of 12 hours. However, 0.1% Turmeric showed minimal CFU reduction (P<0.001). Substantivity results at 360 minutes indicated statistically significant higher mean release rate in 0.1%Turmeric (12.47±5.84 ) when compared to 0.2% GI (5.02±3.04) and 0.2% CHX (4.13±2.25) (p<0.001). The overall discoloration changes (∆E) were more prominent in the 0.2% CHX group (18.65±8.3) compared to 0.2% GI (7.61±2.4) and 0.1% Turmeric (7.32±4.9) (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: This study supports 0.2% GI and 0.1% Turmeric mouth rinses as potential natural alternatives to chemical mouth rinses. These findings highlight viability of these natural supplements in oral healthcare.

Formulation and assessment of biological properties of garcinia indica fruit extract mouthrinse as an adjunct to oral hygiene regimen: an in vitro analysis

Abstract The prevalence of gingivitis is substantial within the general population, necessitating rigorous oral hygiene maintenance. Objective This study assessed a Garcinia indica (GI) fruit extract-based mouthrinse, comparing it to a 0.1% turmeric mouthrinse and a 0.2% Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthrinse. The evaluation encompassed substantivity, staining potential, antimicrobial efficacy and cytocompatibility. Methodology The study employed 182 tooth sections. For antimicrobial analysis, 64 extracted human teeth coated with a polymicrobial biofilm were divided into four groups, each receiving an experimental mouthrinse or serving as a control group with distilled water. Microbial reduction was assessed through colony forming units (CFU). Substantivity was evaluated on 54 human tooth sections using a UV spectrophotometer, while staining potential was examined on 64 tooth sections. Cytocompatibility was tested using colorimetric assay to determine non-toxic levels of 0.2% GI fruit extract, 0.1% Turmeric, and 0.2% CHX. Results Data were analysed with one-way ANOVA (α=0.05). Cell viability was highly significant (p<0.001) in the 0.2% GI group (64.1±0.29) compared to 0.1% Turmeric (40.2±0.34) and 0.2% CHX (10.95±1.40). For antimicrobial activity, both 0.2% GI (20.18±4.81) and 0.2% CHX (28.22±5.41) exhibited no significant difference (P>0.05) at end of 12 hours. However, 0.1% Turmeric showed minimal CFU reduction (P<0.001). Substantivity results at 360 minutes indicated statistically significant higher mean release rate in 0.1%Turmeric (12.47±5.84 ) when compared to 0.2% GI (5.02±3.04) and 0.2% CHX (4.13±2.25) (p<0.001). The overall discoloration changes (∆E) were more prominent in the 0.2% CHX group (18.65±8.3) compared to 0.2% GI (7.61±2.4) and 0.1% Turmeric (7.32±4.9) (P<0.001). Conclusion This study supports 0.2% GI and 0.1% Turmeric mouth rinses as potential natural alternatives to chemical mouth rinses. These findings highlight viability of these natural supplements in oral healthcare.

Effect of Yerba Mate Extract as Feed Additive on Ruminal Fermentation and Methane Emissions in Beef Cattle.

The inclusion of plant extracts that contain secondary compounds with the potential to modulate rumen fermentation and improve animal performance has gained attention in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of yerba mate extract (Ilex paraguariensis ST. Hilaire) (YME) on the ruminal parameters. Eight castrated cattle were divided into four groups, a control without YME (0%) and three treatment groups with 0.5, 1 and 2% inclusion of YME in the dry matter. The inclusion of YME did not show differences in ruminal methane emissions (CH4), and total apparent digestibility (p = 0.54). Likewise, YME did not modify ruminal pH, but positively affected NH3-N, which decreased linearly as the extract level in the diet increased (p = 0.01). No short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were influenced by YME, except isovaleric acid (p = 0.01), which showed a lower concentration in the inclusion of 2% YME. Our results show that up to 2% YME does not affect digestibility, ruminal fermentation parameters, or the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the rumen.

Effects of lignocellulolytic enzymes on the fermentation profile, chemical composition, and in situ ruminal disappearance of whole-plant corn silage.

