Bilateral inguinal lymph-node dissection vs. unilateral inguinal lymph-node dissection and dynamic sentinel node biopsy in clinical N1 squamous cell carcinoma of the penis.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the role of unilateral inguinal lymph-node dissection (ILND) plus contralateral dynamic sentinel node biopsy (DSNB) vs. bilateral ILND in clinical N1 (cN1) penile squamous cell carcinoma (peSCC) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Within our institutional database (1980-2020, included), we identified 61 consecutive cT1-4 cN1 cM0 patients with histological confirmed peSCC who underwent either unilateral ILND plus DSNB (26) or bilateral ILND (35). RESULTS: Median age was 54 years (Interquartile range [IQR]: 48-60 years). Median follow-up was 68 months (IQR 21-105 months). Most patients had pT1 (23 %) or pT2 (54.1%), as well as G2 (47.5%) or G3 (23%) tumors, while lymphovascular invasion (LVI) was present in 67.1% of cases. Considering a cN1 and a cN0 groin, overall 57 out of 61 patients (93.5%) had nodal disease in the cN1 groin. Conversely, only 14 out of 61 patients (22.9%) had nodal disease in the cN0 groin. 5-year IR-free survival was 91% (Confidence interval [CI] 80%-100%) for bilateral ILND group and 88% (CI 73%-100%) for the ipsilateral ILND plus DSNB group (P-value 0.8). Conversely, 5-year CSS was 76% (CI 62%-92%) for bilateral ILND group and 78% (CI 63%-97%) for the ipsilateral ILND plus contralateral DSNB group (P-value 0.9). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with cN1 peSCC the risk of occult contralateral nodal disease is comparable to cN0 high risk peSCC and the gold standard, namely bilateral ILND, may be replaced by unilateral ILND and contralateral DSNB without affecting positive node detection, IRRs and CSS.

Combination of Deauville score and quantitative positron emission tomography parameters as a predictive tool of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell efficacy.

BACKGROUND: Autologous anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is an effective treatment for approximately 40% of relapsed/refractory large B cell lymphomas (LBCL), and early identification of patients at risk for relapse or progression after CAR T-cell therapy represents a clinical need. METHODS: The authors conducted a single-center prospective study on 47 relapsed/refractory LBCL receiving CAR T-cell therapy to evaluate the prognostic value of baseline and after infusion 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography. Qualitative and quantitative metabolic parameters were evaluated before lymphodepletion, at day 30 and 90 post-infusion. RESULTS: Deep variation of standardized uptake value (SUV)mean between baseline and day 30 correlated with response at day 90 (hazard ratio [HR], 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-2.2); p = .04) and better progression-free survival (PFS) (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.41-0.97); p = .04). In the overall population, 1-year PFS was 63% for Deauville score (DS)1-3 and 39% for DS4-5 patients, respectively (p = .02), however, the prognostic role of DS was lost when survivals are analyzed by considering 38 patients not progressing at 30 days. In these patients, in partial response or stable disease, the combination of DS and variation of SUVmean allowed identification of three groups with different prognosis: patients with DS1-3 and those with DS4-5 and decreased SUVmean had similar 1-year PFS of 62% and 61%, whereas patients with DS4-5 and increased SUVmean had a poorer 1-year PFS of 33% (p = .04). CONCLUSIONS: PET parameters and association of DS and variation of SUVmean at 30 days could help in identify patients at high risk of CAR T-cell failure. LAY SUMMARY: This is a single-center prospective study on 47 lymphoma patients receiving commercial chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of baseline and after infusion 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Among patients in partial remission or stable disease at day 30, the authors observed two subgroups with significantly different prognosis; patients with Deauville score (DS)4-5 and a concomitant reduction of standardized uptake value (SUV)mean had higher probability of long-lasting response than those with DS4-5 and an increase of SUVmean .

