Ultrasonographic aspects of the gallbladder mucocele in 30 dogs: retrospective study / Aspectos ultrassonográficos da mucocele biliar em 30 cães: estudo retrospectivo

Gallbladder mucocele is characterized by hyperplasia of the gallbladder epithelium, increased mucus production, accumulation, and densification of the bile content, which can lead to biliary obstruction, necrosis, and rupture of the gallbladder wall. Its finding may be accidental or related to symptoms. A retrospective study (2016-2019) was carried out based on abdominal ultrasound examinations in dogs, correlating aspects of the gallbladder and biliary system in the mucocele with existing comorbidities. Thirty dogs diagnosed with biliary mucocele were evaluated, of which 46.66% had the disease at an early stage, and 53.33% showed a more advanced stage. Of these, 66.66% were related to endocrinopathies and hyperadrenocorticism. Signs of extrahepatic bile duct obstruction and biliary peritonitis were observed in two animals. Due to their potential risk of complications, follow-up ultrasound assessments are indicated in cases that opt for clinical treatment, not excluding the need for surgical intervention.(AU)

A mucocele biliar caracteriza-se pela hiperplasia do epitélio da vesícula biliar, aumento da produção de muco, acúmulo e densificação do conteúdo biliar, podendo levar à obstrução, necrose e ruptura da parede da vesícula biliar. Seu achado pode ser acidental ou estar relacionado à sintomatologia. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo (2016-2019) a partir de exames ultrassonográficos abdominais em cães, correlacionando os aspectos da vesícula biliar na mucocele, com comorbidades existentes. Foram avaliados 30 cães com diagnóstico de mucocele biliar, dos quais 46,66% apresentaram a doença em estágio inicial e 53,33% demonstraram estágio mais avançado. Destes, 66,66% tinham endocrinopatias, principalmente hiperadrenocorticismo. Sinais de obstrução de vias biliares extra-hepáticas e peritonite biliar foram observados em dois animais. Por seu potencial risco de complicação, avaliações ultrassonográficas de seguimento são indicadas nos casos de tratamento clínico, não se descartando a necessidade de intervenção cirúrgica.(AU)

Tolerability and Effects of 2-Aminoethyl Dihydrogen Phosphate in Dogs With Mast Cell Tumors.

Canine mast cell tumor is a malignant neoplasm, and a gold standard treatment remains to be determined despite the proposed chemotherapies or other therapies in dogs. This study aimed to determine therapeutic, adverse effects and toxicity, tumor-free, and overall survival times of 10 dogs with surgically excised mast cell tumors evaluated by histopathological/immunohistochemistry and treated with four weekly intravenous administrations of 2-Aminoethyl Dihydrogen Phosphate (70 mg/kg) as adjuvant therapy. No adverse events were noted. Laboratory changes were limited (p < 0.05) in red blood cell, hemoglobin, and platelet counts. Mean tumor-free and overall survival were 599.1 ± 469 and 755.5 ± 423.5 days, respectively. In conclusion, 2-Aminoethyl Dihydrogen Phosphate administration was safe in dogs. However, 2-Aminoethyl Dihydrogen Phosphate was not sufficiently effective to prevent a recurrence, new tumor, or metastasis of canine mast cell tumors with poor immunohistochemical prognostic factors.

Tolerability and effects of 2-Aminoethyl Dihydrogen phosphate in dogs with mast cell tumors

Canine mast cell tumor is a malignant neoplasm, and a gold standard treatment remains to be determined despite the proposed chemotherapies or other therapies in dogs. This study aimed to determine therapeutic, adverse effects and toxicity, tumor-free, and overall survival times of 10 dogs with surgically excised mast cell tumors evaluated by histopathological/immunohistochemistry and treated with four weekly intravenous administrations of 2-Aminoethyl Dihydrogen Phosphate (70 mg/kg) as adjuvant therapy. No adverse events were noted. Laboratory changes were limited (p < 0.05) in red blood cell, hemoglobin, and platelet counts. Mean tumor-free and overall survival were 599.1 ± 469 and 755.5 ± 423.5 days, respectively. In conclusion, 2-Aminoethyl Dihydrogen Phosphate administration was safe in dogs. However, 2-Aminoethyl Dihydrogen Phosphate was not sufficiently effective to prevent a recurrence, new tumor, or metastasis of canine mast cell tumors with poor immunohistochemical prognostic factors.

