TET enzymes and 5hmC epigenetic mark: new key players in carcinogenesis and progression in gynecological cancers.

DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism involving the transfer of a methyl group onto the C5 position of the cytosine to form 5-methylcytosine (5mC). In general, DNA methylation in cancer is associated with the repression of the expression of tumor suppressor genes (TSG) and the demethylation with the overexpression of oncogenes. DNA methylation was considered a stable modification for a long time, but in 2009, it was reported that DNA methylation is a dynamic modification. The Ten-Eleven-Translocations (TET) enzymes include TET1, TET2, and TET3 and participate in DNA demethylation through the oxidation of 5mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). The 5hmC oxidates to 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcitosine (5caC), which are replaced by unmodified cytosines via Thymine-DNA Glycosylase (TDG). Several studies have shown that the expression of TET proteins and 5hmC levels are deregulated in gynecological cancers, such as cervical (CC), endometrial (EC), and ovarian (OC) cancers. In addition, the molecular mechanisms involved in this deregulation have been reported, as well as their potential role as biomarkers in these types of cancers. This review shows the state-of-art TET enzymes and the 5hmC epigenetic mark in CC, EC, and OC.

Sociodemographic predictors associated with the spectrum of non-opportunist neuroretinal disease of non-infectious etiology in patients with HIV/AIDS: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Non-infectious retinal disease, even in the HAART era, continues to be one of the most common diagnoses in patients with HIV, with prevalences of up to 27% of cases. This study aims to characterize the association between demographic variables and their role. As a risk factor for the development of non-opportunistic non-infectious retinal disease in patients with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: An integrative review of the literature was carried out according to Arksey O'Malley's approach, based on the PICO methodology and following the PRISMA recommendations; An exhaustive search was carried out in databases of articles that were filtered using established criteria, with their extraction and analysis carried out qualitatively. RESULTS: Ocular manifestations from any cause develop from 35 years of age in patients with HIV/AIDS, with the highest risk for age-related macular degeneration over the fourth decade of life and for the development of neuroretinal disorder on the fifth decade of life; some studies report a slight tendency to diagnose macular degeneration in women and those who acquired AIDS through sexual contact; data contrasted with increased risk for diagnosing neuroretinal disorder in homosexual men who also use intravenous drugs, possibly due to oversampling in studies; non-Hispanic whites and African Americans were the races most commonly affected by neuroretinal disease; the means between the 11.3-14.5 years elapsed since the HIV diagnosis were more frequently associated with cognitive impairment and both in those with high or low CD4 counts, and in patients with high or low viral loads, neuroretinal disease without Statistically significant differences. Adherence and early initiation of HAART had a modest impact on the development of neuroretinal disease. DISCUSSION: Even in the HAART era, non-infectious neuroretinal disease and cytomegalovirus retinitis remain the most frequent ocular diagnoses, however, different studies argue an increase in age-related non-infectious retinal diseases in patients with HIV, theories that are may explain by the increase in life expectancy, the metabolic effects of HAART itself or the generalized pro-inflammatory state in this group of patients, it is essential to recognize this new diagnostic challenge in order to direct preventive efforts through the use of cost-effective sociodemographic risk predictors towards that technological tools for diagnosis and treatment can be targeted. CONCLUSIONS: HIV/AIDS patients who present at the ophthalmological consultation with the suggested sociodemographic predictors have a high risk of visual impairment due to non-infectious retinopathy, therefore prevention, diagnosis and treatment efforts directed at these diseases should be increased.

Predictores sociodemográficos asociados al espectro de enfermedad neurorretiniana no oportunista de etiología no infecciosa en pacientes con VIH/SIDA: revisión integrativa / Sociodemographic predictors associated with the spectrum of non-opportunist neuroretinal disease of non-infectious etiology in patients with HIV/AIDS: a scoping review