Occurrence of breast-cancer-related lymphedema after reverse lymphatic mapping and selective axillary dissection versus standard surgical treatment of axilla: A two-arm randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The need for axillary dissection (AD) is declining, but it is still essential for many patients with nodal involvement who risk developing breast-cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) with lifelong consequences. Previous nonrandomized studies found axillary reverse mapping and selective axillary dissection (ARM-SAD) a safe and feasible way to preserve the arm's lymphatic drainage. METHODS: The present two-arm prospective randomized clinical trial was held at a single comprehensive cancer center to ascertain whether ARM-SAD can reduce the risk of BCRL, compared with standard AD, in patients with node-positive breast cancer. Whatever the type of breast surgery or adjuvant treatments planned, 130 patients with nodal involvement met our inclusion criteria: 65 were randomized for AD and 65 for ARM-SAD. Twelve months after surgery, a physiatrist assessed patients for BCRL and calculated the excess volume of the operated arm. Lymphoscintigraphy was used to assess drainage impairment. Self-reports of any impairment were also recorded. RESULTS: The difference in the incidence of BCRL between the two groups was 21% (95% CI, 3-37; p = .03). A significantly lower rate of BCRL after ARM-SAD was confirmed by a multimodal analysis that included the physiatrist's findings, excess arm volume, and lymphoscintigraphic findings, but this was not matched by a significant difference in patients' self-reports. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings encourage a change of surgical approach when AD is still warranted. ARM-SAD may be an alternative to standard AD to reduce the treatment-related morbidity.

Exceptional tumour responses to fasting-mimicking diet combined with standard anticancer therapies: A sub-analysis of the NCT03340935 trial.

BACKGROUND: Cyclic fasting or calorie-restricted, low-carbohydrate, low-protein diets, collectively referred to as fasting-mimicking diets (FMDs), demonstrated additive or synergistic antitumour effects when combined with chemotherapy, targeted therapies, or immunotherapy in several preclinical in vivo models, including murine models of breast cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer. However, no data on the antitumour efficacy of cyclic FMD in patients with cancer have been published so far. Here, we aim at reporting on patients with advanced cancer achieving complete and long-lasting tumour remissions with cyclic FMD in combination with standard anticancer therapies in the context of the phase Ib NCT03340935 trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The NCT03340935 trial enrolled 101 patients with different tumour types, and it showed that a severely calorie-restricted FMD regimen is safe and feasible in patients with cancer receiving concomitant standard-of-care antineoplastic therapies. In addition, cyclic FMD resulted in positive metabolic and immunologic modifications, thus recapitulating the biological effects that in preclinical models were found to mediate the antitumour effects of fasting/FMD. RESULTS: Of the 101 patients enrolled in the NCT03340935 trial, we identified five patients with advanced, poor prognosis solid neoplasms (n = 1: extensive stage small cell lung cancer; n = 1: metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma; n = 1: metastatic colorectal cancer; n = 2: metastatic triple-negative breast cancer), who achieved complete and long-lasting tumour responses when treated with a combination of cyclic FMD and standard systemic treatments in the context of the NCT03340935 trial. CONCLUSION: These excellent responses prompt the initiation of clinical trials to investigate cyclic FMD in combination with standard antitumour therapies in specific clinical contexts.

Unexpected Detection of Skeletal Muscle Renal Cell Carcinoma Metastasis With 99m Tc-EDDA/HYNIC-Tyr3-Octreotide (Tektrotyd) Scan.

ABSTRACT: Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with 99m Tc-Tektrotyd is widely used for the investigation of neuroendocrine tumors. Overexpression of somatostatin receptors has been shown in different tumor types including lymphomas, breast carcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Isolated case reports have shown that RCC metastases can be identified using somatostatin receptor imaging such as Octreoscan scintigraphy and 68 Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT. We report the case of a 70-year-old man with a history of surgically removed RCC who referred to 99m Tc-Tektrotyd scintigraphy for the evaluation of a pancreatic tail lesion. The scan revealed intense tracer uptake in a left splenius cervicis muscle lesion that on biopsy was consistent with metastatic RCC.