Partial obstruction and intestinal bleeding secondary to a congenital duodenal diverticulum in a dog

Background: Intestinal diverticulum is an abnormality resulting in the formation of a blind-ended saccular pouch that canbe acquired either congenital, true (involving all intestinal layers) or false (involving the mucosa and submucosa), withextraluminal and intraluminal type. In humans, the acquired is more frequent, the colon is the most affected segment followed by duodenum; and majority cases of duodenal diverticula remains asymptomatic, but biliary obstruction, recurrentacute pancreatitis, hemorrhagic ulcer, proximal intestinal obstruction and perforation may occur. The aim of this report isto present a case of a congenital disease in dogs, prone to misdiagnosis due to non-specific clinical signs.Case: An 8-month-old male Boxer was evaluated due to recurrent hyporexia, vomiting, melena and syncope over threemonths with signs of a possible intestinal obstruction. Physical examination showed no abnormalities except for palemucous membranes. Complete blood count revealed anemia and leukocytosis. Platelets and biochemical profiles werenormal. Abdominal ultrasound examination indicated a dilated duodenum, measuring approximately 3.36 cm in diameter,with heterogeneous fluid content and hyperechoic structures with acoustic shadow, peristalsis appeared decreased andnon-progressive. The gastrointestinal positive contrast study was performed to better evaluate abnormalities detected atultrasonography. Images after 30 min of contrast administration demonstrated a marked distension of the duodenum, filledwith contrast and a mildly filled stomach displaced to the left. Sixty min after contrast administration a marked distensionof the entire duodenum, with tortuous aspect and filled with contrast was seen. The caudal duodenal flexure was connectedto a large barium filled saccular structure that measured approximately 7 cm in diameter...

Partial obstruction and intestinal bleeding secondary to a congenital duodenal diverticulum in a dog

Background: Intestinal diverticulum is an abnormality resulting in the formation of a blind-ended saccular pouch that canbe acquired either congenital, true (involving all intestinal layers) or false (involving the mucosa and submucosa), withextraluminal and intraluminal type. In humans, the acquired is more frequent, the colon is the most affected segment followed by duodenum; and majority cases of duodenal diverticula remains asymptomatic, but biliary obstruction, recurrentacute pancreatitis, hemorrhagic ulcer, proximal intestinal obstruction and perforation may occur. The aim of this report isto present a case of a congenital disease in dogs, prone to misdiagnosis due to non-specific clinical signs.Case: An 8-month-old male Boxer was evaluated due to recurrent hyporexia, vomiting, melena and syncope over threemonths with signs of a possible intestinal obstruction. Physical examination showed no abnormalities except for palemucous membranes. Complete blood count revealed anemia and leukocytosis. Platelets and biochemical profiles werenormal. Abdominal ultrasound examination indicated a dilated duodenum, measuring approximately 3.36 cm in diameter,with heterogeneous fluid content and hyperechoic structures with acoustic shadow, peristalsis appeared decreased andnon-progressive. The gastrointestinal positive contrast study was performed to better evaluate abnormalities detected atultrasonography. Images after 30 min of contrast administration demonstrated a marked distension of the duodenum, filledwith contrast and a mildly filled stomach displaced to the left. Sixty min after contrast administration a marked distensionof the entire duodenum, with tortuous aspect and filled with contrast was seen. The caudal duodenal flexure was connectedto a large barium filled saccular structure that measured approximately 7 cm in diameter...(AU)

Reprodutibilidade e repetibilidade de mensuração radiográfica da silhueta cardíaca em cães da raça poodle / Reproducibility and repeatability of radiographic measurement of the cardiac silhouette in poodles

