Enantioconvergent and Site-Selective Etherification of Carbohydrate Polyols through Chiral Copper Radical Catalysis.

Going beyond currently reported two electron transformations that formed the core backdrop of asymmetric catalytic site-selective carbohydrate polyol functionalizations, we herein report a seminal demonstration of an enantioconvergent copper catalyzed site-selective etherification of minimally protected saccharides through a single-electron radical pathway. Further, this strategy paves a rare strategy, through which a carboxamide scaffold that is present in some glycomimetics of pharmacological relevance, can be selectively introduced. In light of the burgeoning interest in chiral radical catalysis, and the virtual absence of such stereocontrol broadly in carbohydrate synthesis, our strategy showcased the unknown capability of chiral radical copper catalysis as a contemporary tool to address the formidable site-selectivity challenge on a remarkable palette of naturally occurring saccharides. When reducing sugars were employed, a further dynamic kinetic resolution type glycosylation can be activated by the catalytic system to selectively generate the challenging ß-O-glycosides.

Harnessing Multistep Chalcogen Bonding Activation in the α-Stereoselective Synthesis of Iminoglycosides.

The use of noncovalent interactions (NCIs) has received significant attention as a pivotal synthetic handle. Recently, the exploitation of unconventional NCIs has gained considerable traction in challenging reaction manifolds such as glycosylation due to their capacity to facilitate entry into difficult-to-access sugars and glycomimetics. While investigations involving oxacyclic pyrano- or furanoside scaffolds are relatively common, methods that allow the selective synthesis of biologically important iminosugars are comparatively rare. Here, we report the capacity of a phosphonochalcogenide (PCH) to catalyze the stereoselective α-iminoglycosylation of iminoglycals with a wide array of glycosyl acceptors with remarkable protecting group tolerance. Mechanistic studies have illuminated the counterintuitive role of the catalyst in serially activating both the glycosyl donor and acceptor in the up/downstream stages of the reaction through chalcogen bonding (ChB). The dynamic interaction of chalcogens with substrates opens up new mechanistic opportunities based on iterative ChB catalyst engagement and disengagement in multiple elementary steps.

Stereoselective Entry into α,α'-C-Oxepane Scaffolds through a Chalcogen Bonding Catalyzed Strain-Release C-Septanosylation Strategy.

The utility of unconventional noncovalent interactions (NCIs) such as chalcogen bonding has lately emerged as a robust platform to access synthetically difficult glycosides stereoselectively. Herein, we disclose the versatility of a phosphonochalcogenide (PCH) catalyst to facilitate access into the challenging, but biologically interesting 7-membered ring α,α'-C-disubstituted oxepane core through an α-selective strain-release C-glycosylation. Methodically, this strategy represents a switch from more common but entropically less desired macrocyclizations to a thermodynamically favored ring-expansion approach. In light of the general lack of stereoselective methods to access C-septanosides, a remarkable palette of silyl-based nucleophiles can be reliably employed in our method. This include a broad variety of useful synthons, such as easily available silyl-allyl, silyl-enol ether, silyl-ketene acetal, vinylogous silyl-ketene acetal, silyl-alkyne and silylazide reagents. Mechanistic investigations suggest that a mechanistic shift towards an intramolecular aglycone transposition involving a pentacoordinate silicon intermediate is likely responsible in steering the stereoselectivity.

Asymmetric Pd/Organoboron-Catalyzed Site-Selective Carbohydrate Functionalization with Alkoxyallenes Involving Noncovalent Stereocontrol.

Herein, we demonstrate the robustness of a synergistic chiral Pd/organoboron system in tackling a challenging suite of site-, regio-, enantio- and diastereoselectivity issues across a considerable palette of biologically relevant carbohydrate polyols, when prochiral alkoxyallenes were employed as electrophiles. In view of the burgeoning role of noncovalent interactions (NCIs) in stereoselective carbohydrate synthesis, our mechanistic experiments and DFT modeling of the reaction path unexpectedly revealed that NCIs such as hydrogen bonding and CH-π interactions between the resting states of the Pd-π-allyl complex and the borinate saccharide are critically involved in the stereoselectivity control. Our strategy thus illuminates the untapped potential of harnessing NCIs in the context of transition metal catalysis to tackle stereoselectivity challenges in carbohydrate functionalization.

