Current evidence for hypopressive exercises in healthy women: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Hypopressive exercises have been mainly used in the treatment of pelvic floor dysfunctions. Recently it has started to spread among healthy women. However, no comprehensive review is available in this population. PURPOSE: Assess the current evidence of the effects of hypopressive exercises on healthy women. METHODS: This study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020203103). The search was performed in Scielo, Pubmed, Lilacs, Embase, Scopus, Pedro, Trip Database, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The last search was performed on November 1st, 2021. Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials and single-arm trials, healthy women, acute or late effects of hypopressive exercises, and pre and post-training analysis. Exclusion criteria included non-original research, conference proceedings, dissertations and theses. Downs and Black checklist were used to assess the methodological quality. Study design, participants characteristics, description of the intervention, follow-up period, variables, instruments, and outcomes were extracted and recorded. RESULTS: From the 410 studies, five were selected. The variable of major interest was waist circumference, which showed a decrease with exercise. It also seemed to have plausible positive effects on height, lower back mobility, abdominal and pelvic floor muscle contraction, respiratory flow and apnea, and hemodynamic responses. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the current literature on the effects of hypopressive exercise on healthy women is very limited. Despite the plausible positive effects identified, we cannot recommend its practice due to the serious methodological problems. Therefore, more studies are needed to elucidate the benefits and adverse effects of hypopressive exercises.

Breathing Motion Pattern in Cyclists: Role of Inferior against Superior Thorax Compartment.

The thoracoabdominal breathing motion pattern is being considered in sports training because of its contribution, along with other physiological adaptations, to overall performance. We examined whether and how experience with cycling training modifies the thoracoabdominal motion patterns. We utilized optoelectronic plethysmography to monitor ten trained male cyclists and compared them to ten physically active male participants performing breathing maneuvers. Cyclists then participated in a self-paced time trial to explore the similarity between that observed during resting breathing. From the 3D coordinates of 32 markers positioned on each participant's trunk, we calculated the percentage of contribution of the superior thorax, inferior thorax, and abdomen and the correlation coefficient among these compartments. During the rest maneuvers, the cyclists showed a thoracoabdominal motion pattern characterized by an increased role of the inferior thorax relative to the superior thorax (26.69±5.88%, 34.93±5.03%; p=0.002, respectively), in contrast to the control group (26.69±5.88%; 25.71±6.04%, p=0.4, respectively). In addition, the inferior thorax showed higher coordination in phase with the abdomen. Furthermore, the results of the time trial test underscored the same pattern found in cyclists breathing at rest, suggesting that the development of a permanent modification in respiratory mechanics may be associated with cycling practice.

Implicit bias in diagnosing mosaicism amongst preimplantation genetic testing providers: results from a multicenter study of 36 395 blastocysts.