Avaliou-se o potencial de reprodutibilidade e repetibilidade de um sistema semiautomático de mensuração radiográfica. Para isto foram mensurados, por intermédio de um software o vertebral heart score (VHS) e a área cardíaca normalizada (ACN) em imagens radiográficas de cães da raça poodle clinicamente normais e portadores de insuficiência valvar mitral. Dada a subjetividade da análise da silhueta cardíaca por diferentes observadores, acredita-se que mesmo com um sistema semiautomático essa avaliação poderia ser afetada pela experiência prévia do observador em radiodiagnóstico. Foram analisadas cinquenta e sete imagens radiográficas torácicas de cães atendidos em um hospital veterinário. As imagens foram analisadas por dois grupos de observadores com diferentes níveis de experiência em radiologia: (A) sem experiência (n = 2) e (B) com experiência (n = 2). Demonstrou-se boa repetibilidade e reprodutibilidade para o VHS independente da experiência em radiodiagnóstico, e para a ACN em observadores experientes e com familiaridade com o software.(AU)

The potential of reproducibility and repeatability of a semi-automatic system of radiographic measurement was evaluated. For this purpose, the vertebral heart score (VHS) and normalized cardiac area (NCA) were evaluated in radiographs of healthy poodles and of patients with mitral regurgitation. Considering the subjective aspect of the cardiac silhouette analysis by different observers, it is believed that even with a semi-automatic system this evaluation could be affected by the previous experience of the observer in radiodiagnosis. Fifty seven thoracic images were analyzed by two groups of observers with different levels of experience in radiology: (A) without experience (n = 2) and (B) with experience (n = 2). Regardless of radiodiagnostic experience it was observed good repeatability and reproducibility for VHS, and also for ACN in observers with experience in radiodiagnostics and previous familiarity with the software.(AU)

Reprodutibilidade e repetibilidade de mensuração radiográfica da silhueta cardíaca em cães da raça poodle / Reproducibility and repeatability of radiographic measurement of the cardiac silhouette in poodles

Avaliou-se o potencial de reprodutibilidade e repetibilidade de um sistema semiautomático de mensuração radiográfica. Para isto foram mensurados, por intermédio de um software o vertebral heart score (VHS) e a área cardíaca normalizada (ACN) em imagens radiográficas de cães da raça poodle clinicamente normais e portadores de insuficiência valvar mitral. Dada a subjetividade da análise da silhueta cardíaca por diferentes observadores, acredita-se que mesmo com um sistema semiautomático essa avaliação poderia ser afetada pela experiência prévia do observador em radiodiagnóstico. Foram analisadas cinquenta e sete imagens radiográficas torácicas de cães atendidos em um hospital veterinário. As imagens foram analisadas por dois grupos de observadores com diferentes níveis de experiência em radiologia: (A) sem experiência (n = 2) e (B) com experiência (n = 2). Demonstrou-se boa repetibilidade e reprodutibilidade para o VHS independente da experiência em radiodiagnóstico, e para a ACN em observadores experientes e com familiaridade com o software.

The potential of reproducibility and repeatability of a semi-automatic system of radiographic measurement was evaluated. For this purpose, the vertebral heart score (VHS) and normalized cardiac area (NCA) were evaluated in radiographs of healthy poodles and of patients with mitral regurgitation. Considering the subjective aspect of the cardiac silhouette analysis by different observers, it is believed that even with a semi-automatic system this evaluation could be affected by the previous experience of the observer in radiodiagnosis. Fifty seven thoracic images were analyzed by two groups of observers with different levels of experience in radiology: (A) without experience (n = 2) and (B) with experience (n = 2). Regardless of radiodiagnostic experience it was observed good repeatability and reproducibility for VHS, and also for ACN in observers with experience in radiodiagnostics and previous familiarity with the software.

Abordagem clínico-cirúrgica de desvio portossistêmico congênito em pequenos animais: quais as novidades? / Clinical and surgical approach of congenital portosystemic shunt in small animals: are there new informations?