Exploiting π and Chalcogen Interactions for the ß-Selective Glycosylation of Indoles through Glycal Conformational Distortion.

Harnessing unconventional noncovalent interactions (NCIs) is emerging as a formidable synthetic approach in difficult-to-access glycosidic chemical space. C-Glycosylation, in particular, has gained a flurry of recent attention. However, most reported methods are restricted to the relatively facile access to α-C-glycosides. Herein, we disclose a ß-stereoselective glycosylation of indoles by employing a phosphonoselenide catalyst. The robustness of this protocol is exemplified by its amenability for reaction at both the indolyl C- and N- reactivity sites. In contrast to previous reports, in which the chalcogens were solely involved in Lewis acidic activation, our mechanistic investigation unraveled that the often neglected flanking aromatic substituents of phosphonoselenides can substantially contribute to catalysis by engaging in π-interactions. Computations and NMR spectroscopy indicated that the chalcogenic and aromatic components of the catalyst can be collectively exploited to foster conformational distortion of the glycal away from the usual half-chair to the boat conformation, which liberates the convex ß-face for nucleophilic attack.

Cooperative Bifurcated Chalcogen Bonding and Hydrogen Bonding as Stereocontrolling Elements for Selective Strain-Release Septanosylation.

The exploitation of noncovalent interactions (NCIs) is emerging as a vital handle in tackling broad stereoselectivity challenges in synthesis. In particular, there has been significant recent interest in the harnessing of unconventional NCIs to surmount difficult selectivity challenges in glycosylations. Herein, we disclose the exploitation of an unconventional bifurcated chalcogen bonding and hydrogen bonding (HB) network, which paves the way for a robust catalytic strategy into biologically useful seven-membered ring sugars. Through 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in situ monitoring, NMR titration experiments, and density functional theory (DFT) modeling, we propose a remarkable contemporaneous activation of multiple functional groups consisting of a bifurcated chalcogen bonding mechanism working hand-in-hand with HB activation. Significantly, the ester moiety installed on the glycosyl donor is critical in the establishment of the postulated ternary complex for stereocontrol. Through the 13C kinetic isotopic effect and kinetic studies, our data corroborated that a dissociative SNi-type mechanism forms the stereocontrolling basis for the excellent α-selectivity.

A synergistic Rh(I)/organoboron-catalysed site-selective carbohydrate functionalization that involves multiple stereocontrol.

Site-selective functionalization is a core synthetic strategy that has broad implications in organic synthesis. Particularly, exploiting chiral catalysis to control site selectivity in complex carbohydrate functionalizations has emerged as a leading method to unravel unprecedented routes into biologically relevant glycosides. However, robust catalytic systems available to overcome multiple facets of stereoselectivity challenges to this end still remain scarce. Here we report a synergistic chiral Rh(I)- and organoboron-catalysed protocol, which enables access into synthetically challenging but biologically relevant arylnaphthalene glycosides. Our method depicts the employment of chiral Rh(I) catalysis in site-selective carbohydrate functionalization and showcases the utility of boronic acid as a compatible co-catalyst. Crucial to the success of our method is the judicious choice of a suitable organoboron catalyst. We also determine that exquisite multiple aspects of stereocontrol, including enantio-, diastereo-, regio- and anomeric control and dynamic kinetic resolution, are concomitantly operative.

Exploiting non-covalent interactions in selective carbohydrate synthesis.

Non-covalent interactions (NCIs) are a vital component of biological bond-forming events, and have found important applications in multiple branches of chemistry. In recent years, the biomimetic exploitation of NCIs in challenging glycosidic bond formation and glycofunctionalizations has attracted significant interest across diverse communities of organic and carbohydrate chemists. This emerging theme is a major new direction in contemporary carbohydrate chemistry, and is rapidly gaining traction as a robust strategy to tackle long-standing issues such as anomeric and site selectivity. This Review thus seeks to provide a bird's-eye view of wide-ranging advances in harnessing NCIs within the broad field of synthetic carbohydrate chemistry. These include the exploitation of NCIs in non-covalent catalysed glycosylations, in non-covalent catalysed glycofunctionalizations, in aglycone delivery, in stabilization of intermediates and transition states, in the existence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding networks and in aggregation by hydrogen bonds. In addition, recent emerging opportunities in exploiting halogen bonding and other unconventional NCIs, such as CH-π, cation-π and cation-n interactions, in various aspects of carbohydrate chemistry are also examined.