STUDY QUESTION: Does the diagnosis of mosaicism affect ploidy rates across different providers offering preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies (PGT-A)? SUMMARY ANSWER: Our analysis of 36 395 blastocyst biopsies across eight genetic testing laboratories revealed that euploidy rates were significantly higher in providers reporting low rates of mosaicism. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Diagnoses consistent with chromosomal mosaicism have emerged as a third category of possible embryo ploidy outcomes following PGT-A. However, in the era of mosaicism, embryo selection has become increasingly complex. Biological, technical, analytical, and clinical complexities in interpreting such results have led to substantial variability in mosaicism rates across PGT-A providers and clinics. Critically, it remains unknown whether these differences impact the number of euploid embryos available for transfer. Ultimately, this may significantly affect clinical outcomes, with important implications for PGT-A patients. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: In this international, multicenter cohort study, we reviewed 36 395 consecutive PGT-A results, obtained from 10 035 patients across 11 867 treatment cycles, conducted between October 2015 and October 2021. A total of 17 IVF centers, across eight PGT-A providers, five countries and three continents participated in the study. All blastocysts were tested using trophectoderm biopsy and next-generation sequencing. Both autologous and donation cycles were assessed. Cycles using preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements were excluded from the analysis. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: The PGT-A providers were randomly categorized (A to H). Providers B, C, D, E, F, G, and H all reported mosaicism, whereas Provider A reported embryos as either euploid or aneuploid. Ploidy rates were analyzed using multilevel mixed linear regression. Analyses were adjusted for maternal age, paternal age, oocyte source, number of embryos biopsied, day of biopsy, and PGT-A provider, as appropriate. We compared associations between genetic testing providers and PGT-A outcomes, including the number of chromosomally normal (euploid) embryos determined to be suitable for transfer. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The mean maternal age (±SD) across all providers was 36.2 (±5.2). Our findings reveal a strong association between PGT-A provider and the diagnosis of euploidy and mosaicism. Amongst the seven providers that reported mosaicism, the rates varied from 3.1% to 25.0%. After adjusting for confounders, we observed a significant difference in the likelihood of diagnosing mosaicism across providers (P < 0.001), ranging from 6.5% (95% CI: 5.2-7.4%) for Provider B to 35.6% (95% CI: 32.6-38.7%) for Provider E. Notably, adjusted euploidy rates were highest for providers that reported the lowest rates of mosaicism (Provider B: euploidy, 55.7% (95% CI: 54.1-57.4%), mosaicism, 6.5% (95% CI: 5.2-7.4%); Provider H: euploidy, 44.5% (95% CI: 43.6-45.4%), mosaicism, 9.9% (95% CI: 9.2-10.6%)); and Provider D: euploidy, 43.8% (95% CI: 39.2-48.4%), mosaicism, 11.0% (95% CI: 7.5-14.5%)). Moreover, the overall chance of having at least one euploid blastocyst available for transfer was significantly higher when mosaicism was not reported, when we compared Provider A to all other providers (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.13-1.50). Differences in diagnosing and interpreting mosaic results across PGT-A laboratories raise further concerns regarding the accuracy and relevance of mosaicism predictions. While we confirmed equivalent clinical outcomes following the transfer of mosaic and euploid blastocysts, we found that a significant proportion of mosaic embryos are not used for IVF treatment. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Due to the retrospective nature of the study, associations can be ascertained, however, causality cannot be established. Certain parameters such as blastocyst grade were not available in the dataset. Furthermore, certain platform-related and clinic-specific factors may not be readily quantifiable or explicitly captured in our dataset. As such, a full elucidation of all potential confounders accounting for variability may not be possible. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our findings highlight the strong need for standardization and quality assurance in the industry. The decision not to transfer mosaic embryos may ultimately reduce the chance of success of a PGT-A cycle by limiting the pool of available embryos. Until we can be certain that mosaic diagnoses accurately reflect biological variability, reporting mosaicism warrants utmost caution. A prudent approach is imperative, as it may determine the difference between success or failure for some patients. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This work was supported by the Torres Quevedo Grant, awarded to M.P. (PTQ2019-010494) by the Spanish State Research Agency, Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain. M.P., L.B., A.R.L., A.L.R.d.C.L., N.P.P., M.P., D.S., F.A., A.P., B.M., L.D., F.V.M., D.S., M.R., E.P.d.l.B., A.R., and R.V. have no competing interests to declare. B.L., R.M., and J.A.O. are full time employees of IB Biotech, the genetics company of the Instituto Bernabeu group, which performs preimplantation genetic testing. M.G. is a full time employee of Novagen, the genetics company of Cegyr, which performs preimplantation genetic testing. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.

Assessment of the in Vitro Antimelanoma Potential of Lippia microphylla Cham (Verbenaceae) Essential Oil.

Essential oils stand out among natural products for their complex composition, frequently described in the literature with a range of biological effects. This study evaluated the cytotoxic activity against several human cancer cell lines of essential oils extracted from the leaves of Lippia microphylla (EO-LM) Cham. (Verbenaceae). The melanoma cell line SK-MEL-28 was the most sensitive to the EO-LM, presenting an IC50 of 33.38±1.16 µg/mL. Afterward, the effects of EO-LM on the cell cycle, induction of apoptosis, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated. We stated a significant increase in the sub-G1 population, indicating apoptosis, later confirmed by an increase of SK-MEL-28 cells labeled with Annexin V-FITC and by the formation of apoptotic bodies and membrane blebs, observed by confocal microscopy. Additionally, EO-LM reduced the production of ROS, indicating antioxidant activity. Therefore, EO-LM exhibits anti-melanoma activity in vitro, suggesting its potential as an anticancer agent.

