Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in pre- and postmenopausal women

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components among pre- and postmenopausal women, as well as the association between menopausal status and MS. Materials and methods A retrospective study was conducted at a reference cardiology outpatient clinic in a city located in Northwestern Paraná State, Brazil. A total of 958 medical records of symptomatic climacteric women evaluated between 2010 and 2014 were analyzed. The study consisted of two groups: pre- and post-menopausal women. MS was characterized according to the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III – NCEP-ATP III-2005. Results MS was observed in 18.5% of the total study population; 9.4% of the premenopausal women and 22.2% of the postmenopausal women displayed MS, corresponding to a relative risk of 2.75. In addition, the frequency of MS increased with age. Regarding the components of MS, postmenopausal women were more likely to have high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) levels < 50 mg/dL; systolic blood pressure (SBP) values ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values ≥ 85 mmHg; and fasting glucose levels ≥ 100 mg/dL. Conclusion MS was more prevalent among postmenopausal women than among premenopausal women.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in pre- and postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components among pre- and postmenopausal women, as well as the association between menopausal status and MS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted at a reference cardiology outpatient clinic in a city located in Northwestern Paraná State, Brazil. A total of 958 medical records of symptomatic climacteric women evaluated between 2010 and 2014 were analyzed. The study consisted of two groups: pre- and post-menopausal women. MS was characterized according to the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III - NCEP-ATP III-2005. RESULTS: MS was observed in 18.5% of the total study population; 9.4% of the premenopausal women and 22.2% of the postmenopausal women displayed MS, corresponding to a relative risk of 2.75. In addition, the frequency of MS increased with age. Regarding the components of MS, postmenopausal women were more likely to have high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) levels < 50 mg/dL; systolic blood pressure (SBP) values ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values ≥ 85 mmHg; and fasting glucose levels ≥ 100 mg/dL. CONCLUSION: MS was more prevalent among postmenopausal women than among premenopausal women.

Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women in Brazil.

PURPOSE: To analyze risk factors for postmenopausal breast cancer. METHODS: The present casecontrol study included 600 women treated at a cancer center reference hospital in a municipality in the South of Brazil. RESULTS: Totals of 100 patients and 500 control subjects were evaluated. The mean age of the women was 52.5 ± 11.9 years; the average was 57.4 ± 11.8 years, and the average age of the control subjects was 51.5 ± 11.7 years. The risk factors for breast cancer that were considered included an age ≥ 40 years, postmenopausal status, a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2, and reduced physical activity. Variables like postmenopausal status and an obese BMI were associated with cases of breast cancer. Women who were postmenopausal or obese were 3.80 or 1.80 times more likely to develop breast cancer, respectively, and physically inactive women were 1.72 times more likely to develop breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity and postmenopausal status are associated with the occurrence of breast cancer in this population. Being over 40 years of age was also a statistically significant factor for postmenopausal women.

Treatment and Follow-up of Human Papillomavirus Infected Women in a Municipality in Southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed toanalyze the risk behavior for cervical cancer (CC) and the human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and resolution among women who received care through the private healthcare network of a municipality in southern Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive and retrospective study was conducted with 25 women aged 20 to 59 years who received care through the private healthcare network and were treated at a specialty clinic in the period from January to December 2012 in a municipality in Northwest Parana, Southern Brazil. Data from medical records with cytological and HPV results were used. Following treatment, these women were followed-up and reassessed after 6 months. Data were statistically analyzed using the t-test and chi-squared test at a 5% significance level. RESULTS: The mean age of the studied women was 27.8±7.75 years old, and the majority were married, with paid employment and were non-smokers. The mean age at menarche was 13.0±0.50 years old, and the mean age at first intercourse was 17.5±1.78 years, with only 8.0% (2) initiating sexual activity at an age ≤15 years old. The majority had 1 to 2 children (60.0%), while 88.0% reported having had one sexual partner in their lifetime, and all the women were sexually active. A total of 68.0% used a hormonal contraceptive method. All the women had leukorrhea and pain and were infected by a single HPV type. Regarding the lesion grade, 80.0% showed high risk and 20.0% low risk. The most prevalent high-risk HPV strain was 16. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide relevant information on HPV risk factors and infection, as well as the treatment and 6-month follow-up results, in economically and socially advantaged women with no traditional risk factors, corroborating previous reports that different risk factors may be described in different populations. Thus, this study reinforces the fact that even women without the traditional risk factors should undergo HPVmonitoring and assessment to determine the persistence of infection, promoting early diagnosis of the lesions presented and appropriate treatment to thus prevent the occurrence of CC.

