The Outcomes of Isolated Tibiocalcaneal Arthrodesis: A Systematic Review.

Background: Tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis (TCA) can be achieved by internal fixation (intramedullary nail or plate), external fixation, or a combination. Evidence for the optimal approach is limited. This systematic review examines the outcomes of these different approaches to guide surgical management. Methods: A MEDLINE and Oxford SOLO search was performed using "tibiocalcaneal," "ankle," "fusion OR arthrodesis." The primary outcome was union. Secondary outcomes included rates of postoperative complications, weightbearing status, rates of revision surgery, and PROMs. We included any studies with follow-up greater than 6 months that contained our primary outcome and at least 1 secondary outcome. Results: The initial search yielded 164 articles, of which 9 studies totaling 53 cases met the criteria. The majority of articles were excluded because they were nonsurgical studies, or were not about isolated TCA but were for tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis, more complex reconstructions (eg, Charcot), case reports, and/or did not include the predetermined outcome measures.TCA union rate was 86.2% following external fixation, 82.4% for intramedullary nail fixation, and 83.3% for plate fixation. One patient underwent a hybrid of external and internal fixation, and the outcome was nonunion. The rate of complications following TCA was 69.8%. Conclusion: There is limited evidence on the best operative approach for isolated tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis. Both external and internal fixation methods had comparable union rates. External fixation had frequent complications and a more challenging postoperative protocol. Novel techniques such as 3D-printed cages and talus replacement may become a promising alternative but require further investigation.

Clinical Applications of Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography: An Updated Review.

Since its introduction, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has revolutionized the field of ophthalmology and has now become an indispensable, noninvasive tool in daily practice. Most ophthalmologists are familiar with its use in the assessment and monitoring of retinal and optic nerve diseases. However, it also has important applications in the assessment of anterior segment structures, including the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, anterior chamber, and iris, and has the potential to transform the clinical examination of these structures. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential clinical utility of anterior segment OCT (AS-OCT) for a wide range of anterior segment pathologies, such as conjunctival neoplasia, pterygium, scleritis, keratoconus, corneal dystrophies, and infectious/noninfectious keratitis. In addition, the clinical applications of AS-OCT (including epithelial mapping) in preoperative planning and postoperative monitoring for corneal and refractive surgeries are discussed.

Association of Preexisting Triple Fusion and Arthroscopic Ankle Arthrodesis nonunion.

BACKGROUND: Arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis (AAA) is a successful treatment for end-stage ankle arthritis. A significant early complication of AAA is symptomatic nonunion. Published nonunion rates range from 8% to 13%. Longer term, there is concern that it predisposes to subtalar joint (STJ) fusion. To better understand these risks, we undertook a retrospective investigation of primary AAA. METHODS: All adult AAA cases conducted at our institution over a 10-year period were reviewed. A total of 284 eligible AAA cases in 271 patients were analyzed. The primary outcome measure was radiographic union. Secondary outcome measures included reoperative rate, postoperative complications and subsequent STJ fusion. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify nonunion risk factors. RESULTS: The overall nonunion rate was 7.7%. Smoking (odds ratio [OR] 4.76 [1.67, 13.6], P = .004) and previous triple fusion (OR 40.29 [9.46, 171.62], P < .001) were independent risk factors on univariate analysis. Only prior triple fusion persisted as a major risk factor associated with nonunion on multivariate analysis (OR 18.3 [3.4, 99.7], P < .001). Seventy percent of patients with a previous triple fusion went on to develop nonunion compared to 5.5% of those without. Increasing age, obesity, surgical grade, diabetes, postoperative weightbearing plan, steroid use, and inflammatory arthropathy were not significant risk factors. The leading cause of reoperation was hardware removal (18%). There were 5 superficial (1.8%) and 4 deep (1.4%) infections. Eleven (4.2%) required subsequent STJ fusion. The "survivorship" of STJ post AAA was 98%, 85%, and 74% at 2, 5, and 9 years, respectively. CONCLUSION: As the largest study of AAA in the literature, our findings suggest prior triple fusion is a major independent risk factor for AAA nonunion. These patients should be counseled of this high risk and may benefit from alternative surgical options. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective cohort study.

Lessons Learned from Older Adults Fusing of an Augmented Reality, Assisted Living and Social Interaction Platform.