Foi realizada uma revisão sobre a fisiopatogenia, sinais clínicos, diagnóstico e principais tratamentos e técnicas para o desvio portossistêmico em pequenos animais. As fontes pesquisadas foram: CAB, MEDILINE por um período retrospectivo de 20 anos e acervos da Biblioteca da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). O desvio portossistêmico congênito (DPSC) é uma das anormalidades vasculares mais comuns em cães, as raças de pequeno porte apresentam maior incidência. Os DPSCs em cães e gatos são comunicações vasculares que ocorrem do sistema venoso portal para o sistema venoso sistêmico, ou seja, fazem uma via secundária. Há dois tipos de DPSCs, intra-hepático e extra-hepático, observados com frequência em raças de grande porte e miniaturas, respectivamente. O diagnóstico é baseado no histórico de animais jovens com retardo de crescimento, letargia, convulsão ou distúrbio de comportamento principalmente após alimentação, retorno demorado de anestesia ou sedação, crise de encefalopatia hepática, em raças predispostas. A confirmação do vaso anômalo é realizada pela ultrassonografia com doppler, angiografia por tomografia computadorizada ou por ressonância magnética.(AU)

It was performed a review of pathophysiology, clinical signs, diagnostic and main treatments and techniques for portosystemic shunts in small animals. The researched Sources were: a 20 years retrospective research of CAB, MEDILINE and collection of Faculty of MedicineVeterinary and Animal Science (FMVZ) of the Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Congenital portossystemic shunts (CPSS) are one of the vascular abnormalities more common in dogs. Small breeds are the most affected. The CPSS in dogs and cats, are vascular communications between portal venous system and systemic venous system, in other words, a secondary via. There are two types of CPSS, the intrahepatic and extrahepatic shunts, observed in large and small breeds, respectively. The diagnosis is based on clinical findings of young dogs referring delayed development, lethargy, convulsions, behavior disturbances mainly after food ingestion, poor recovery after anesthesia or sedation, hepatic encephalopathy crisis observed breeds with predisposition. Definitive diagnosis of CPSS is done by abdominal doppler ultrasonography, computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance. Medical management can alleviate signs of hepatic encephalopathy. However, long term treatment is questionable because blood circulation is still bypassing liver to systemic circulation, leading to disturbance of hepatotropic factors distribution to the liver, resulting in liver atrophy. The only definitive treatment is the surgical one. The ideal technique is the progressive attenuation of anomalous vessel and avoid acute portal hypertension. Within the described techniques for surgical treatment, the use of ameroid constrictor represents the safest way of vessel closure. On the other way, some CPS patients can suffer severe perioperative complications. So they need specific clinical and surgical approaches associated to precise image diagnostic to correct localization of the anomalous vessel and surgical success.(AU)

Abordagem clínico-cirúrgica de desvio portossistêmico congênito em pequenos animais: quais as novidades? / Clinical and surgical approach of congenital portosystemic shunt in small animals: are there new informations?

Foi realizada uma revisão sobre a fisiopatogenia, sinais clínicos, diagnóstico e principais tratamentos e técnicas para o desvio portossistêmico em pequenos animais. As fontes pesquisadas foram: CAB, MEDILINE por um período retrospectivo de 20 anos e acervos da Biblioteca da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). O desvio portossistêmico congênito (DPSC) é uma das anormalidades vasculares mais comuns em cães, as raças de pequeno porte apresentam maior incidência. Os DPSCs em cães e gatos são comunicações vasculares que ocorrem do sistema venoso portal para o sistema venoso sistêmico, ou seja, fazem uma via secundária. Há dois tipos de DPSCs, intra-hepático e extra-hepático, observados com frequência em raças de grande porte e miniaturas, respectivamente. O diagnóstico é baseado no histórico de animais jovens com retardo de crescimento, letargia, convulsão ou distúrbio de comportamento principalmente após alimentação, retorno demorado de anestesia ou sedação, crise de encefalopatia hepática, em raças predispostas. A confirmação do vaso anômalo é realizada pela ultrassonografia com doppler, angiografia por tomografia computadorizada ou por ressonância magnética.