Therapeutic Properties of Flavonoids in Treatment of Cancer through Autophagic Modulation: A Systematic Review.

Cancers have high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Current anticancer therapies have demonstrated specific signaling pathways as a target in the involvement of carcinogenesis. Autophagy is a quality control system for proteins and plays a fundamental role in cancer carcinogenesis, exerting an anticarcinogenic role in normal cells and can inhibit the transformation of malignant cells. Therefore, drugs aimed at autophagy can function as antitumor agents. Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites commonly found in plants and, consequently, consumed in diets. In this review, the systematic search strategy was used, which included the search for descriptors "flavonoids" AND "mTOR pathway" AND "cancer" AND "autophagy", in the electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Scopus, from January 2011 to January 2021. The current literature demonstrates that flavonoids have anticarcinogenic properties, including inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, cell cycle arrest, senescence, impaired cell migration, invasion, tumor angiogenesis and reduced resistance to multiple drugs in tumor cells. We demonstrate the available evidence on the roles of flavonoids and autophagy in cancer progression and inhibition. (Registration No. CRD42021243071 at PROSPERO).

Retirada de corpo estranho (dispositivo impregnado com progesterona) da cavidade abdominal de novilha da raça Jersey ­ relato de caso / Removal of a foreign body (progesterone impregnated device) from the abdominal cavity of a Jersey heifer ­ a case report / Extracción de cuerpo extraño (dispositivo impregnado con progesterona) de la cavidad abdominal de novilla raza Jersey - reporte de caso

A inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) é uma biotécnica com inúmeras vantagens para a produção de bovinos. Para a realização da IATF, as fêmeas bovinas devem receber um protocolo farmacológico que induz a ovulação de forma sincronizada. Esse protocolo inicia com a inserção de um dispositivo impregnado com progesterona que deve permanecer no fundo vaginal da fêmea por tempo determinado. O presente relato tem por objetivo descrever a remoção de um implante impregnado com progesterona que foi encontrado na cavidade abdominal de uma novilha. Durante um atendimento reprodutivo de rotina em uma propriedade rural, uma novilha da raça Jersey, recém-adquirida, com histórico de ter sido submetida à IATF, foi avaliada para diagnóstico de gestação. No exame a novilha não estava gestante e apresentava um cisto folicular ovariano. A novilha foi submetida novamente à IATF em que foi inserido e removido um implante, com isso o cisto regrediu e ao inseminar a novilha não foi possível passar a cérvix com o aplicador. Vinte dias após a inseminação a novilha manifestou estro e ao ser avaliada para nova inseminação, foi identificado um implante solto na cavidade abdominal da novilha. Foi realizada uma laparotomia pelo flanco esquerdo e o implante foi removido. Após a recuperação da cirurgia a novilha foi inseminada e novamente e ficou gestante. Os protocolos de IATF devem ser realizados por profissionais capacitados para evitar problemas como a presente situação em que um implante foi encontrado na cavidade abdominal de uma novilha.(AU)

The fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) is a biotechnique with numerous advantages for cattle production. In order to perform the FTAI, the cows must receive a pharmacological protocol to induce ovulation in a synchronized way. This protocol begins with the insertion of a device impregnated with progesterone that must remain in the vaginal fundus of the cow for a specific period of time. This report aims at describing the removal of a progesterone impregnated implant that was found in the abdominal cavity of a heifer. During a routine reproductive service in a rural property, a recently acquired Jersey heifer, with history of having been submitted to FTAI, was evaluated for pregnancy diagnosis. At the exam, it was observed that the heifer was not pregnant and presented an ovarian follicular cyst. The heifer was then submitted to FTAI again, where an implant was inserted and removed. This made the cyst to recede, and upon subsequent insemination, the applicator was not able to pass the cervix. Twenty days after insemination, the heifer was in estrus and when it was evaluated for insemination, a loose implant was identified in the abdominal cavity of the heifer. A laparotomy was performed through the left flank and the implant was removed. After recovery from the surgery, the heifer was inseminated again and became pregnant. The FTAI protocols should only be carried out by trained professionals to avoid problems such as the one presented herein, where an implant was found in the abdominal cavity of a heifer.(AU)