The aging population and the subsequent changing societal structures are foreseen to bring both opportunities and challenges for the economy, services and society at large. Digital exclusion among older people may become less of an issue in the future, as those who have used the Internet in their working and social lives continue to do so as they reach old age. However, given the rapid pace of technological advances, older adults, may still experience some degree of digital exclusion. Technological advances may offer benefits for older adults, such as maintaining their independence and connection to society. Nevertheless, adopting new technologies like augmented reality (AR) may be difficult for older adults commonly due to the decline of cognitive and physical abilities and/or their lack of familiarity, apprehension and understanding on these new technologies. In this study, the GUIDed system is presented, an AR-operated app developed in this work, aiming to support the independence and quality of life of older people. Finally, the paper discusses lessons learned from the co-creation process, including the evaluation methods, paper prototypes, focus groups and living labs, and the results on the acceptance of the AR functionality and for improving the GUIDed system.

Long-Term Follow-up of Complex Calcaneal Osteomyelitis Treated With Modified Gaenslen Approach.

Background: The treatment of chronic calcaneal osteomyelitis is a challenging and increasing problem because of the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus and operative fixation of heel fractures. In 1931, Gaenslen reported treatment of hematogenous calcaneal osteomyelitis by surgical excision through a midline, sagittal plantar incision. We have refined this approach to allow successful healing and early mobilization in a modern series of complex patients with hematogenous, diabetic, and postsurgical osteomyelitis. Methods: Twenty-eight patients (mean age 54.6 years, range 20-94) with Cierny-Mader stage IIIB chronic calcaneal osteomyelitis were treated with sagittal incision and calcaneal osteotomy, excision of infected bone, and wound closure. All patients received antibiotics for at least 6 weeks, and bone defects were filled with an antibiotic carrier in 20 patients. Patients were followed for a mean of 31 months (SD 25.4). Primary outcome measures were recurrence of calcaneal osteomyelitis and below-knee amputation. Secondary outcome measures included 30-day postoperative mortality and complications, duration of postoperative inpatient stay, footwear adaptions, mobility, and use of walking aids. Results: All 28 patients had failed previous medical and surgical treatment. Eighteen patients (64%) had significant comorbidities. The commonest causes of infection were diabetes ± ulceration (11 patients), fracture-related infection (4 patients), pressure ulceration, hematogenous spread, and penetrating soft tissue trauma. The overall recurrence rate of calcaneal osteomyelitis was 18% (5 patients) over the follow-up period, of which 2 patients (7%) required a below-knee amputation. Eighteen patients (64%) had a foot that comfortably fitted into a normal shoe with a custom insole. A further 6 patients (21%) required a custom-made shoe, and only 3 patients required a custom-made boot. Conclusion: Our results show that a repurposed Gaenslen calcanectomy is simple, safe, and effective in treating this difficult condition in a patient group with significant local and systemic comorbidities. Level of Evidence: Level III, case series.

Red blood cell sedimentation rate measurements in a high aspect ratio microchannel.

BACKGROUND: The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test is commonly used in clinical practice for monitoring, screening and diagnosing pathological conditions and diseases related to the inflammatory response of the immune system. Several ESR techniques have been developed over the years improving the reliability, the precision and the duration of the measurement. OBJECTIVE: In the present study a new low cost micro-ESR technique is described providing the major advantage of reducing the measurement time and the blood sample volume by multiple times compared to the commercial methods. METHODS: Blood samples were obtained from healthy donors within the age group of 24-28 years and the haematocrit was adjusted to 30%, 40% and 50%. The ESR of the samples was measured utilizing a surface tension driven (STD) microfluidic chip and a monitoring device. RESULTS: The evaluation of the method showed a high correlation (0.94, p < 10-5) at all haematocrit levels with the commercial instrument indicating the feasibility of the technique. CONCLUSIONS: This micro-ESR technique provides the potential for a simple, low cost and fast tool for ESR measurement using low blood volume acquired by finger prick.

The Application and Patient-Reported Experience of Telephone Consultations in Elective Foot and Ankle Orthopaedic Surgery: 12-Month Follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Telemedicine offers convenient and affordable health care, overcoming the logistical challenges of face-to-face encounters. Clinicians increasingly relied on telemedicine during the global pandemic. To assess the ongoing role for telemedicine in orthopaedics, we prospectively analyzed the failure rate, safety and patient-reported experience of telephone consultations for 12 months. METHODS: 265 telephone Foot/Ankle consultations were conducted in April 2020 and were prospectively analyzed over 12 months. The primary outcome measure was the rate of failed telephone consultations. A consultation was deemed unacceptable if the patient did not answer, if the clinician could not reach a conclusion or if any outcome changed over 12 months. Secondary outcome measures included patient-reported satisfaction and time saved by avoiding a face-to-face visit. RESULTS: A clinical decision was reached in 84% of follow-up telephone consultations and 64% of new patient consultations (P = 0.001). Sixty-six percent were managed with nonoperative therapies, 16% were discharged, and 11% were added to the waiting list for surgery. The reasons for failing to achieve a clinical decision included failure to contact the patient (12.8%), inappropriate discharge with subsequent rereferral (1.9%), and insufficient clinical information (1.5%). Overall, 84.7% of patients reported that the telephone consultation was highly useful and 71.9% would recommend it to a friend or family member. Patients reported a mean time saving of 120 minutes. CONCLUSION: Based on our experience, we provide recommended criteria for the safe and practical use of telephone consultations and suggest versatile patient care pathways into which a telephone consultation can be incorporated. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, prospective cohort series (noncomparative).