Prevalência e fatores associados à realização de mamografia e exame citopatológico / Prevalence and factors associated with the performance of mammography and pap smear test

Estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados à realização de mamografia e examecitopatológico em mulheres da cidade de Maringá, Paraná. Métodos: Estudo transversal,de base populacional, feito com 345 mulheres com idade superior a 20 anos, no período demarço de 2011 a abril de 2012. Realizou-se entrevista por meio de um questionário propostopelo Ministério da Saúde, o qual abordava aspectos sociodemográficos, fatores de risco paradoenças crônicas não transmissíveis e questões relacionadas ao rastreamento mamográficoe citopatológico. Os dados foram analisados mediante análise bivariada, análise brutamediante Odds Ratio (OR) e qui-quadrado por meio do programa Epi Info 3.5.1, e análisemultivariada por meio da regressão logística, realizada com o programa Statistica 7.1, comnível de significância de 5% e intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: A média deidade das mulheres foi de 52,19 (±5,27) anos. A maioria (56,5%) apresentou de 0 a 8 anosde estudo. Além disso, 84,6% (n=266) das mulheres realizaram o exame de Papanicolaue 74.3% (n=169), a mamografia. Foram associadas à menor realização de Papanicolau asmulheres com escolaridade entre 9 e 11 anos de estudo (p=0,01), e quanto à mamografia,tiveram menor adesão as mulheres sem plano de saúde privado (p<0,01). Conclusão: Acobertura da mamografia e do Papanicolau foi satisfatória entre as mulheres da cidade deMaringá, Paraná. A baixa escolaridade e as mulheres que dependiam da rede pública de saúdetiveram menor adesão à realização da mamografia...

Variables that affect the satisfaction of Brazilian women with external breast prostheses after mastectomy.

BACKGROUND: : In 2012, the breast cancer estimate worldwide stood at 1.67 million new cases, these accounting for 25% of all types of cancer diagnosed in women. For 2014, 57,120 new cases are expected, with a risk estimated at 56.1 cases for every 100,000 women. The objective of this study was to analyze the satisfaction regarding the use of external breast prostheses by women undergoing mastectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 76 women who used an external breast prosthesis (EBP), registered in the services of the Cuiaba Center for Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Mato Grosso, Brazil, from 2009 to 2012. Data were collected from the records of women who had requested the opening of a process of external breast prosthesis concession. RESULTS: Satisfaction with the EBP was identified in 56.6% of the women. Those satisfied with the EBP reported that its weight was not annoying (p<0.01). Although the women felt body sensations of stitches, pains, pulling, dormancy and phantom limb, they are satisfied with the EBP. The variable related to the displacement of the breast prosthesis during activity of everyday life has demonstrated that even though the women have reported the possibility of displacements, they are satisfied with the EBP. The satisfaction with the use of external breast prosthesis did not affect the sexuality of the women with mastectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Learning the specificities of the EBP, taking into consideration the satisfaction of its use, allows the rehabilitation team, by listening to their clientele more attentively, following up this woman throughout her life journey, supporting and guiding the best way of use, with an eye to her personal, emotional and social life, as well as to her self-esteem.

Avaliação dos exames citológicos de papanicolau em usuárias do sistema único de saúde / Evaluaciónde frootis de papanicoLaou en los usuarios del sistema único de salud / Evaluation f papp smears in users of the unified health system

Mundialmente, entre todos os tipos de câncer, na população feminina, o câncer de colo uterino é um dos mais frequentes, ocupando o segundo lugar em incidência. O objetivo do presente trabalho é estimar a prevalência de exames colpocitológicos realizados no município de Maringá, Paraná, e sua distribuição segundo a faixa etária das mulheres e os resultados dos exames. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, de coorte, constando da análise de todos os exames colpocitológicos realizados em 24 Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) do município de Maringá, no período de 2006 a 2010. Foram estudados 41.197 exames, a média de idade foi de 41,66±14,18 anos, variando de 12 a 93 anos. Cerca de 75,4% das mulheres (12.579) estavam na faixa etária dos 25 aos 59 anos; 12,7% (2.129) tinham entre 12 e 24 anos e as demais, 11,9% (1.993), possuíam acima de 60 anos de idade. Foi observado que 48,4% dos exames estavam normais; 22,7% apresentavam alterações celulares benignas e 26,7%, atipias celulares. Em 498 mulheres, o laudo citopatológico foi positivo para neoplasia. Uma melhor qualidade de informação poderá permitir avaliações de cobertura, áreas de maior acometimento, de forma a possibilitar a implementação de medidas, visando a prevenção de neoplasias intraepiteliais cervicais.

Entre todos los tipos de cáncer en mujeres en todo el mundo, el cáncer de cuello uterino es el más frecuente, ocupando el segundo lugar en incidencia. El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de citología cervical realizado en Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. Se trata de una cohorte descriptivo, retrospectivo, que consiste en el análisis de toda la citología cervical realizado en 24 Unidades Básicas de Salud (UBS) de Maringá, de 2006 a 2010. Hubo 41.197 pruebas, la edad promedio fue de 41,66±14,18 años, de 12 a 93 años. Aproximadamente el 75,4% de las mujeres (12.579) tenían entre 25 a 59 años, 12,7% (2.129) tenían entre 12 y 24 años y el restante, 11,9% (1.993), tenían más de 60 años de edad. El 48,4% de los exámenes fueron normales, el 22,7% tenían cambios celulares benignos y 26,7%, células atípicas. En 498 mujeres, el informe citología fue positivo para malignidad. Una mejor calidad de información puede permitir evaluaciones de la cobertura, las zonas más afectadas, con el fin de permitir la aplicación de medidas destinadas a la prevención de la neoplasia intraepitelial cervical.