La inseminación artificial a tiempo fijo (FTAI) es una biotécnica con numerosas ventajas para la producción de ganado. Para realizar FTAI, las hembras bovinas deben recibir un protocolo farmacológico que induzca la ovulación de forma sincronizada. Este protocolo comienza con la inserción de un dispositivo impregnado con progesterona que debe permanecer en el fondo vaginal de la hembra durante un tiempo específico. Este informe tiene como objetivo describir la extracción de un implante impregnado de progesterona que se encontró en la cavidad abdominal de una novilla. Durante la atención reproductiva de rutina en una propiedad rural, se evaluó el diagnóstico de preñez de una novilla de Jersey recién adquirida con antecedentes de someterse a FTAI. En el examen, la novilla no estaba embarazada y tenía un quiste folicular ovárico. La novilla fue nuevamente sometida a FTAI, en la cual se insertó y removió un implante, con esto el quiste retrocedió y al inseminar a la novilla no fue posible pasar el cérvix con el aplicador. Veinte días después de la inseminación, la vaquilla manifestó estro y cuando se evaluó para una nueva inseminación, se identificó un implante suelto en la cavidad abdominal de la vaquilla. Se realizó una laparotomía a través del flanco izquierdo y se extrajo el implante. Después de recuperarse de la cirugía, la novilla fue inseminada y nuevamente quedó embarazada. Los protocolos FTAI deben ser realizados por profesionales capacitados para evitar problemas como la situación actual donde se encontró un implante en la cavidad abdominal de una novilla.(AU)

Is age rating enough to investigate changes in breathing motion pattern associated with aging of physically active women?

The most common way to analyze the effect of aging on breathing is to divide subjects into age groups. However, in addition to the fact that there is no consensus in the literature regarding age group division, such design critically influences the interpretation of the effects attributed to aging. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the feasibility to distinguish different age groups from the 3D kinematic variables of breathing motion (i.e., markers' coordinate as a function of time allowing the calculation of compartmental volume variations) and to analyze whether the aging could influence these variables. Seventy-three physically active women aged 19-80 years performed quiet breathing and vital capacity maneuvers. To record the thoracoabdominal breathing motion, the 3D coordinates of 32 retroreflective markers positioned on the trunk were used to estimate the volume variation of the superior thorax, inferior thorax, and abdomen. The percentage of contribution and the correlation coefficient were calculated to analyze the breathing motion pattern from the estimated volumes. The k-means cluster analysis was performed to analyze the age group classification. Linear regression was performed to investigate whether age can predict changes in the breathing motion pattern. The results showed that physically active women could not be classified into age groups from breathing motion. Despite significant p values of the linear regression, the high variability of the data suggested that age itself is not enough to predict the changes in breathing motion pattern when non-sedentary women are considered.

Antitumor Effect of a Novel Spiro-Acridine Compound is Associated with Up-Regulation of Th1-Type Responses and Antiangiogenic Action.

Tumor cells have specific features, including angiogenesis induction, cell cycle dysregulation, and immune destruction evasion. By inducing a T helper type 2 (Th2) immune response, tumor cells may favor immune tolerance within the tumor, which allows progression of cancer growth. Drugs with potential antitumor activity are the spiro-acridines, which is a promising new class of acridine compounds. Herein, the novel spiro-acridine (E)-5'-oxo-1'-((3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene)amino)-1',5'-dihydro-10H-spiro[acridine-9,2'-pyrrole]-4'-carbonitrile (AMTAC-17) was synthesized and tested for antitumor effects. Toxicity evaluation was performed in mice after acute treatment (2000 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, i.p.). The Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model was used to investigate the antitumor activity of AMTAC-17 (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg, i.p.) after seven days of treatment. Effects on the cell cycle, angiogenesis, and inflammatory responses were investigated. LD50 (lethal dose 50%) was estimated to be higher than 5000 mg/kg. AMTAC-17 reduced the Ehrlich tumor's total viable cancer cells count and peritumoral micro-vessels density, and induced an increase in the sub-G1 peak. Additionally, there was an increase of Th1 cytokine profile levels (IL-1ß, TNF-α, and IL-12). In conclusion, the spiro-acridine compound AMTAC-17 presents low toxicity, and its in vivo antitumor effect involves modulation of the immune system to a cytotoxic Th1 profile and a reduction of tumor angiogenesis.