Antecedentes La enfermedad retiniana no infecciosa, aun en la era del tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA), continúa siendo uno de los diagnósticos más comunes en pacientes con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), con prevalencias hasta del 27% de los casos. Este estudio se propone caracterizar la asociación entre unas variables demográficas y su papel como factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de la enfermedad retiniana no infecciosa no oportunista en pacientes con VIH/SIDA. Método Se realizó una revisión integrativa de la literatura, según el planteamiento de O’Malley, partiendo de la metodología PICO y siguiendo las recomendaciones elementos de informes preferidos para revisiones sistemáticas y metanálisis (PRISMA); se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva en bases de datos de artículos que se filtraron mediante criterios establecidos, con la extracción y análisis de los mismos efectuada de forma cualitativa. Resultados Las manifestaciones oculares por cualquier causa se desarrollan desde los 35 años de edad en los pacientes con VIH/SIDA, con el mayor riesgo para la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad sobre la cuarta década de vida y para el desarrollo de trastorno neurorretiniano sobre la quinta; algunos estudios reportan una ligera tendencia para diagnosticar la degeneración macular en mujeres y en aquellas personas que adquirieron SIDA por contacto sexual; estos datos contrastan con un mayor riesgo para diagnosticar el trastorno neurorretiniano en los hombres homosexuales que también usan drogas intravenosas, posiblemente debido un sobremuestreo en los estudios; los blancos no hispánicos y los afroamericanos fueron las razas más comúnmente afectadas por la enfermedad neurorretiniana; las medias entre los 11,3 a 14,5 años transcurridos desde el diagnóstico de VIH se asociaron más frecuentemente con un trastorno cognitivo y tanto en aquellos con recuentos CD4 altos o bajos como en pacientes con cargas (AU)

Background Non-infectious retinal disease, even in the HAART era, continues to be one of the most common diagnoses in patients with HIV, with prevalences of up to 27% of cases. This study aims to characterize the association between demographic variables and their role. as a risk factor for the development of non-opportunistic non-infectious retinal disease in patients with HIV/AIDS Methods An integrative review of the literature was carried out according to Arksey O’Malley's approach, based on the PICO methodology and following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) recommendations; An exhaustive search was carried out in databases of articles that were filtered using established criteria, with their extraction and analysis carried out qualitatively. Results Ocular manifestations from any cause develop from 35 years of age in patients with HIV/AIDS, with the highest risk for age-related macular degeneration over the fourth decade of life and for the development of neuroretinal disorder on the fifth decade of life; some studies report a slight tendency to diagnose macular degeneration in women and those who acquired AIDS through sexual contact; data contrasted with increased risk for diagnosing neuroretinal disorder in homosexual men who also use intravenous drugs, possibly due to oversampling in studies; non-Hispanic whites and African Americans were the races most commonly affected by neuroretinal disease; the means between the 11.3 to 14.5 years elapsed since the HIV diagnosis were more frequently associated with cognitive impairment and both in those with high or low CD4 counts, and in patients with high or low viral loads, neuroretinal disease without Statistically significant differences. Adherence and early initiation of HAART had a modest impact on the development (AU)

Sociodemographic predictors associated with the spectrum of non-opportunist neuroretinal disease of non-infectious etiology in patients with HIV/AIDS: a scoping review. / Predictores sociodemográficos asociados al espectro de enfermedad neurorretiniana no oportunista de etiología no infecciosa en pacientes con VIH/SIDA: revisión integrativa.

BACKGROUND: Non-infectious retinal disease, even in the HAART era, continues to be one of the most common diagnoses in patients with HIV, with prevalences of up to 27% of cases. This study aims to characterize the association between demographic variables and their role. as a risk factor for the development of non-opportunistic non-infectious retinal disease in patients with HIV/AIDS METHODS: An integrative review of the literature was carried out according to Arksey O'Malley's approach, based on the PICO methodology and following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) recommendations; An exhaustive search was carried out in databases of articles that were filtered using established criteria, with their extraction and analysis carried out qualitatively. RESULTS: Ocular manifestations from any cause develop from 35 years of age in patients with HIV/AIDS, with the highest risk for age-related macular degeneration over the fourth decade of life and for the development of neuroretinal disorder on the fifth decade of life; some studies report a slight tendency to diagnose macular degeneration in women and those who acquired AIDS through sexual contact; data contrasted with increased risk for diagnosing neuroretinal disorder in homosexual men who also use intravenous drugs, possibly due to oversampling in studies; non-Hispanic whites and African Americans were the races most commonly affected by neuroretinal disease; the means between the 11.3 to 14.5 years elapsed since the HIV diagnosis were more frequently associated with cognitive impairment and both in those with high or low CD4 counts, and in patients with high or low viral loads, neuroretinal disease without Statistically significant differences. Adherence and early initiation of HAART had a modest impact on the development of neuroretinal disease. DISCUSSION: Even in the HAART era, non-infectious neuroretinal disease and cytomegalovirus retinitis remain the most frequent ocular diagnoses, however, different studies argue an increase in age-related non-infectious retinal diseases in patients with HIV, theories that are may explain by the increase in life expectancy, the metabolic effects of HAART itself or the generalized pro-inflammatory state in this group of patients, it is essential to recognize this new diagnostic challenge in order to direct preventive efforts through the use of cost-effective sociodemographic risk predictors towards that technological tools for diagnosis and treatment can be targeted. CONCLUSIONS: HIV/AIDS patients who present at the ophthalmological consultation with the suggested sociodemographic predictors have a high risk of visual impairment due to non-infectious retinopathy, therefore prevention, diagnosis and treatment efforts directed at these diseases should be increased.