A robust and tunable halogen bond organocatalyzed 2-deoxyglycosylation involving quantum tunneling.

The development of noncovalent halogen bonding (XB) catalysis is rapidly gaining traction, as isolated reports documented better performance than the well-established hydrogen bonding thiourea catalysis. However, convincing cases allowing XB activation to be competitive in challenging bond formations are lacking. Herein, we report a robust XB catalyzed 2-deoxyglycosylation, featuring a biomimetic reaction network indicative of dynamic XB activation. Benchmarking studies uncovered an improved substrate tolerance compared to thiourea-catalyzed protocols. Kinetic investigations reveal an autoinductive sigmoidal kinetic profile, supporting an in situ amplification of a XB dependent active catalytic species. Kinetic isotopic effect measurements further support quantum tunneling in the rate determining step. Furthermore, we demonstrate XB catalysis tunability via a halogen swapping strategy, facilitating 2-deoxyribosylations of D-ribals. This protocol showcases the clear emergence of XB catalysis as a versatile activation mode in noncovalent organocatalysis, and as an important addition to the catalytic toolbox of chemical glycosylations.

A Multistage Halogen Bond Catalyzed Strain-Release Glycosylation Unravels New Hedgehog Signaling Inhibitors.

Halogen bonding (XB) has recently emerged as a promising noncovalent activation mode that can be employed in catalysis. However, methodologies utilizing XB remain rare, and the hydrogen-bonding (HB) catalysis congeners are more widespread in comparison. Herein, we demonstrate a remarkable case whereby employment of XB catalysis in strain-release glycosylation generates O, N-glycosides in excellent anomeric selectivity exceeding HB activation. Deeper investigation unraveled XB catalyst dependencies on multiple stages of the mechanism and a hitherto unknown XB-glycosyl acceptor activation. We present a proof of concept to interrogate sp3-rich glycosidic chemical space for novel biological activity, by integrating XB-catalyzed construction of a glycosidic compound collection, and evaluating these analogues via cell-based phenotypic screens. We show that XB-catalyzed strain-release glycosylation defines a new class of glycosides that inhibit the hedgehog signaling pathway through a nonsmoothened mode of action, opening new opportunities to combat acquired cancer resistance.

An ultra-low thiourea catalyzed strain-release glycosylation and a multicatalytic diversification strategy.

The utility of thiourea catalysis in selective glycosylation strategies has gained significant momentum lately due to its versatility in hydrogen bonding or anionic recognition activation modes. The use of these non-covalent interactions constitute a powerful means to construct glycosidic linkages as it mimics physiologically occurring glycosyltransferases. However, glycosyl donor activation through the currently employed catalysts is moderate such that, in general, catalyst loadings are rather high in these transformations. In addition, thiourea catalysis has not been well explored for the synthesis of furanosides. Herein, we demonstrate an ultra-low loadings stereoselective and stereospecific thiourea catalyzed strain-release furanosylation and pyranosylation strategy. Our ultra-low organocatalyzed furanosylation enables a multicatalytic strategy, which opens up a unique avenue towards rapid diversification of synthetic glycosides. In-situ NMR monitoring unravel insights into unknown reaction intermediates and initial rate kinetic studies reveal a plausible synergistic hydrogen bonding/Brønsted acid activation mode.

Rhodium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Isomerization of meso-Oxabenzonorbornadienes to 1,2-Naphthalene Oxides.

Herein we describe a rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective isomerization of meso-oxabicyclic alkenes to 1,2-naphthalene oxides. These potentially useful building blocks can be accessed in moderate to excellent yields with impressive enantioselectivities. Additionally, experimental findings supported by preliminary computations suggest that ring-opening reactions of bridgehead disubstituted oxabicyclic alkenes proceed through the intermediacy of these epoxides and may point to a kinetically and thermodynamically favored reductive elimination as the origin for the observed enantioselectivities.

Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Cycloisomerization and Parallel Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Oxabicycles.

While desymmetrizations by intermolecular asymmetric ring-opening reactions of oxabicyclic alkenes with various nucleophiles have been reported over the past two decades, the demonstration of an intramolecular variant is unknown. Reported herein is the first rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric cycloisomerization of meso-oxabicyclic alkenes tethered to bridgehead nucleophiles, thus providing access to tricyclic scaffolds through a myriad of enantioselective C-O, C-N, and C-C bond formations. Moreover, we also demonstrate a unique parallel kinetic resolution, whereby racemic oxabicycles bearing two different bridgehead nucleophiles can be resolved enantioselectively.

Exploiting Distal Reactivity of Coumarins: A Rhodium-Catalyzed Vinylogous Asymmetric Ring-Opening Reaction.

While the utility of vinylogous enolates is well established in the setting of vinylogous aldol, Mannich, and Michael chemistries, literature reports concerning γ-reactivity are scarce for other reaction classes. Presented herein is an unprecedented example of vinylogous reactivity exemplified by the rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric ring-opening reaction of oxabicycles. This strategy also provides a powerful route to incorporate the biologically useful coumarin motif into the hydronapthalene scaffold.

Benzylic Functionalization of Anthrones via the Asymmetric Ring Opening of Oxabicycles Utilizing a Fourth-Generation Rhodium Catalytic System.

While anthrones exist as privileged scaffolds in bioactive molecules, the enantioselective functionalization of anthrones is surprisingly scarce in the literature, with no asymmetric transition metal catalyzed example to date. Herein, we report the first asymmetric transition metal catalyzed benzylic functionalization of anthrones through the rhodium(I) catalyzed desymmetrization of oxabicycles. As previously developed rhodium(I) systems were found to be unsuitable for this substrate, a new robust fourth-generation [Rh(cod)OH]2 based catalytic system was developed to address synthetic challenges in this protocol.

Organocatalytic Asymmetric Domino Michael/Henry Reaction of Indolin-3-ones with o-Formyl-ß-nitrostyrenes.

A highly diastereo- and enantioselective domino Michael/Henry reaction of 1-acetylindolin-3-ones with o-formyl-(E)-ß-nitrostyrenes catalyzed by low loading of a quinine-derived amine-squaramide provides the corresponding indolin-3-one derivatives bearing four adjacent stereogenic centers in good to high yields and with excellent stereoselectivities.

Streocontrolled construction of six vicinal stereogenic centers on spiropyrazolones via organocascade Michael/Michael/1,2-addition reactions.

A highly stereoselective one-pot procedure for the synthesis of spiropyrazolone derivatives bearing six contiguous stereogenic centers including two tetrasubstituted carbons has been developed. Under sequential catalysis by two organocatalysts, a cinchona-derived aminosquaramide and DBU, a series of diversely functionalized spiropyrazolones are obtained in good yields (47-62%) and excellent stereoselectivities (up to >25:1 dr and 98-99% ee). The opposite enantiomers of the spiropyrazolones are also accessible by employing a pseudoenantiomeric aminosquaramide catalyst.

Merging gold and organocatalysis: a facile asymmetric synthesis of annulated pyrroles.

The combination of cinchona-alkaloid-derived primary amine and Au(I) -phosphine catalysts allowed the selective C-H functionalization of two adjacent carbon atoms of pyrroles under mild reaction conditions. This sequential dual activation provides seven-membered-ring-annulated pyrrole derivatives in excellent yields and enantioselectivities.

Asymmetric synthesis of pyrroloindolones by N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed [2+3] annulation of α-chloroaldehydes with nitrovinylindoles.

NHC-enolate plus 3: N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) serve as organocatalysts for the [2+3] annulation of nitrovinylindoles with α-chloroaldehydes via an intermediate azolium enolate. The method provides trans-disubstituted pyrroloindolones with good yields and excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities. Further transformations lead to tetracyclic pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles with potential psychotropic and other bioactivities.