Toxicity and Antitumor Activity of a Thiophene-Acridine Hybrid.

The antitumor effects of thiophene and acridine compounds have been described; however, the clinical usefulness of these compounds is limited due to the risk of high toxicity and drug resistance. The strategy of molecular hybridization presents the opportunity to develop new drugs which may display better target affinity and less serious side effects. Herein, 2-((6-Chloro-2-methoxy-acridin-9-yl)amino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]-thiophene-3-carbonitrile (ACS03), a hybrid thiophene-acridine compound with antileishmanial activity, was tested for toxicity and antitumor activity. The toxicity was evaluated in vitro (on HaCat and peripheral blood mononuclear cells) and in vivo (zebrafish embryos and acute toxicity in mice). Antitumor activity was also assessed in vitro in HCT-116 (human colon carcinoma cell line), K562 (chronic myeloid leukemic cell line), HL-60 (human promyelocytic leukemia cell line), HeLa (human cervical cancer cell line), and MCF-7 (breast cancer cell line) and in vivo (Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model). ACS03 exhibited selectivity toward HCT-116 cells (Half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 = 23.11 ± 1.03 µM). In zebrafish embryos, ACS03 induced an increase in lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione S-transferase, and acetylcholinesterase activities. The LD50 (lethal dose 50%) value in mice was estimated to be higher than 5000 mg/kg (intraperitoneally). In vivo, ACS03 (12.5 mg/kg) induced a significant reduction in tumor volume and cell viability. In vivo antitumor activity was associated with the nitric oxide cytotoxic effect. In conclusion, significant antitumor activity and weak toxicity were recorded for this hybrid compound, characterizing it as a potential anticancer compound.

CD43 sialoglycoprotein modulates cardiac inflammation and murine susceptibility to Trypanosoma cruzi infection.

CD43 (leukosialin) is a large sialoglycoprotein abundantly expressed on the surface of most cells from the hematopoietic lineage. CD43 is directly involved in the contact between cells participating in a series of events such as signaling, adherence and host parasite interactions. In this study we examined the role of CD43 in the immune response against Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas' disease, a potential life-threatening illness endemic in 21 Latin American countries according to the WHO. The acute stage of infection is marked by intense parasitemia and cardiac tissue parasitism, resulting in the recruitment of inflammatory cells and acute damage to the heart tissue. We show here that CD43-/- mice were more resistant to infection due to increased cytotoxicity of antigen specific CD8+ T cells and reduced inflammatory infiltration in the cardiac tissue, both contributing to lower cardiomyocyte damage. In addition, we demonstrate that the induction of acute myocarditis involves the engagement of CD43 cytoplasmic tripeptide sequence KRR to ezrin-radixin-moiesin cytoskeletal proteins. Together, our results show the participation of CD43 in different events involved in the pathogenesis of T. cruzi infection, contributing to a better overall understanding of the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of acute chagasic cardiomyopathy.

Análise do processo de corrosão na falha clínica de mini-implantes ortodônticos / Analysis of the corrosion process in the clinical failure of orthodontic miniscrew

Introdução: Mini-implantes ortodônticos são dispositivos de ancoragem confeccionados à base de titânio, possuindo uma camada de óxido de titânio, que desempenha função importante na resistência à corrosão. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência à corrosão e a microestrutura superficial de mini-implantes novos, utilizados que foram perdidos precocemente e os que obtiveram sucesso de estabilidade, analisando se o processo de corrosão influencia a falha ou a perda de estabilidade, a fim de se comparar com as principais causas de sucesso e insucesso clínico. Material e método: A amostra foi composta por 3 grupos de 7 mini-implantes divididos da seguinte maneira: Grupo C: mini-implantes na sua forma original, como são recebidos do fabricante (controle); Grupo PE: mini-implantes utilizados em pacientes e que apresentaram perda de estabilidade precoce em até 2 meses (média de 33,5 dias); Grupo E: mini-implantes utilizados em pacientes com sucesso de estabilidade (média de 230 dias). A análise visual da superfície da rosca dos mini-implantes foi feita através de microscópio eletrônico de varredura e todos foram submetidos a ensaio de polarização cíclica potenciodinâmica em potenciostato. Resultado: A microestrutura superficial não foi significativamente alterada pela permanência e perda precoce de estabilidade em seus sítios ósseos. Conclusão: Os dados sugeriram que a corrosão não foi fator associado à falha do dispositivo ou perda de sua estabilidade, sendo outros fatores, como o tipo do mini-implante, o seu comprimento e o local de implantação, considerados mais preponderantes com influência no seu insucesso.