Multi-omic single cell analysis resolves novel stromal cell populations in healthy and diseased human tendon.

Tendinopathy accounts for over 30% of primary care consultations and represents a growing healthcare challenge in an active and increasingly ageing population. Recognising critical cells involved in tendinopathy is essential in developing therapeutics to meet this challenge. Tendon cells are heterogenous and sparsely distributed in a dense collagen matrix; limiting previous methods to investigate cell characteristics ex vivo. We applied next generation CITE-sequencing; combining surface proteomics with in-depth, unbiased gene expression analysis of > 6400 single cells ex vivo from 11 chronically tendinopathic and 8 healthy human tendons. Immunohistochemistry validated the single cell findings. For the first time we show that human tendon harbours at least five distinct COL1A1/2 expressing tenocyte populations in addition to endothelial cells, T-cells, and monocytes. These consist of KRT7/SCX+ cells expressing microfibril associated genes, PTX3+ cells co-expressing high levels of pro-inflammatory markers, APOD+ fibro-adipogenic progenitors, TPPP3/PRG4+ chondrogenic cells, and ITGA7+ smooth muscle-mesenchymal cells. Surface proteomic analysis identified markers by which these sub-classes could be isolated and targeted in future. Chronic tendinopathy was associated with increased expression of pro-inflammatory markers PTX3, CXCL1, CXCL6, CXCL8, and PDPN by microfibril associated tenocytes. Diseased endothelium had increased expression of chemokine and alarmin genes including IL33.

Surgical Treatment and Outcomes of Calcaneal Osteomyelitis in Adults: A Systematic Review.

Introduction: Calcaneal osteomyelitis is an uncommon and challenging condition. In this systematic review we aim to analyse the outcomes from concomitant use of bone debridement and soft tissue management for patients diagnosed with calcaneal osteomyelitis. Materials & Methods: A complete computerised and comprehensive literature search of Pubmed and Cochrane database was undertaken from January 2000 to October 2018. During the review, studies were screened for information about the surgical and antimicrobial treatment, the complications, the reinfection rate and the functional outcome of patients with calcaneal osteomyelitis. Results: Of the 20 eligible studies included, seven (35%) described bone treatment only, six (30%) soft tissue treatment only, five (25%) soft tissue and bone treatment, and two (10%) focused on prognostic factors and differences in outcomes between diabetic and non-diabetic patients. In the studies with bone treatment only, infection recurrence ranged from 0 to 35% and the amputation rate from 0 to 29%. If soft tissue coverage was also needed, both the reinfection rate and amputation rate ranged from 0 to 24%. Studies presenting the functional status generally showed preservation or even improvement of the preoperative ambulatory status. Conclusion: Calcaneal osteomyelitis is difficult to treat. A multidisciplinary approach involving orthopaedic surgeons, plastic surgeons and infectious disease physicians is preferred. The heterogenicity of studies has hindered the development of agreed treatment protocols, which would be useful in clinical practice.

Closing the gap on Achilles tendon rupture: A cadaveric study quantifying the tendon apposition achieved with commonly used immobilisation practices.

The relative benefits of surgical and conservative treatment of Achilles tendon rupture are widely debated. With modern conservative management protocols, the re-rupture risk appears to fall to one similar to surgical repair with negligible loss of function. Conservative management typically employs a period of time in an equinus cast with sequential ankle dorsiflexion in a functional orthosis. The optimal duration of immobilisation and rate of dorsiflexion is unknown. We aimed to quantify the change in Achilles tendon approximation achieved in common immobilisation techniques to assist the design of rehabilitation protocols. Twelve fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens had 2.5cm of Achilles tendon excised. The gap between the tendon ends were measured via windowed full equinus casts and compared with functional boots with successively removed heel wedges. The greatest tendon apposition was achieved with the equinus cast. Each wedge removed decreased the reapproximation by approximately 5mm. This paper supports the early use of maximal equinus casting in early management of acute Achilles tendon ruptures.