The objective of this study was to examine the enzyme activities of an enzymatic complex produced by Pleurotus ostreatus in different pH and the effects of adding increased application rates of this enzymatic complex on the fermentation profile, chemical composition, and in situ ruminal disappearance of whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) at the onset of fermentation and 30 d after ensiling. The lignocellulolytic enzymatic complex was obtained through in vitro cultivation of P. ostreatus. In the first experiment, the activities of laccase, lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase, endo- and exo-glucanase, xylanase, and mannanase were determined at pH 3, 4, 5, and 6. In the second experiment, five application rates of enzymatic complex were tested in a randomized complete block design (0, 9, 18, 27, and 36 mg of lignocellulosic enzymes/kg of fresh whole-plant corn [WPC], corresponding to 0, 0.587, 1.156, 1.734, and 2.312 g of enzymatic complex/kg of fresh WPC, respectively). There were four replicates per treatment (vacuum-sealed bags) per opening time. Bags were opened 1, 2, 3, and 7 d after ensiling (onset of fermentation period) and 30 d after ensiling to evaluate the fermentation profile, chemical composition, and in situ dry matter and neutral fiber detergent disappearance of WPCS. Laccase had the greatest activity at pH 5 (P < 0.01), whereas manganese peroxidase and LiP had the greatest activity at pH 4 (P < 0.01; P < 0.01). There was no effect of the rate of application of enzymatic complex, at the onset of fermentation, on the fermentation profile (P > 0.21), and chemical composition (P > 0.36). The concentration of water-soluble carbohydrate quadratically decreased (P < 0.01) over the ensiling time at the onset of fermentation, leading to a quadratic increase of lactic acid (P = 0.02) and a linear increase of acetic acid (P = 0.02) throughout fermentation. Consequently, pH quadratically decreased (P < 0.01). Lignin concentration linearly decreased (P = 0.04) with the enzymatic complex application rates at 30 d of storage; however, other nutrients and fermentation profiles did not change (P > 0.11) with the enzymatic complex application rates. Addition of lignocellulolytic enzymatic complex from P. ostreatus cultivation to WPC at ensiling decreased WPCS lignin concentration 30 d after ensiling; however, it was not sufficient to improve in situ disappearance of fiber and dry matter.

Effects of dietary inclusion of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract on lamb muscle metabolomics and physicochemical properties in meat.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract (YME) on muscle metabolomics and physicochemical properties of lamb meat. Thirty-six uncastrated male lambs (90 d old) were fed experimental diets, which treatments consisted of 0%, 1%, 2%, and 4% inclusion of YME. Animals were fed for 50 d before slaughter. Muscle and meat samples were collected for metabolomics and meat quality analysis, respectively. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design and analyzed using orthogonal contrasts. There was a quadratic effect of YME inclusion in tenderness (P < 0.05) and a positive linear effect on meat lightness (P < 0.05). No qualitative changes (P > 0.05) on individual metabolites were observed; however, changes in the quantitative metabolic profile were observed, showing that animals fed 1% and 2% of YME have a greater concentration of desirable endogenous muscle antioxidants, with direct impact on metabolic pathways related to beta-alanine metabolism and glutathione metabolism. Therefore, YME dietary supplementation up to 2% of the diet to lambs had little to no effects on the majority of meat quality traits evaluated; moreover, 4% of YME inclusion negatively affected feed intake and meat quality traits.

Effects of Feeding Increasing Levels of Yerba Mate on Lamb Meat Quality and Antioxidant Activity.