It was performed a review of pathophysiology, clinical signs, diagnostic and main treatments and techniques for portosystemic shunts in small animals. The researched Sources were: a 20 years retrospective research of CAB, MEDILINE and collection of Faculty of MedicineVeterinary and Animal Science (FMVZ) of the Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Congenital portossystemic shunts (CPSS) are one of the vascular abnormalities more common in dogs. Small breeds are the most affected. The CPSS in dogs and cats, are vascular communications between portal venous system and systemic venous system, in other words, a secondary via. There are two types of CPSS, the intrahepatic and extrahepatic shunts, observed in large and small breeds, respectively. The diagnosis is based on clinical findings of young dogs referring delayed development, lethargy, convulsions, behavior disturbances mainly after food ingestion, poor recovery after anesthesia or sedation, hepatic encephalopathy crisis observed breeds with predisposition. Definitive diagnosis of CPSS is done by abdominal doppler ultrasonography, computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance. Medical management can alleviate signs of hepatic encephalopathy. However, long term treatment is questionable because blood circulation is still bypassing liver to systemic circulation, leading to disturbance of hepatotropic factors distribution to the liver, resulting in liver atrophy. The only definitive treatment is the surgical one. The ideal technique is the progressive attenuation of anomalous vessel and avoid acute portal hypertension. Within the described techniques for surgical treatment, the use of ameroid constrictor represents the safest way of vessel closure. On the other way, some CPS patients can suffer severe perioperative complications. So they need specific clinical and surgical approaches associated to precise image diagnostic to correct localization of the anomalous vessel and surgical success.

Estudo da técnica intracapsular assistida por artroscopia para o tratamento da ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial em cadáveres de cães / Study in dog's cadavers of the assisted by arthroscopy intracapsular technique for the treatment of the cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the dog

O objetivo foi estudar e aprimorar a técnica intracapsular de reparação do ligamento cruzado cranial assistida por artroscopia em cadáveres de cães com a confecção dos túneis tibial e femoral e utilização de autoenxerto osso-tendão patelar-osso. Foram utilizados 10 membros pélvicos de cães > 20kg. Os túneis ósseos foram confeccionados de forma independente e na posição anatômica original dos locais de inserção do ligamento cruzado cranial. Foram realizados estudo radiográfico e tomográfico para avaliar a articulação. A coleta das porções ósseas do enxerto foi feita com osteótomo e martelo. Ocorreram fratura em três patelas e em três tuberosidades tibiais. Os enxertos apresentaram comprimento médio 7,56cm. Os túneis tibiais e os túneis femorais foram confeccionados no local de inserção do ligamento cruzado cranial em 80% e 90% das articulações, respectivamente. Os túneis tibiais apresentaram ângulo médio de 62,95º mensurado por tomografia computadorizada. Os túneis femorais foram confeccionados em posição 13hs para o joelho esquerdo (100%) e 11hs para o direito (100%). Ao final do procedimento, obteve-se gaveta negativo em 100% das articulações. Pode-se concluir que a técnica proposta é viável de ser realizada no cão, porém faz-se necessário instrumental específico devido ao pequeno tamanho da articulação canina para obter melhor acurácia.(AU)

The aim was study and improve the intra-articular technique assisted by arthroscopy of the cranial cruciate ligament repair in dog's cadavers. The bone-patelar tendon-bone was used as a graft and were made the femoral and tibial tunnels. The hindlimb of 10 dogs cadavers weighing > 20kg were harvested. The femoral and tibial tunnels were made independent of each other, in the footprint of the original cranial cruciate ligament. Radiographic and tomographic studies were performed to evaluate the joint. The osseous portions of the graft were were harversted with osteotome and hammer. Fractures occurred in 3 patellas and 3 tibial tuberosities. The medium lenght of the grafts was 7,56cm. Tibial and femoral tunnels were in the footprint of the cranial cruciate ligament in 80% and 90% of the joints, respectively. The tibial tunnel had an average angle of 62,95º measured by computer tomography. The femoral tunnel was at 13h in the left knee and at 11h in the right knee in all joints (100%). At the end of the procedure the drawer test was negative in all joints (100%). It can be concluded that the proposed technique is feasible to be performed in the dog. But because to the small size of the canine joint it is necessary specific instruments in order to obtain better acuracy.(AU)