Among all types of cancer in women, around the world, cervical cancer is the most frequent, ranking second in incidence. The objective of the study was toestimate the prevalence of cervical cytology performed in Maringá, Paraná, Brazil. This is a descriptive, retrospective cohort, consisting of analysis of all cervical cytology performed on 24 Basic Health Units (BHU) of Maringá, from 2006 to 2010. There were 41,197 tests, the average age was 41.66±14.18 years, ranging from 12 to 93 years. Approximately 75.4% of women (12,579) were aged 25 to 59 years; 12.7% (2,129) were between 12 to and 24 years and the remaining 11.9% (1,993) were over 60 years of age. Were observed that 48.4% of the exams were normal, 22.7% had with benign cellular changes and 26.7% showed, atypical cells. In 498 women, the report cytology was positive for malignancy. A better quality of information may permit assessments of coverage, areas most affected, in order to enable the implementation of measures aimed at preventing cervical intraepithelial neoplasm.

Doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e associação com fatores de risco / Chronic non-communicable diseases and association with risk factors

Fundamentos: O envelhecimento populacional tem aumentado a prevalência das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre relato de DCNT com fatores de risco. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional com 453 adultos entrevistados, >18 anos de idade, na cidade de Maringá, PR, Brasil, no período de 2011 a 2012. Realizou-se entrevista por meio de questionário proposto pelo Ministério da Saúde. Resultados: Avaliados 453 adultos, idade entre 18-87 anos, média de 52,0±16,2 anos. A presença de DCNT foi observada em 44,8 % (n=203) pacientes. Dos entrevistados 77,5 % eram mulheres; maioria tinha idade ≥60 anos; 54,3 % declararam de 0-8 anos de estudo; 65,3 % eram casados/unidos; e a maioria de cor branca (66,4 %). Após análise por regressão logística, a presença de DNCT foi associada aos adultos mais velhos (p<0,01), aos que declararam cor da pele negra (p=0,01), IMC ≥25 kg/m2 (p<0,01) e entre aqueles que avaliaram sua saúde de modo geral como regular (p<0,01), ruim e muito/ruim (p<0,01). Conclusões: O presente estudo evidenciou que as DCNT foram mais prevalentes nos idosos, nos indivíduos de baixa escolaridade e sem companheiro. Os componentes de risco associados às DCNT foram tabagismo, sobrepeso/obesidade e condição de saúde autorrelatada como ruim/regular.

Background: An ageing population has increased the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases. Objective: To analyze the association between chronic non-communicable diseases and risk factors. Methods: This cross-sectional population-based study interviewed 453 adults >18 years old in the town of Maringa, Paraná State during 2011 and 2012. These interviews were conducted through a questionnaire proposed by the Ministry of Health. Results: 453 adults were assessed, between 18 and 87 years old, with a mean age of 52.0±16.2 years and chronic non-communicable diseases noted in 44.8% (n=203). Among these respondents, 77.5% were women, most ≥60 years old, with 54.3% reporting 0-8 years of schooling; 65.3% were married / cohabiting and most (66.4%) were white. After the logistic regression analysis, the presence of chronic non-communicable diseases was associated with older adults (p<0.01), self-declared as black (p=0.01), BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (p<0.01) and rating their health in general as fair (p<0.01), poor and very poor (p<0.01). Conclusions: The present study showed that chronic non-communicable diseases were more prevalent among older people with little schooling and no partners. The risk components associated with chronic non-communicable diseases were smoking, overweight/obesity and self-reported health status as poor/fair.

Years of potential life lost due to breast and cervical cancer: a challenge for Brazilian public policy.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the article was to analyze the years of potential life lost (YPLL) of women who died from breast and cervical cancer in the State of Parana, Southern Brazil. This was a temporal trend study (2000 to 2010) about the coefficients of mortality and the years of potential life lost in women aged 20 to 70 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were obtained through the database of the Department of the Unified Health System (DATASUS) and the National Mortality Information System. RESULTS: There was a loss of 125.075 YPLL due to breast cancer, with an average of 11.370 YPLL. Regarding cervical cancer, the figure obtained was 91.625 YPLL from 2000 to 2010, with an average of 8.329 YPLL. Increased risk of death from breast cancer was observed for women aged 50 to 59 years, with a significant increase among those in the age group from 40 to 49 years. There was an increased rate of cervical cancer among women 40 to 69 years. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of death grows with increasing age, being higher from 40 years. Prevention is paramount for both cancers. Thus, preventive measures are required and a reassessment of political strategies should be adopted.