Update on radioligand therapy with 177Lu-PSMA for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: clinical aspects and survival effects.

OBJECTIVE: To give an updated overview on clinical aspects and survival effects of lutetium-177-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) (177Lu-PSMA) radioligand therapy (RLT), a novel treatment option for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). METHODS: PubMed/MEDLINE database was searched for relevant articles published up to March 2021. The search was restricted to English-language articles. RESULTS: Current evidence from the literature consistently demonstrated the efficacy, safety, and survival benefit of 177Lu-PSMA RLT in mCRPC. However, current data rely predominantly on retrospective analyses, showing heterogeneity of patient population and treatment protocols. More recently, results from the first randomized phase II study (TheraP) demonstrated that 177Lu-PMSA therapy significantly improved prostate-specific antigen response rate (66% vs 37%) and had fewer grade 3/4 adverse events when compared to cabazitaxel in patients with docetaxel-pretreated, progressive mCRPC. This review is intended to provide an updated overview of treatment protocols and responses, toxicity profile, and survival effects of 177Lu-PSMA RLT. CONCLUSIONS: 177Lu-PSMA RLT has emerged as a promising targeted treatment in mCRPC. It is currently applied in compassionate use programs and following exhaustion of approved therapies. Crucial for establishing this treatment in routine clinical management will be the results of the phase III VISION trial, which may confirm the encouraging patient outcomes reported to date.

Clinical Outcomes in Clinical N0 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis According to Nodal Management: Early, Delayed or Selective (following Dynamic Sentinel Node Biopsy) Inguinal Lymph-Node Dissection.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the oncologic efficacy of early inguinal lymph-node dissection, observation or dynamic sentinel node biopsy followed by delayed or selective inguinal lymph-node dissection in cN0 patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1980 and 2017 (inclusive), 296 evaluable consecutive cN0 penile squamous cell carcinoma patients underwent early inguinal lymph-node dissection (16), observation (114) or dynamic sentinel node biopsy (166). Median followup was 50 months. Tumor stage, grade, lympho-vascular invasion and age were considered. Kaplan-Meier plots illustrated 5-year inguinal relapse-free and cancer specific survival rates. Multivariable Cox regression models tested the treatment effect. Analyses were repeated after inverse probability of treatment weighting adjustment. RESULTS: The 5-year inguinal relapse-free survival and cancer specific survival rates following early, observation and dynamic sentinel node biopsy inguinal lymph-node dissection were 100%, 87%, 89%, and 84%, 81%, 85%, respectively. The 5-year crude inguinal relapse-free survival and cancer specific survival rates were 90% and 93% in low-risk patients undergoing observation. Clavien grade 3 complications were 0.6 vs 12.5% in the dynamic sentinel node biopsy and early inguinal lymph-node dissection group, respectively. After inverse probability after treatment weighting adjustment, 5-year inguinal relapse and cancer specific survival were 90% vs 73% and 90% vs 77% following dynamic sentinel node biopsy and observation, respectively. At multivariable Cox regression model, patients undergoing dynamic sentinel node biopsy had significantly lower inguinal relapse (HR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.85, p 0.02) and cancer specific mortality (HR 0.29, 95% CI 0.11-0.77; p=0.01) compared to those under observation. The low number of patients undergoing early inguinal lymph-node dissection made a reliable comparison with this group impractical. CONCLUSIONS: Selective inguinal lymph-node dissection following dynamic sentinel node biopsy significantly improved inguinal relapse and cancer specific mortality when compared with observation, providing evidence of efficacy of dynamic sentinel node biopsy in clinical stage N0 squamous cell carcinoma of the penis.