H2A.Z overexpression suppresses senescence and chemosensitivity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most intractable and devastating malignant tumors. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modification regulate tumor initiation and progression. However, the contribution of histone variants in PDAC is unknown. Here, we demonstrated that the histone variant H2A.Z is highly expressed in PDAC cell lines and PDAC patients and that its overexpression correlates with poor prognosis. Moreover, all three H2A.Z isoforms (H2A.Z.1, H2A.Z.2.1, and H2A.Z.2.2) are highly expressed in PDAC cell lines and PDAC patients. Knockdown of these H2A.Z isoforms in PDAC cell lines induces a senescent phenotype, cell cycle arrest in phase G2/M, increased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN2A/p16, SA-ß-galactosidase activity and interleukin 8 production. Transcriptome analysis of H2A.Z-depleted PDAC cells showed altered gene expression in fatty acid biosynthesis pathways and those that regulate cell cycle and DNA damage repair. Importantly, depletion of H2A.Z isoforms reduces the tumor size in a mouse xenograft model in vivo and sensitizes PDAC cells to gemcitabine. Overexpression of H2A.Z.1 and H2A.Z.2.1 more than H2A.Z.2.2 partially restores the oncogenic phenotype. Therefore, our data suggest that overexpression of H2A.Z isoforms enables cells to overcome the oncoprotective barrier associated with senescence, favoring PDAC tumor grow and chemoresistance. These results make H2A.Z a potential candidate as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for PDAC.

Optical portable instrument for the determination of CO2 in indoor environments.

A portable device based on a colorimetric sensor to determine the atmospheric level of CO2 gas is presented in this work. The system is based on a low-cost, low-power System on a Chip (SoC) microcontroller with integrated Wi-Fi. A user-friendly application was developed to monitor and log the CO2 measurements when the system is connected to a Wi-Fi network. The sensing membrane is directly deposited on the surface of the colour detector, thus reducing the complexity of the system. This sensing membrane is formed by a pH indicator α-naphtholphthalein, tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, Tween 20 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as the hydrophilic polymer. The system has been fully characterized, obtaining response and recovery times of 1.3 and 2.5 s, respectively, a limit of detection of 51 ppm, and an average resolution of 6.3 ppm. This portable device was applied for the in-situ determination of CO2 gas in the atmosphere inside classrooms in several secondary schools. The measurements were taken during complete workdays and the results were statistically compared with the same measurements taken using a commercially available non-dispersive infra-red (NDIR) device. No significant statistical differences were found between the results obtained using both devices. A complete statistical treatment of the measurements made with the proposed portable device was carried out. The obtained results show that the concentration of CO2 gas in some schools was higher than the desired concentration, with regard to influencing the student's health, safety, productivity and comfort. This demonstrates the need to control this parameter to ensure appropriate indoor environmental quality (IEQ).

Multidisciplinary management of giant cervicothoracic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Cutaneus squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common type of nonmelanoma skin cancer. SCC is a malignant neoplasm of the skin characterized by aberrant proliferation of keratinocytes. PRESENTATION CASE: We report multidisciplinary surgical management of a 36-year-old male who presented with a huge cutaneous protruding tumor of the cervicothoracic wall. Clinically, he presented with a growing mass on the anterior cervicothoracic wall 3 years ago. Microscopic examination revealed SCC. He underwent complete excision of the lesion. The patient neglected attending our oncological department for receiving chemotherapy. Today, one year after surgery, he is alive without evidence of disease recurrence. DISCUSSION: SCC treatment depends on location of the lesion, involvement of neighboring structures, functional level of the patient, and the patient's acceptance of the proposed management strategy. CONCLUSION: We conclude that SCC can grow to a huge size if left untreated. Surgery by a multidisciplinary surgical team is the primary mode of treatment, followed by chemotherapy if necessary.

