Subject(s)
Alagille Syndrome/diagnosis , Arteriovenous Fistula/diagnostic imaging , Hepatic Artery/abnormalities , Portal Vein/abnormalities , Alagille Syndrome/genetics , Angiography , Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal , Gene Deletion , Hepatic Artery/diagnostic imaging , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Jagged-1 Protein/genetics , Liver/diagnostic imaging , Male , Mutation , Portal Vein/diagnostic imaging , Receptor, Notch2/genetics , Ultrasonography, DopplerABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This report will present a two-year comparison of the incidence and baseline prevalence of dental caries found in both the primary and permanent dentition among a cohort of HIV-infected children as compared to household peer control subjects who were not HIV-infected. METHODS: The subjects in this report were from an initial cohort of 171 children (104 HIV positive and 67 HIV negative), who were participants in the Children's Hospital AIDS Program in Newark, New Jersey, from 1993-1995. This two year analysis reports the findings on the children who completed baseline through Year 02 examinations (N = 121), aged 2-15 years old (68 HIV positive, 53 HIV negative). RESULTS: While the DMFS incidence at Year 02 among the 6-11 year old control subjects was 17% higher than that of the HIV-infected cases (2.1 vs. 1.8, respectively) this same incidence was eight-fold higher for the control subjects among the 12-15 year olds (e.g., 8.1 vs. 1.0, respectively). The mean cumulative dmfs score to date for HIV-infected cases was higher than for the control subjects for both the 2-5 year olds and the 6-11 year olds, (11.0 vs. 7.0) and (10.0 vs. 4.0, P = .02), respectively. In all three age groups, HIV-infected cases had a greater number of primary teeth and fewer number of permanent teeth than the control subjects (P < .01). CONCLUSION: Given that HIV-infected cases had lower DMFS scores and higher dmfs scores than their household peer controls, the fewer mean number of permanent teeth among the HIV-infected cases suggests that this delayed tooth eruption pattern in permanent teeth contributed to the lower DMFS scores seen in the HIV-infected cases.
Subject(s)
Dental Caries/epidemiology , HIV Infections/complications , Adolescent , Analysis of Variance , Case-Control Studies , Chi-Square Distribution , Child , Child, Preschool , DMF Index , Dental Caries/complications , Dentition, Permanent , Female , HIV Infections/physiopathology , Humans , Incidence , Infant , Longitudinal Studies , Male , New Jersey/epidemiology , Peer Group , Prevalence , Tooth Eruption , Tooth, DeciduousABSTRACT
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), the sole species in the EEE antigenic complex, is divided into North and South American antigenic varieties based on hemagglutination inhibition tests. Here we describe serologic and phylogenetic analyses of representatives of these varieties, spanning the entire temporal and geographic range available. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed additional genetic diversity within the South American variety; 3 major South/Central American lineages were identified including one represented by a single isolate from eastern Brazil, and 2 lineages with more widespread distributions in Central and South America. All North American isolates comprised a single, highly conserved lineage with strains grouped by the time of isolation and to some extent by location. An EEEV strain isolated during a 1996 equine outbreak in Tamaulipas State, Mexico was closely related to recent Texas isolates, suggesting southward EEEV transportation beyond the presumed enzootic range. Plaque reduction neutralization tests with representatives from the 4 major lineages indicated that each represents a distinct antigenic subtype. A taxonomic revision of the EEE complex is proposed.