Introduction: Orthodontic miniscrew are titanium-based anchoring devices, having a layer of titanium oxide, which plays an important role in corrosion resistance. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the corrosion resistance and surface microstructure of new miniscrew, those who were used and lost early and those who had achieved stability success, analyzing if the corrosion process influences the failure or the loss of stability of it, in order to compare with the main causes of success and clinical unsuccess. Materials and method: The sample consisted of 3 groups of 7 miniscrews divided as follows: Group C: miniscrews in their original form, as they are received from the manufacturer (control); Group PE: miniscrews used in patients with early loss of stability in up to 2 months (mean of 33.5 days); Group E: miniscrews used in patients with stability success (mean of 230 days). The visual analysis of the screw surface of the miniscrews was done by scanning electron microscope and all were submitted to a cyclic potentiodynamic polarization in potentiostat. Result: The surface microstructure was not significantly altered by the permanence and early loss of stability in its bone sites. Conclusion: The data suggests that corrosion was not a factor associated with device failure or loss of stability, being other factors such as the type of miniscrews, its length and the site of implantation considered to be the most preponderant with influence in its failure.

Prevalência de casos de insuficiência renal crônica (IRC) atendidos pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência de Rio Verde, Goiás / Prevalence of chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) cases in the Emergency Mobile Care Service of Rio Verde, Goiás

Introdução: a Insuficiência renal crônica (IRC) é definida como uma condição fisiopatológica com perda progressiva e irreversível da função renal. A perda superior a 75% da taxa de filtração glomerular resulta em uma instabilidade hídrica e eletrolítica. Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência de casos de insuficiência renal crônica na cidade de Rio Verde-Goiás que foram atendidos pelo Serviço Médico de Atendimento de Urgência de Rio Verde, Goiás (SAMU/RV). Método: trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, transversal e documental, realizado através de consulta ao banco de dados do SAMU/RV referente ao período 2014-2015. Resultado e Discussão: a prevalência de IRC foi de 41,20% em 2014 e 38,20% em 2015, em relação aos outros atendimentos realizados pelo SAMU/Rio Verde por queixas nefrológicas nessa mesma data. Conclusão: Os resultados indicaram alta prevalência de casos de atendimento de IRC pelo SAMU/RV no período de 2014-2015. (AU)

Introduction: Chronic renal failure (CRF) is defined as a pathophysiological condition with progressive and irreversible loss of renal function. Loss greater than 75% of the glomerular filtration rate results in water and electrolyte instability. Objective: In this way, the study sought to evaluate the prevalence of chronic renal failure in the city of Rio Verde-Goiás, which was attended by the Emergency Medical Service of Rio Verde, Goiás (SAMU/RV). Method: This is an epidemiological, cross-sectional and documentary study, carried out by consulting the SAMU/RV database for the period 2014-2015. Results and Discussion: the prevalence of CRI was 41.20% in 2014 and 38.20% in 2015, in relation to the other visits performed by SAMU/Rio Verde for nephrological complaints at the same date. Conclusion: The results indicated a high prevalence of cases of CKI care by the SAMU/RV in the period 2014-2015. (AU)

Functional characterization of heterotrimeric G-proteins in rat diaphragm muscle.

Seven-transmembrane receptors mediate diverse skeletal muscle responses for a wide variety of stimuli, via activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins. Herein we evaluate the expression and activation of rat diaphragm or cultured skeletal muscle G-proteins using [(35)S]GTPγS. Total membrane Gα subunit content was 4-7 times higher in rat primary cultured myotubes and L6 cell line than in diaphragm (32.6±1.2fmol/mg protein) and 7-27% of them were in the active conformational state. Immunoprecipitation assay showed equal expression of diaphragm Gαs, Gαq and Gαi/o. Addition of GDP allowed the measurement of G-protein activation by different GPCR, including adrenoceptor, adenosine, melatonin and muscarinic receptors. Diaphragm denervation resulted in a marked increase in both total and active state G-protein levels. Together, the results show that [(35)S]GTPγS binding assay is a sensitive and valuable method to evaluate GPCR activity in skeletal muscle cells, which is of particular interest for pharmacological analysis of drugs with potential use in the management of respiratory muscle failure.