Role of pretreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT parameters in predicting outcome of non-endemic EBV DNA-related nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) patients treated with IMRT and chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prognostic role of pretreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters in non-endemic Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV DNA)-related nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) patients treated with curative intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with or without chemotherapy (CHT). MATERIALS/METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed clinical data of 160 consecutive non-metastatic NPC patients who received IMRT with or without CHT. Forty-nine out of 160 patients that underwent whole body 18F-FDG PET/CT at our institution for disease staging with a minimum follow-up to 12 months were included in this study. We evaluated the relationship between maximum and mean standardized uptake values (SUVmax and SUVmean, respectively), metabolic tumor volume and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) of primary tumor and cervical lymph nodes with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). We also investigated the prognostic role of clinical variables such as age, disease stage, plasma EBV DNA load (copies/ml), gross tumor volume of primary tumor and lymph nodes. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 55 months. Two- and 5-year OS were 95.8% and 90.5%, respectively, while DFS was 83.4% at both time points. SUVmax of primary tumor ≥ 18.8 g/ml and primary tumor TLG ≥ 203.1 g were significant prognostic factors of worse OS. Furthermore, stages IVB and EBV DNA load ≥ 3493 copies/ml were significantly associated with lower DFS. No correlation was found between PET parameters and plasma EBV DNA load. CONCLUSION: Even in a limited series, our data suggested that SUVmax, SUVmean and TLG of primary tumor could predict a poor outcome in NPC patients also in non-endemic area hypothesizing their use for refinement of prognostication.

Impressive Response to Tandem Treatment With [90Y]DOTATOC and [177Lu]DOTATOC in Grade 3 Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma.

Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy is an effective, well-tolerated, treatment for well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors, resulting in a significant survival benefit and improvement of quality of life. Very few data are available on peptide receptor radionuclide therapy effectiveness in grade 3 neuroendocrine carcinomas with high somatostatin receptor expression. We report the case of a 70-year-old woman with metastatic pancreatic grade 3 neuroendocrine carcinoma who underwent 6 cycles of tandem treatment with investigational radiopharmaceuticals Y-DOTATOC and Lu-DOTATOC achieving an impressive response.

Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Pelvic Tumors: Clinical Indications and Protocols Under Investigation.

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) sampling is an attractive alternative to complete lymphadenectomy. Based on the identification and sampling of the first LN draining a primary tumor, SLN biopsy is the most accurate and the only reliable method for microscopic nodal staging for solid tumors including breast cancer and melanoma. Lymph node status in pelvic tumors remains the most important prognostic factor for recurrence and survival and a major decision criterion for adjuvant therapy. We review the clinical indications, controversies, and perspective of SLN biopsy in male and female pelvic cancers.

FDG-PET/CT to predict optimal primary cytoreductive surgery in patients with advanced ovarian cancer: preliminary results.

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: Primary cytoreductive surgery (CRS) has a significant impact on prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Patient selection is important to recognize factors limiting optimal CRS and to avoid unnecessary aggressive surgical procedures. We evaluated the contribution of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in the presurgical identification of disease sites that may preclude EOC cytoreducibility. METHODS: Patients with suspected EOC underwent 18F-FDG-PET/CT within 20 days before debulking surgery. The PET/CT results were compared with surgical findings and postsurgery histopathology in order to assess the diagnostic value. RESULTS: Between August 2013 and January 2014, 29 patients were evaluated. The histopathology showed 23 EOC and 6 benign tumors. The FDG-PET/CT was positive (maximum standardized uptake value [SUVmax] 11.3 ± 5.4) in 21/23 (91%) patients with EOC and provided 2 false-negatives (1 mucinous and 1 clear cell carcinoma; SUVmax ≤2.8). The FDG-PET/CT was true-negative (SUVmax 2.2 ± 1.6) in 4 out of 6 patients (67%). False-positive FDG-PET results were obtained in 2 cellular fibromas (SUVmax 4.8 and 5.6). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of PET/CT to characterize ovarian masses were 91%, 67%, and 86%, respectively. Among the 21 FDG-PET/CT-positive EOC, we detected factors limiting optimal CRS in 6 cases (29%): 4 hepatic hilum infiltration and 2 root mesentery involvement, confirmed at surgical exploration. The FDG-PET did not find limiting factors in the remaining 15 patients (71%) in whom optimal CRS was obtained. CONCLUSIONS: Fluorodeoxyglucose-PET/CT shows high sensitivity but suboptimal specificity in the characterization of ovarian masses. However, PET/CT may play a role in noninvasively selecting patients with EOC who can benefit from primary CRS.