Sonographic evaluation of the lumbosacral region for neuroaxial anaesthesia in domestic felines / Avaliação ultrassonográfica da região lombossacra para anestesia neuroaxial em felinos domésticos

The objective of this study was to describe the lumbosacral region of domestic felines using ultrasonography. The limits and dimensions of the epidural and subarachnoid spaces were identified and their correlation with sex and body score condition (BSC) were evaluated. Fourteen mongrel cat cadavers, nine males and five females, weighing between 2.0 and 4.5 kg and with BCS ranging from 2 to 5 (1–5) were used. The cadavers were put in sternal recumbency and ultrasonographic images of the lumbosacral region were obtained in the sagittal and transverse planes. There was no statistical difference in the measurements between males and females. The BCS was positively correlated with the distance between the skin and dorsal epidural space, the distance between the skin and dural sac, and the distance between the skin and the ventral floor. No correlations were identified between the BCS and the distance between epidural space and dural sac, BCS and the sagittal dural sac height, or BCS and transverse dural sac height. The study showed that animals with a higher body condition score present larger distances between structures, regardless of their sex. In addition, the sonographic study verified the close proximity of the epidural and subarachnoid spaces, highlighting the risk of inadvertent spinal puncture in felines.(AU)

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a região lombossacra de felinos domésticos por meio da ultrassonografia, identificando os limites e dimensionando os espaços peridural e subaracnoide, relacionando essas medidas com o sexo e o escore corporal dos animais. Foram utilizados 14 cadáveres de gatos, sem raça definida, nove machos e cinco fêmeas, pesando entre 2,0 e 4,5 kg e com escore corporal variando de 2 a 5 (1-5). Para a avaliação da região lombossacra, os animais foram posicionados em decúbito esternal e imagens ultrassonográficas desta região foram adquiridas nos planos sagital e transversal. Não houve diferença estatística entre machos e fêmeas com relação às medidas. Houve correlação positiva entre o escore corporal e a distância entre a pele e o espaço peridural dorsal; escore corporal e a distância entre a pele e o saco dural; e escore corporal e a distância entre a pele e o assoalho ventral. Não foram identificadas correlações entre o escore corporal e a distância entre o espaço peridural e saco dural; escore corporal e altura do saco dural sagital; e escore corporal e altura saco dural transversal. Conclui-se que animais com maior escore corporal apresentam distâncias maiores, e não há diferença nas mensurações com relação ao sexo. Além disso, o estudo ultrassonográfico constatou a proximidade do espaço peridural e raquidiano, implicando no risco de punção inadvertida em felinos.(AU)

Sonographic evaluation of the lumbosacral region for neuroaxial anaesthesia in domestic felines / Avaliação ultrassonográfica da região lombossacra para anestesia neuroaxial em felinos domésticos

The objective of this study was to describe the lumbosacral region of domestic felines using ultrasonography. The limits and dimensions of the epidural and subarachnoid spaces were identified and their correlation with sex and body score condition (BSC) were evaluated. Fourteen mongrel cat cadavers, nine males and five females, weighing between 2.0 and 4.5 kg and with BCS ranging from 2 to 5 (1–5) were used. The cadavers were put in sternal recumbency and ultrasonographic images of the lumbosacral region were obtained in the sagittal and transverse planes. There was no statistical difference in the measurements between males and females. The BCS was positively correlated with the distance between the skin and dorsal epidural space, the distance between the skin and dural sac, and the distance between the skin and the ventral floor. No correlations were identified between the BCS and the distance between epidural space and dural sac, BCS and the sagittal dural sac height, or BCS and transverse dural sac height. The study showed that animals with a higher body condition score present larger distances between structures, regardless of their sex. In addition, the sonographic study verified the close proximity of the epidural and subarachnoid spaces, highlighting the risk of inadvertent spinal puncture in felines.