A comparative prospective cohort health economic analysis comparing ankle fusion, isolated great toe fusion and hallux valgus surgery.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the health economics and outcomes of three common foot and ankle operations. METHODS: Between July 2013 and October 2014 all patients undergoing ankle fusion (AF) for osteoarthritis, first metatarsophalangeal joint fusion for osteoarthritis (MF) or hallux valgus surgery (HV) were included. Patients having additional procedures were excluded. Patients completed the Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOX-FQ), the EuroQol EQ-5D-5L questionnaire and the EQ-VAS on presentation and at least 6 months post-operatively. RESULTS: 63 patients undergoing AF (n=22), MF (n=22), or HV (n=32) completed preoperative and postoperative questionnaires. 76 completed preoperative questionnaires and 63 completed the follow up questionnaires. The follow up questionnaires were completed at a median of 12 months (range 6-24 months) following surgery. The mean age at surgery was 59 years (range 26-85 years). Pre-operative MOX-FQ and EQ-5D-5L scores differed significantly between the three groups with AF and MF patients reporting worse scores compared to HV patients. MOX-FQ and EQ-5D-5L significantly improved in all groups from pre-operative levels. MOX-FQ: AF from 53.8 (CI 56.8-50.8) to 22.9 (CI 30.9-14.9), MF from 43.0 (CI 46.4-39.6) to 12.1 (CI 18.3-5.9), HV from 35.4 (CI 39.0-31.7) to 15.6 (CI 21.1-10.1). EQ-5D-5L: AF from 0.30 (CI 0.43-0.17) to 0.66 (CI 0.77-0.55), MF from 0.45(CI 0.52-0.38) to 0.83 (CI 0.90-0.76), HV from 0.71(CI 0.74-0.68) to 0.82 (CI 0.88-0.76). There was no significant difference in the EQ-VAS suggesting it may not be representative of foot and ankle health. Health economics analysis using the EQ-5D-5L data to estimate quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) suggested all three procedures were favourable compared to threshold levels of cost-effectiveness. There were differences in estimated costs between the three operations with AF at £2950 (threshold cost <£5400) and MF at £1197 (threshold cost <£5780) and HV varying from £625 to £1688 (threshold cost <£1640). CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals that the joint-specific (MOX-FQ) and generic health (EQ-5D-5L) outcome scores of patients improved after AF, MF and HV. The greatest benefit from surgery was gained in the arthritic patient groups. In the future, the use of large population patient reported outcome measures data may also potentially have implications for prioritisation of healthcare provision, acting as an indicator of foot and ankle surgical procedures that produce the most benefit to patients.

Radiological assessment of ankle syndesmotic reduction.

INTRODUCTION: The intraoperative assessment of adequacy of syndesmotic reduction is challenging. The aim of this study was to develop a radiographic measure based on the lateral ankle view to assess both the normal and abnormal relationship between the tibia and fibula after simulated syndesmotic malreduction and to evaluate the effect on commonly used mortise measurements. METHODS: Mortise and talar dome lateral radiographs were obtained in eight fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens before and following syndesmosis division and posterior fibular displacement of 2mm increments. Using the technique described, on the lateral radiograph the anterior fibular line ratio (AFL ratio) and posterior fibular line distance (PFL distance) were measured. Both measures were based on the anterior and posterior distal tibia articular margins and flat borders of the fibula. RESULTS: Inter- and intraobserver reliability of the AFL ratio and PFL distance measured almost perfect agreement. In all uninjured specimens the AFL lay just anterior to the midpoint of the tibia and the PFL intersected the posterior tibia articular margin or lay just anterior to it, not posterior. At 2, 4 and 6mm of posterior fibular displacement the decrease in AFL ratio and PFL distance showed significant differences between all pairwise comparisons. CONCLUSION: The proposed new measures of syndesmotic reduction are reproducible and capable of detecting from 2mm of sagittal fibula displacement and can be useful adjuncts in the assessment of syndesmotic reduction.