Post-Synthesis Incorporation of 64Cu in CuS Nanocrystals to Radiolabel Photothermal Probes: A Feasible Approach for Clinics.

We report a simple method for the incorporation of Cu(I) or (64)Cu(I) radionuclides in covellite nanocrystals (CuS NCs). After the in situ reduction of Cu(II) or (64)Cu(II) ions by ascorbic acid, their incorporation in PEG-coated CuS NCs takes place at room temperature. In all the reaction steps, the stability of the NCs under physiological conditions was ensured. The copper incorporation reaction could also take place on CuS NCs bearing biotin molecules at their surface, with no detrimental effects on the specific binding affinity of the NCs toward streptavidin after incorporation. At low loading of Cu ions, the strong near-infrared (NIR) absorption band of the starting CuS NCs was essentially preserved, which allowed for efficient plasmonic photothermal therapy. The combined presence in the NCs of (64)Cu ions, well suitable for positron emission tomography, and of free carriers responsible for the NIR absorption, should enable their theranostic use as radiotracers and as photothermal probes in tumor ablation treatments. Moreover, the simplicity of the preparation scheme, which involves the use of radioactive species only as a last step, makes the protocol easily transferable to the clinical practice.

Evolution in the treatment of gastroenteropancreatic-neuroendocrine neoplasms, focus on systemic therapeutic options: a systematic review.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a group of heterogeneous tumors. The present review discusses current therapeutic strategies for the treatment of gastro-entero-pancreatic NEN. Several systemic options are currently available, including medical systemic chemotherapy, biological drugs, somatostatin analogs and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. The carcinoid syndrome can be adequately controlled with somatostatin analogs; chemotherapy has shown positive outcomes in poor prognosis patients, and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy is a promising treatment based on the use of radioisotopes for advanced disease expressing somatostatin receptors. Targeted therapies, such as multikinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies are also recommended or under evaluation for the treatment of advanced NENs, but some critical issues in clinical practice remain unresolved. Depending upon the development of the disease, a multimodal approach is recommended. The treatment strategy for metastatic patients should be planned by a multidisciplinary team in order to define the optimal sequence of treatments.

Intrahepatic flow redistribution in patients treated with radioembolization.

INTRODUCTION: In planning Yttrium-90 ((90)Y)-radioembolizations, strategy problems arise in tumours with multiple arterial supplies. We aim to demonstrate that tumours can be treated via one main feeding artery achieving flow redistribution by embolizing accessory vessels. METHODS: One hundred (90)Y-radioembolizations were performed on 90 patients using glass microspheres. In 19 lesions/17 patients, accessory branches were found feeding a minor tumour portion and embolized. In all 17 patients, the assessment of the complete perfusion was obtained by angiography and single photon emission computerized tomography-computerized tomography (SPECT-CT). Dosimetry, toxicity, and tumor response rate of the patients treated after flow redistribution were compared with the 83 standard-treated patients. Seventeen lesions in 15 patients with flow redistribution were chosen as target lesions and evaluated according to mRECIST criteria. RESULTS: In all patients, the complete tumor perfusion was assessed immediately before radioembolization by angiography in all patients and after the (90)Y-infusion by SPECT-CT in 15 of 17 patients. In the 15 assessable patients, the response rate in their 17 lesions was 3 CR, 8 PR, and 6 SD. Dosimetric and toxicity data, as well tumour response rate, were comparable with the 83 patients with regular vasculature. CONCLUSIONS: All embolization procedures were performed successfully with no complications, and the flow redistribution was obtained in all cases. Results in term of toxicity, median dose administered, and radiological response were comparable with standard radioembolizations. Our findings confirmed the intratumoral flow redistribution after embolizing the accessory arteries, which makes it possible to treat the tumour through its single main feeding artery.