Application of the 2015 diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in a cohort of Latin American patients.

BACKGROUND: The 2015 International Panel for neuromyelitis optica (NMO) spectrum disorders (NMOSD) diagnosis (IPND) criteria was recently proposed. However, because there are no studies evaluating application of the IPND criteria in Latin American populations, we aimed to assess whether these new criteria improve the diagnostic rate and reduce the time taken to make the diagnosis in a cohort of Latin American patients. METHODS: We reviewed medical records and applied both the 2006 and 2015 diagnostic criteria to all patients seen in four centers in Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela. Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS, n = 915) or other well-established central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory diseases were excluded. AQP4-ab status was measured using indirect immunofluorescence (23%) and cell-based assay (CBA, 77%). In addition, data on gender, ethnicity, age and symptoms at onset, relapses, neuroimaging and immunosuppressive therapy were collected. RESULTS: A total of 104 patients were classified as presenting NMOSD (2015 IPND). Of these, 64 patients (61.5%) fulfilled the 2006 NMO criteria (32 AQP4-ab positive, 17 AQP4-ab negative and 15 unknown). Thus, 40 new patients (38.5%) were classified as presenting NMOSD using the 2015 IPND criteria (33 AQP4-ab positive, 5 AQP4-ab negative and 2 unknown AQP4-ab status), with a median time taken to fulfill the 2015 NMOSD criteria (n = 104) of 1 month (95% CI: 0.6-1.3) and a median time taken to fulfill the 2006 NMO criteria (n = 64) of 18 months (95% CI: 9-26) (log-rank test: p < 0.0001). Females, with median age of 37 years, white ethnicity and recurrent course, predominated in all samples. Ninety-nine patients (95.1%) had at least 1 of the 3 major core clinical characteristics, of which optic neuritis (56.7%) was the most frequent symptom at disease onset. CONCLUSION: This study showed that there was a 62.5% increase in the rate of diagnosing NMOSD through the 2015 IPND criteria, in comparison with the 2006 NMO criteria, with a shorter median time to diagnosis.

QSPR studies on the photoinduced-fluorescence behaviour of pharmaceuticals and pesticides.

Fluorimetric analysis is still a growing line of research in the determination of a wide range of organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals and pesticides, which makes necessary the development of new strategies aimed at improving the performance of fluorescence determinations as well as the sensitivity and, especially, the selectivity of the newly developed analytical methods. In this paper are presented applications of a useful and growing tool suitable for fostering and improving research in the analytical field. Experimental screening, molecular connectivity and discriminant analysis are applied to organic compounds to predict their fluorescent behaviour after their photodegradation by UV irradiation in a continuous flow manifold (multicommutation flow assembly). The screening was based on online fluorimetric measurement and comprised pre-selected compounds with different molecular structures (pharmaceuticals and some pesticides with known 'native' fluorescent behaviour) to study their changes in fluorescent behaviour after UV irradiation. Theoretical predictions agree with the results from the experimental screening and could be used to develop selective analytical methods, as well as helping to reduce the need for expensive, time-consuming and trial-and-error screening procedures.

Gender ratio trends over time in multiple sclerosis patients from Argentina.

Several studies in multiple sclerosis (MS) suggest a trend of increasing disease frequency in women during the last decades. A direct comparison of gender ratio trends among MS populations from Argentina remains to be carried out. The objective of the study was to compare gender ratio trends, over a 50-year span in MS populations from Argentina. METHODS: multicenter study that included patients from 14 MS Centers of Argentina. Patients with definite MS with birth years ranging from 1940 to 1989 were included. Gender ratios were calculated by five decades based on year of birth and were adjusted for the F/M born-alive ratio derived from the Argentinean national registry of births. The F/M ratios were calculated using a multivariate logistic regression per five decades by the year of birth approach. Analyses were performed using Stata 10.1. RESULTS: 1069 patients were included. Gender ratios showed a significant increase from the first to the last decade in the whole MS sample (from 1.8 to 2.7; p value for trend=0.023). The Gender ratio did not show differences considering MS subtype. CONCLUSION: our study showed a modest increase of the F/M ratio (from 1.8 to 2.7) over time among patients affected by MS in Argentina.