The present study investigated the inclusion of yerba mate extract (YME) in the lamb's diet on meat quality traits, antioxidant activity, and shelf-life. Thirty-six lambs were distributed according to a block design with the following groups: control group without YME (0%) and three treatment groups with 1, 2, and 4% YME inclusion in the dry matter. The animals were fed these diets for 53 days. Samples were collected from the Longissimusthoracis (LT) muscle to analyze antioxidant activity and meat quality. Samples were placed on a counter display simulating a retail environment for 0, 3, and 6 days at 4 ± 2 °C. All data were analyzed using a MIXED model with orthogonal contrasts. Inclusion of 1 and 4% YME in the diet changed the yellow (b*) and the chroma (C*) of the meat (p ≤ 0.05). The pH, colour, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and carbonyl values were influenced by the retail display time for all the evaluated treatments (p ≤ 0.03). However, neither diet nor the retail display time influenced the oxidation of proteins or the antioxidant enzyme activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione activity (GSH) in meat. Therefore, the inclusion of 4% YME showed positive results in the yellow and colour stability parameters of the meat without increasing the lipid peroxidation values or altering the normal meat quality parameters in lambs.

Inclusion of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) Extract in the Diet of Growing Lambs: Effects on Blood Parameters, Animal Performance, and Carcass Traits.

This study aimed to evaluate levels of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract (YME), as a feed additive in the diets of growing lambs on serum biochemical parameters and hematological indices, animal performance, body metrics and carcass traits. Thirty-six entire (nine per treatment), male growing lambs, weighing 23.8 ± 3.7 kg, were fed the experimental diets which were treatments consisting of increasing levels of YME (0, 1, 2, and 4% inclusion on a dry matter [DM] basis) during an experimental period of 53 days. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, which initial body weight was used as blocking factor and the results were analyzed by orthogonal contrasts (linear, quadratic, and cubic). Yerba mate extract did not change the general health status of the animals; however, inclusions of up to 2% of the extract increased globulins (p = 0.05) and white blood cell count, as segmented neutrophils (p = 0.02) and lymphocytes (p = 0.04). Additionally, inclusion of up to 2% YME increased dry matter intake, final weight gain, total and daily gain (p < 0.05), also tended to increase ribeye area and reduce fat thickness (p < 0.10); however, YME above 2% of inclusion reduced animal productive parameters (p < 0.05). In conclusion, levels up to 2% of YME were beneficial to the health and productive parameters of growing lambs.

Aneuplodia de cromossomos sexuais em gato de pelagem tortoiseshell - relato de caso / Aneuploidy of sex chromosomes in a tortoiseshell cat - case report / Aneuploidía de cromosomas sexuales en un gato de pelaje tortoiseshell - reporte de un caso

A análise citogenética é uma importante etapa no diagnóstico de animais com histórico de esterilidade ou infertilidade. Durante anos, os estudos cromossômicos foram indicados para as espécies de produção. Atualmente, a procura por tais análises em animais de companhia tem aumentado. Em gatos, a coloração da pelagem tortoiseshell apresenta predominância de pêlos pretos mesclados com pêlos brancos e laranja pelo corpo todo, e, na coloração denominada calico, essas três cores se apresentam como manchas independentes, com predominância da cor branca. Porém, todos esses padrões são restritos a fêmeas. É raro observar gatos machos tortoiseshell ou calico, fruto da ocorrência de aberrações cromossômicas. Relata-se, neste caso, a análise cromossômica de um gato tortoiseshell com conjunto cromossômico diploide de 2n = 39,XXY, ou seja, um cromossomo X extra, semelhante ao que ocorre na síndrome de Klinefelter, em humanos.(AU)

Cytogenetic analysis is an important step in the diagnosis of animals with a history of infertility or sterility. While chromosomal studies have been indicated for livestock species for years, the demand for such analyzes in companion animals has recently increased. The coat color in cats known as tortoiseshell presents predominance of black hair mixed with white and orange hair all over the body and, in the color pattern known as calico, these three colors are presented as independent spots with predominance of white hair. However, all of these patterns are limited to females due to sex-linked inheritance. Male tortoiseshell or calico cats occur rarely, due to the occurrence of chromosomal aberrations. This article reports the chromosomal analysis of a male cat with tortoiseshell pelage that presented an extra X chromosome (diploid chromosome set of 2n = 39,XXY), a condition which is similar to Klinefelter syndrome in humans.(AU)