Single-photon emission computed tomography tracers in the diagnostics of neuroendocrine tumors.

Different imaging strategies have been developed targeting the peculiar features of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Metabolic characteristics and receptor expression on the tumor surface have been studied, and expertise and knowledge are increasing as a result of the implementation of fusion imaging and the development of more detailed positron emission tomography tracers. Scintigraphic study of NETs is the most diffused and convenient technique for evaluating patients suspected to have NETs.

Noncontrast perfusion single-photon emission CT/CT scanning: a new test for the expedited, high-accuracy diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism.

BACKGROUND: Standard ventilation and perfusion (V˙/Q˙) scintigraphy uses planar images for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE). To evaluate whether tomographic imaging improves the diagnostic accuracy of the procedure, we compared noncontrast perfusion single-photon emission CT (Q˙-SPECT)/CT scans with planar V˙/Q˙scans in patients at high risk for PE. METHODS: Between 2006 and 2010, most patients referred for diagnosis of PE underwent both Q˙-SPECT/CT scan and planar V˙/Q˙scintigraphy. All scans were reviewed retrospectively by four observers; planar scans were read with modified Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PIOPED) II and Prospective Investigative Study of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PISA-PED) criteria. On Q˙-SPECT/CT scan, any wedge-shaped peripheral perfusion defect occupying > 50% of a segment without corresponding pulmonary parenchymal or pleural disease was considered to show PE. The final diagnosis was established with a composite reference standard that included ECG, ultrasound of lower-extremity veins, D-dimer levels, CT pulmonary angiography (when available), and clinical follow-up for at least 3 months. RESULTS: One hundred six patients with cancer and mean Wells score of 4.4 had sufficient follow-up; 22 patients were given a final diagnosis of PE, and 84 patients were given a final diagnosis of no PE. According to PIOPED II, 13 studies were graded as intermediate probability. Sensitivity and specificity for PE were 50% and 98%, respectively, based on PIOPED II criteria; 86% and 93%, respectively, based on PISA-PED criteria; and 91% and 94%, respectively, based on Q˙-SPECT/CT scan. Seventy-six patients had additional relevant findings on the CT image of the Q˙-SPECT/CT scan. CONCLUSIONS: Noncontrast Q˙-SPECT/CT imaging has a higher accuracy than planar V˙/Q˙imaging based on PIOPED II criteria in patients with cancer and a high risk for PE.

Safety and antitumor efficacy of (153)Sm-EDTMP and docetaxel administered sequentially to patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Bone metastases are responsible for most of the morbidity associated with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals have been approved for palliation of painful skeletal metastases, but their clinical use is limited by concerns of toxicities both when administered alone and especially when combined with chemotherapy agents. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether docetaxel administered to mCRPC patients after treatment with samarium-153-labeled ethylene-diamine-tetra-methylene-phosphonic acid (Sm-EDTMP) has increased toxicity and/or reduced antitumor efficacy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty mCRPC patients with skeletal metastases were enrolled. Patients received standard therapy with docetaxel (75 mg/m intravenously every 21 days for at least six cycles) on average 6 weeks after Sm-EDTMP (37 MBq/kg). Patients were monitored for the presence of toxicities, and antitumor efficacy was assessed by changes in serum prostate-specific antigen levels. Besides standard descriptive statistical analysis, progression-free survival and overall survival were defined using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Over 80% of the patients showed favorable biochemical responses. Median time to progression was 9.1 months (mean 9.8, 95% confidence interval 7.8-9.9), and median overall survival was 19.9 months (mean 24.5, 95% confidence interval 16.9-22.8); five patients were still alive over 5 years after enrollment. No additional hematological toxicities were observed when docetaxel was administered after Sm-EDTMP other than those expected when administering the agent alone. CONCLUSION: Prior administration of Sm-EDTMP does not cause additional toxicities for subsequent treatment with docetaxel and does not reduce the antitumor efficacy of the latter. This work justifies further investigations on the possible synergistic effects of combined strategies with the two agents.