Disease onset in familial and sporadic multiple sclerosis in Argentina.

UNLABELLED: The present study was carried out to assess if there is an anticipation of age at onset in younger generations of familial multiple sclerosis (FMS) vs. sporadic MS (SMS) in Argentina. METHODS: multicenter study that included patients from 14 MS Centers of Argentina. Patients were considered as FMS if they had in their family at least one relative of first or second degree diagnosed with MS; otherwise, patients were considered to have SMS. We compared the age at onset between familial and sporadic cases as well as the age at onset between relatives from different generations in FMS vs. SMS. RESULTS: 1333 patients were included, 97 of them were FMS (7.3%). A lower age at onset in the younger generations of FMS cases was found compared with older generations of FMS as well as. SMS cases (24.1±3.7 years vs. 30.3±5.7 years, and 32.4±9.4 respectively; p<0.001). No differences were observed between older generations of FMS vs. SMS cases (p=0.12). CONCLUSION: we observed an anticipation of age at onset of MS in younger generations of patients with FMS vs. older generations of FMS and SMS.

Preliminary results of the Spanish Association of Urology National Registry in Active Surveillance for prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To present a National Registry of patients with prostate cancer as monitored through active surveillance, with the intention of testing the hypothesis that cancer-specific mortality in very low-risk and low-risk patients is less than 5% at 15 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A multicentre observational study (AEU-PIEM/2014/0001) sponsored by the Spanish Association of Urology was conducted using their platform for multicentre studies. The clinical-pathological inclusion criteria were as follows: cT1a-cT3a, PSA ≤ 20 ng/ml, initial minimum biopsy of 10 cores, number of affected cores ≤ 3, 1st Gleason score of 3 and 2nd Gleason score ≤ 4 and a known prostate volume (in cc). A unified follow-up was not established for all recruiting centres; however, a survey was conducted that reflects the follow-up characteristics based on a number of tangible parameters that allow for their comparison. With the same philosophy of flexibility, the use of certain biomarkers and multiparametric MRI was not considered necessary for inclusion. RESULTS: We describe the Registry's characteristics and possibilities, as well as the preliminary results from the 324 patients included in its first 5 months of operation in the 15 recruiting centres. We also report the clinical-pathological variables, biomarkers, radiodiagnosis technique and quality-of-life questionnaires considered for the database, as well as the possibilities for indefinite follow-up, remaining open to any active treatment recognized in clinical guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: The AEU-PIEM/2014/0001 represents an extremely useful tool for all Spanish urologists for multicentre clinical research. The registry will undoubtedly enable the dissemination of active surveillance of our patients in a more coordinated manner, thus maintaining the advantages of optimised opportunistic screening for prostate cancer without resulting in overtreatment.

Effectiveness of surgery in liver metastasis from colorectal cancer: experience and results of a continuous improvement process.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to estimate the effectiveness of surgery in liver metastasis from colorectal cancer. METHODS: We conducted a prospective and observational study of patients with colorectal liver metastasis operated on at the San Cecilio University Hospital of Granada from March 2003 until June 2013. The primary variables of the result were survival and morbidity before 30 days of the post-operative period. We also measured preoperative and surgical variables. RESULTS: A total of 147 patients with liver metastasis of colorectal origin underwent surgical removal during the period of study, 38 of whom had repeat surgery. 34 had a second resection, 3 had a third one and one only patient had a fourth one, for a total of 185 registered operations. The global 5-year survival rate was 38 and 17 % after 10 years. There were 115 patients who had neither radiofrequency nor exploratory laparotomy, 38 % of them survived over 60 months. The average disease-free time was 23.6 months ± 47.3, with significant differences observed between types of procedures. Patients that were operated on just once (n = 25) had a five-year actuarial survival rate of 35 %, a morbidity rate of 24 % and a mortality rate of 0.6 % (1 patient only). The average hospital stay was 13.8 days and the disease-free time was 15.8 months. CONCLUSION: The results obtained in our surgical unit in terms of morbidity, mortality and five-year actuarial survival rates are comparable to those of other units at large institutions, which are currently considered the standards of quality.