Talonavicular ligament: prevalence of injury in ankle sprains, histological analysis and hypothesis of its biomechanical function.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of injury of the talonavicular ligament (TNL) in ankle sprains, its anatomy and the stability of the talonavicular joint (TNJ) before and after dividing the TNL in a cadaver. METHODS: During a prospective study of 100 patients to assess the outcome of ankle injuries, we noted high incidence of TNL injuries; we will discuss here the TNL findings. Each patient had undergone ultrasound and cone beam CT examination of the ankle. Six TNLs were dissected off fresh-frozen cadaveric feet for histological analysis. In further six cadaveric feet, the stability of the TNJ was assessed by mechanical stress before and after division of the TNL; movement at the joint was assessed by measuring the distance between the talus and navicular bone [talonavicular distance (TD)] using ultrasound. The TD was measured on ten randomly selected ultrasound images by three independent observers and repeated twice by a single observer to determine the inter- and intraobserver reliability. RESULTS: 21% of the patients had an injury to the TNL. Histological examination demonstrated a dense connective tissue composed of bundles of collagen in parallel arrangement along the ligament length. The interobserver and intraobserver reliability of the TD showed almost perfect agreement. Displacement at the TNJ after stress with the TNL intact measured 0.18 ± 0.08 cm and 0.29 ± 0.07 cm (p < 0.005) when divided. CONCLUSION: The TNL is surprisingly commonly injured in ankle sprains. Its anatomy and histology suggest a role in tensile force transmission during the windlass mechanism in gait. Advances in knowledge: Injury to the TNL is common and has not been described. Its anatomy suggests resistance to tensile forces and its injury allows excessive movement at the TNJ.

Management of hip fractures pre- and post-Major Trauma Centre activation.

INTRODUCTION: In April 2012, the activation of the regional trauma networks in England was carried out to improve the organisation of trauma care. NHS Trusts that could meet the highest standard of care to complex trauma were designated Major Trauma Centres (MTCs). MTCs receive patients fulfilling certain triage criteria, as well as secondary transfers from nearby trauma units. While complex trauma care is streamlined with this new organisation, the impact this would have on the rest of the trauma workload within MTCs as well as non-MTC hospitals is uncertain. We investigate whether the management of hip fracture cases had suffered as a result of a trauma unit becoming a MTC. METHODS: Summary data was collated from the National Hip Fracture Database website for the periods of April 2011-April 2012 (the 'pre-MTC' activation period) and April 2012-April 2013 (the 'post-MTC' activation period). As our primary outcome, we compared the time to surgery within 36h between MTCs and non-MTCs for the periods detailed above. Other outcome measures were: reasons for delay to surgery, length of acute stay, proportion of cases meeting Best Practice Tariff criteria. RESULTS: A total of 54,897 and 55,998 fNOF patients were included for all hospitals in England in the pre- and post-MTC periods respectively. For MTCs, a weighted mean average of 66.6% patients had surgery within 36h in the pre-MTC period versus 71.4% of patients in the post MTC period (p<0.0001). For non-MTCs, a weighted mean average of 70.0% of patients had surgery within 36h in the pre-MTC period versus 73.8% of patients in the post-MTC period (p<0.0001). Non-MTCs in both pre- and post-MTC activation periods were therefore better in percentage of patients receiving surgery within 36h. DISCUSSION: The data presented suggests that the creation of MTCs has not had a deleterious effect on the management of hip fracture patients. This paper aims to stimulate the important discussion of maintaining a consistently improving standard throughout the spectrum of trauma care, in conjunction with the development of regional Major Trauma Networks.

Plate versus nail for distal tibial fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To undertake a systematic review to determine whether there are advantages in using plate or nail fixation for distal meta-diaphyseal tibial fractures with or without articular involvement. DATA SOURCES: Searches using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane library. STUDY SELECTION: Studies of parallel group design comparing plate or nail fixation for distal tibial fractures. DATA EXTRACTION: Information on study methods and outcomes. DATA SYNTHESIS: We conducted random effects meta-analysis to evaluate risk of nonunion or delayed union, wound complications and superficial infection, deep infection, and fracture malalignment. RESULTS: We found 8 studies (n = 455, 4 prospective randomized and 4 retrospective cohort) that evaluated plate compared with nail for distal tibial fractures. No significant difference was found between the use of a plate and nail regarding bone union complications [plate, 5.4%; nail, 8.3%; odds ratio (OR), 0.66; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.28-1.54; I = 0%; P = 0.34], wound complications including superficial infection (plate, 7.9%; nail, 3.2%; OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 0.40-8.46; I = 48%; P = 0.44), and deep infection (plate, 3.5%; nail, 2.8%; OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.44-3.91; I = 0%; P = 0.62). We found a significantly reduced risk of fracture malalignment with the use of a plate compared with a nail (plate, 8.7%; nail, 24.9%; OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.17-0.64; I = 0%; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Plate fixation compared with intramedullary nailing is associated with a reduced risk of fracture malalignment with no differences in bone union, wound complications, and superficial infection or deep infection. Current evidence might recommend plate over nail unless there are concerns with the soft tissues. Additional larger scale multicentre randomized controlled trials are required to clarify these issues.