Gender-related differences in circadian rhythm of rat plasma acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase: effects of sex hormone withdrawal.

The role of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the termination of the cholinergic response through acetylcholine (ACh) hydrolysis and the involvement of plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), mainly of hepatic origin, in the metabolism of xenobiotics with ester bonds is well known. Besides, BuChE has a crucial role in ACh hydrolysis, especially when selective anticholinesterases inhibit AChE. Herein, we analyzed the gender-related differences and the circadian changes of rat plasma cholinesterases. Plasma and liver cholinesterase activities were evaluated in control or 2-30-day castrated adult male and female rats. Plasma and liver AChE activities did not differ between genders and were not influenced by sex hormone deprivation. BuChE plasma activity was 7 times greater in female, reflecting gender differences in liver enzyme expression. Castration increased liver and plasma BuChE activity in male, while reduced it in female, abolishing gender differences in enzyme activity. Interestingly, female AChE and BuChE plasma activities varied throughout the day, reaching values 27% and 42% lower, respectively, between 2 p.m. and 6 p.m. when compared to the morning peaks at 8 a.m. Castration attenuated daily female BuChE oscillation. On the other hand, male plasma enzymes remained constant throughout the day. In summary, our results show that liver and plasma BuChE, but not AChE, expression is influenced by sex hormones, leading to high levels of blood BuChE in females. The fluctuation of female plasma BuChE during the day should be taken into account to adjust the bioavailability and the therapeutic effects of cholinesterase inhibitors used in cholinergic-based conditions such Alzheimer's disease.

Morbidade materna e morbimortalidade perinatal associada à infecção ascendente na rotura prematura das membranas / Maternal morbidity and perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with ascendant infection in premature rupture of membranes

Objetivo: avaliar as repercussões da infecção ascendente sobre a mãe, o feto e o recém-nascido (RN) nos casos de rotura prematura das membranas (RPM). Métodos: estudo prospectivo, avaliando 50 gestantes portadoras de RPM e seus RN. A corioamnionite clínica foi rastreada por meio de critérios clínicos (curva térmica, dor abdominal à palpação e/ou amolecimento uterino, odor e características da secreção vaginal) e subsidiários (leucograma e proteína C reativa). Por sua vez, a corioamnionite histológica foi avaliada com estudo macroscópico e microscópico da placenta, membranas e cordão umbilical. No estudo microscópico, utilizou-se a microscopia óptica com coloração pela hematoxilina-eosina. Os RN foram avaliados pela mensuração do peso e índice de Apgar no 1º e 5º minuto. O leucograma e a cultura do material colhido do ouvido e aspirado gástrico complementaram o estudo. Para análise estatística foram utilizados os testes exato de Fisher e t de Student, com nível de significância de 5 por cento (p<0,05). Resultados: a taxa de corioamnionite clínica foi de 29,4 por cento (15/50), ao passo que a de corioamnionite histológica foi de 40 por cento (20/50). Todos os casos de corioamnionite clínica apresentaram período de latência (PL) superior a 24 horas. Os RN apresentaram sinais de infecção em 31,4 por cento (16/51), todos com PL maior que 24 horas. Os principais microrganismos isolados do conduto auditivo e aspirado gástrico dos RN foram: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, cocos Gram positivos e Streptococcus agalactiae - Grupo B de Lancefield (SGB). Os RN infectados apresentaram menor escore de Apgar no 1º e 5º minuto, peso ao nascer inferior e maior morbidade e mortalidade perinatal quando comparados com os RN não infectados. Conclusões: baseados na análise dos resultados obtidos no presente estudo, foi possível concluir que o período de latência prolongado aumenta a chance de infecção ascendente, que, por sua vez, proporciona maior probabilidade de parto prematuro, aumentando portanto a morbidade materna (corioamnionite clínica), bem como a morbidade e mortalidade perinatal.