Effect of timing of hormonal induction on reproductive activity in lambari (Astyanax bimaculatus).

The objective was to evaluate the influence of the timing of hormonal induction, using gonadorelin or common carp pituitary extract (CPE), on the reproductive activity of female Astyanax bimaculatus. Fish (N = 44) were weighed, measured, and acclimatized to experimental conditions with a photoperiod of 12 h:12 h light:dark (L:D) for 10 days. Ovulation was induced with a single dose of CPE (6 mg/kg) or gonadorelin (80 µg/kg), given at 12:00 (halfway through the light phase (LP) or 24:00 (halfway through the dark phase (DP), in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The time of ovulation was calculated in degree hours and daily motor activity was recorded using a photocell. The fish were killed and the liver and gonads were weighed for calculation of gonadosomatic (GSI) and hepatosomatic (HSI) indexes, respectively. Absolute fecundity (AF), absolute fecundity relative to weight (AFRW) and length (AFRL), diameter of oocytes (mM), and percentage of oocytes with the germinal vesicle in a peripheral position (PPGV) were recorded. All females responded (ovulated). The female Astyanax bimaculatus had twilight motor activity rhythm. Females given CPE at 12:00 had a higher (P < 0.05) percentage of oocytes with the germinal vesicle in a peripheral position compared with the group that received gonadorelin in the same period (95 ± 6 vs. 79 ± 21%, mean ± SD). The absolute fecundity relative to weight was higher in groups induced at 12:00, regardless of the hormone used (LP: 805 ± 448 and 700 ± 214, for CPE and gonadorelin, respectively; dark phase: 580 ± 396 and 529 ± 105, P < 0.05). Both times used for hormonal induction with CPE and gonadorelin were suitable for inducing reproduction in lambari, although induction with CPE in LP had the best results.

[Analysis of the nutritional state and body composition of school children in Granada (Spain)]. / Análisis del estado nutricional y composición corporal de una población de escolares de Granada.

The objective of this study was to first determine the nutritional state of a sample population of school children, and then analyze the distribution pattern of their subcutaneous fat layer. The sample was composed of 977 school children from the city and province of Granada (Spain). All of the children (524 girls and 452 boys) were 9-17 years of age. To study their nutritional state and the distribution of the subcutaneous fat layer, they were given a complete anthropometric evaluation, which included measuring their weight, height, body mass index, skin folds, and body perimeters. The results obtained showed a 23.01% prevalence of overweight in the female subjects and 20.81% in the male subjects. Furthermore, the female subjects had an obesity prevalence of 12.70% in comparison to the male subjects, whose obesity prevalence was 4.98%. The distribution pattern of subcutaneous fat was found to be mainly located in the central part of body. The high percentage of overweight and obesity along with the development of a central fat distribution pattern (neck, chest, and abdomen) in these school children is clear evidence of potential cardiovascular risk.

[Analysis of the nutritional state of school children in different districts of the province of Granada (Spain)]. / Análisis del estado nutricional en escolares; estudio por áreas geográficas de la provincia de Granada (España).

BACKGROUND: In Spain the prevalence of obesity shows a north-south distribution. In the province of Granada its distribution is unknown. OBJECTIVES: (1) To study the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a sample population of school children and adolescents from different districts in the province of Granada. (2) To verify whether there are significant differences, depending on the district where the students reside. (3) To find a possible correlation between the nutritional state of the students and that of their parents. METHODS: The population sample was composed of 977 school children and adolescents from 9 to 17 years of age, attending 13 public elementary schools and high schools in the city and province of Granada (Spain). In this analytical and multicentric study, the nutritional state of the subjects was evaluated by means of anthropometric measurements. Furthermore, data were collected by means of questionnaire to discover whether the respondents had a family history of overweight or obesity. RESULTS: We found a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among the studied population. In girls, the greater prevalence of both overweight and obesity ranged from 12 to 14 years of age. In boys, there was an increase in the prevalence of overweight at twelve years of age. Regarding obesity, their rates were significantly lower than those described among girls. There were statistically significant differences for weight (F = 4,154; p = 0,003) but not for height (F = 1,928; p =0,105). But for the variable BMI was statistically significant difference (F = 5.037; P < 0.001) between the studied geographical areas. The results showed that the nutritional state of students with a family history of obesity was significantly worse (p < 0.01). DISCUSSION: A high prevalence of obesity was found in the sample, especially among the girls. There exists a geographical distribution pattern, possibly derived from the socioeconomic characteristics of each area in the province. The existence of a family history of obesity is an important factor that can determine whether the child will also become obese in the future.