El examen citogenético representa una importante etapa en el diagnóstico de animales con antecedentes de esterilidad o infertilidad. Durante muchos años, los estudios cromosómicos sólo eran indicados para las especies utilizadas en producción animal. Actualmente, la búsqueda de dichos análisis en perros y gatos se ha incrementado. En los gatos, la coloración del pelaje tortoiseshell puede tener una predominancia de pelos negros mezclados con pelos blancos y anaranjados distribuidos en todo el cuerpo, o bien presentarse una coloración denominada calicó, en la que esos tres colores se muestran como manchas independientes, con predominancia del color blanco. Este tipo de pelaje ocurre en hembras, y en raras ocasiones puede ser observado en gatos machos, debido a la presencia de aberraciones cromosómicas. En este trabajo se relata un caso donde se realizó el análisis cromosómico de un gato tortoiseshell, que tenía un conjunto cromosómico diploide de 2n = 39,XXY, es decir un cromosoma X de más, similar a lo que ocurre en el síndrome de Klinefelter en seres humanos.(AU)

Aneuplodia de cromossomos sexuais em gato de pelagem tortoiseshell - relato de caso / Aneuploidy of sex chromosomes in a tortoiseshell cat - case report / Aneuploidía de cromosomas sexuales en un gato de pelaje tortoiseshell - reporte de un caso

A análise citogenética é uma importante etapa no diagnóstico de animais com histórico de esterilidade ou infertilidade. Durante anos, os estudos cromossômicos foram indicados para as espécies de produção. Atualmente, a procura por tais análises em animais de companhia tem aumentado. Em gatos, a coloração da pelagem tortoiseshell apresenta predominância de pêlos pretos mesclados com pêlos brancos e laranja pelo corpo todo, e, na coloração denominada calico, essas três cores se apresentam como manchas independentes, com predominância da cor branca. Porém, todos esses padrões são restritos a fêmeas. É raro observar gatos machos tortoiseshell ou calico, fruto da ocorrência de aberrações cromossômicas. Relata-se, neste caso, a análise cromossômica de um gato tortoiseshell com conjunto cromossômico diploide de 2n = 39,XXY, ou seja, um cromossomo X extra, semelhante ao que ocorre na síndrome de Klinefelter, em humanos.

Cytogenetic analysis is an important step in the diagnosis of animals with a history of infertility or sterility. While chromosomal studies have been indicated for livestock species for years, the demand for such analyzes in companion animals has recently increased. The coat color in cats known as tortoiseshell presents predominance of black hair mixed with white and orange hair all over the body and, in the color pattern known as calico, these three colors are presented as independent spots with predominance of white hair. However, all of these patterns are limited to females due to sex-linked inheritance. Male tortoiseshell or calico cats occur rarely, due to the occurrence of chromosomal aberrations. This article reports the chromosomal analysis of a male cat with tortoiseshell pelage that presented an extra X chromosome (diploid chromosome set of 2n = 39,XXY), a condition which is similar to Klinefelter syndrome in humans.

El examen citogenético representa una importante etapa en el diagnóstico de animales con antecedentes de esterilidad o infertilidad. Durante muchos años, los estudios cromosómicos sólo eran indicados para las especies utilizadas en producción animal. Actualmente, la búsqueda de dichos análisis en perros y gatos se ha incrementado. En los gatos, la coloración del pelaje tortoiseshell puede tener una predominancia de pelos negros mezclados con pelos blancos y anaranjados distribuidos en todo el cuerpo, o bien presentarse una coloración denominada calicó, en la que esos tres colores se muestran como manchas independientes, con predominancia del color blanco. Este tipo de pelaje ocurre en hembras, y en raras ocasiones puede ser observado en gatos machos, debido a la presencia de aberraciones cromosómicas. En este trabajo se relata un caso donde se realizó el análisis cromosómico de un gato tortoiseshell, que tenía un conjunto cromosómico diploide de 2n = 39,XXY, es decir un cromosoma X de más, similar a lo que ocurre en el síndrome de Klinefelter en seres humanos.