[Prevalence of nutritional overweight and obesity and hypertension as well as their relationship with anthropometric indicators in a population of students in Granada and its provinces]. / Prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad nutricional e hipertensión arterial y su relación con indicadores antropométricos en una población de escolares de Granada y su provincia.

INTRODUCTION: Several authors have found correlations between anthropometric parameters and blood pressure levels in overweight and obese subjects. This paper is an update on the potential of these parameters as a tool for predicting cardiovascular risk. AIMS: to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Second verify the existence of a significant correlation between the main anthropometric indicators and the blood pressure levels. SAMPLE: The population consisted of 977 children and adolescents between 9 and 17 years of age belonging to 13 schools in the province of Granada and city. METHODOLOGY: anthropometric evaluation in which they were assessed six skinfolds, waist circumference, hip and determination of blood pressure in three consecutive occasions. The anthropometric assessment phase began in March 2008 lasted until April 2009. RESULTS: We found that the prevalence of overweight in girls varied between 18.3% and 32.2%. For its part, the prevalence among boys was between 10.9% and 26.1%. Regarding the prevalence of obesity, the girls had similar rates between 4.5% and 15.1%. Among boys the prevalence of obesity was similar, and found rates between 4.7% and 12.6%. Of all the parameters measured, body mass index and waist circumference were the anthropometric indicators that showed a better correlation to blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: BMI and WC are useful anthropometric indicators to predict cardiovascular risk in non adults.

[Obesity in a school children population from Granada: assessment of the efficacy of an educational intervention]. / Obesidad de una población de escolares de Granada: evaluación de la eficacia de una intervención educativa.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this research was to study the prevalence of obesity and excess weight in a population of school children and adolescents, and to verify the effectiveness of an educational intervention, as reflected in the variation of their body mass index values. MATERIALS: The population sample was composed of 977 school children and adolescents from 9 to 17 years of age, belonging to 13 public elementary schools and high schools in the city and province of Granada (Spain). METHODOLOGY: This longitudinal cohort study was analytical, muticentric, and observational. It was carried out in three phases. The first phase involved the evaluation of the nutritional state of the sample population by means of anthropometric measurements (weight, height, body mass index, six skin folds and four body perimeters) as well as arterial blood pressure. The second phase entailed an educational intervention focusing on good nutritional habits and physical exercise. The third and final phase evaluated the effectiveness of the intervention. RESULTS: A higher obesity prevalence (15.1%) was found in school girls between 12 and 13. In the case of boys, obesity prevalence was lower up to age 13 though afterwards, it progressively increased (12.6%). The educational intervention produced an important reduction in body mass index values in both sexes though this reduction was more significant in young females. CONCLUSIONS: There is a currently an alarming increase in obesity and overweight prevalence among the population evaluated in this study. The significant reduction in body mass index values resulting from this research confirmed the effectiveness of the educational intervention to reduce excess weight.

[Breast feeding: an effective method to prevent breast cancer]. / Lactancia materna: un método eficaz en la prevención del cáncer de mama.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the most common gynecological tumor in young women in Western countries. Its profound implications for health and an increasingly early age of diagnosis have been carefully analyzed its causes and possible preventive measures, making their study in a primary goal of epidemiological research. SAMPLE AND METHODS: We reviewed medical records pertaining to 504 female patients aged 19 to 91 years. All of them were diagnosed and treated for breast cancer between 2003-2008 at the Hospital Universitario "San Cecilio" of Granada (Spain). RESULTS: We found a significant correlation (p = 0.001) between the age of cancer diagnosis, length of breastfeeding, and the existence of personal and family history for cancer. By contrast, there were no statistically significant differences test (t-test) between the average age of diagnosis of cancer and having had offspring or not (t = 0.559, p = 0.576). CONCLUSIONS: Breastfeeding for periods of longer than six months, not only provides children with many health benefits, but may also protect the mother from serious diseases, such as breast cancer.