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a região lombossacra de felinos domésticos por meio da ultrassonografia, identificando os limites e dimensionando os espaços peridural e subaracnoide, relacionando essas medidas com o sexo e o escore corporal dos animais. Foram utilizados 14 cadáveres de gatos, sem raça definida, nove machos e cinco fêmeas, pesando entre 2,0 e 4,5 kg e com escore corporal variando de 2 a 5 (1-5). Para a avaliação da região lombossacra, os animais foram posicionados em decúbito esternal e imagens ultrassonográficas desta região foram adquiridas nos planos sagital e transversal. Não houve diferença estatística entre machos e fêmeas com relação às medidas. Houve correlação positiva entre o escore corporal e a distância entre a pele e o espaço peridural dorsal; escore corporal e a distância entre a pele e o saco dural; e escore corporal e a distância entre a pele e o assoalho ventral. Não foram identificadas correlações entre o escore corporal e a distância entre o espaço peridural e saco dural; escore corporal e altura do saco dural sagital; e escore corporal e altura saco dural transversal. Conclui-se que animais com maior escore corporal apresentam distâncias maiores, e não há diferença nas mensurações com relação ao sexo. Além disso, o estudo ultrassonográfico constatou a proximidade do espaço peridural e raquidiano, implicando no risco de punção inadvertida em felinos.

Estudo da técnica intracapsular assistida por artroscopia para o tratamento da ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial em cadáveres de cães / Study in dog's cadavers of the assisted by arthroscopy intracapsular technique for the treatment of the cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the dog

O objetivo foi estudar e aprimorar a técnica intracapsular de reparação do ligamento cruzado cranial assistida por artroscopia em cadáveres de cães com a confecção dos túneis tibial e femoral e utilização de autoenxerto osso-tendão patelar-osso. Foram utilizados 10 membros pélvicos de cães > 20kg. Os túneis ósseos foram confeccionados de forma independente e na posição anatômica original dos locais de inserção do ligamento cruzado cranial. Foram realizados estudo radiográfico e tomográfico para avaliar a articulação. A coleta das porções ósseas do enxerto foi feita com osteótomo e martelo. Ocorreram fratura em três patelas e em três tuberosidades tibiais. Os enxertos apresentaram comprimento médio 7,56cm. Os túneis tibiais e os túneis femorais foram confeccionados no local de inserção do ligamento cruzado cranial em 80% e 90% das articulações, respectivamente. Os túneis tibiais apresentaram ângulo médio de 62,95º mensurado por tomografia computadorizada. Os túneis femorais foram confeccionados em posição 13hs para o joelho esquerdo (100%) e 11hs para o direito (100%). Ao final do procedimento, obteve-se gaveta negativo em 100% das articulações. Pode-se concluir que a técnica proposta é viável de ser realizada no cão, porém faz-se necessário instrumental específico devido ao pequeno tamanho da articulação canina para obter melhor acurácia.

The aim was study and improve the intra-articular technique assisted by arthroscopy of the cranial cruciate ligament repair in dog's cadavers. The bone-patelar tendon-bone was used as a graft and were made the femoral and tibial tunnels. The hindlimb of 10 dogs cadavers weighing > 20kg were harvested. The femoral and tibial tunnels were made independent of each other, in the footprint of the original cranial cruciate ligament. Radiographic and tomographic studies were performed to evaluate the joint. The osseous portions of the graft were were harversted with osteotome and hammer. Fractures occurred in 3 patellas and 3 tibial tuberosities. The medium lenght of the grafts was 7,56cm. Tibial and femoral tunnels were in the footprint of the cranial cruciate ligament in 80% and 90% of the joints, respectively. The tibial tunnel had an average angle of 62,95º measured by computer tomography. The femoral tunnel was at 13h in the left knee and at 11h in the right knee in all joints (100%). At the end of the procedure the drawer test was negative in all joints (100%). It can be concluded that the proposed technique is feasible to be performed in the dog. But because to the small size of the canine joint it is necessary specific instruments in order to obtain better acuracy.

Ultrasound evaluation of lung fields in healthy dogs: scanning technic and aspects of normality / Avaliação ultrassonográfica dos campos pulmonares de cães sadios: técnica de varredura e aspectos da normalidade

Background: The ultrasound exam has always played a secondary role in pulmonary imaging, with its applicability restricted in emergency care to screen for pleural and/or pericardial effusion, pneumothorax and pulmonary contusion. The recognition of different reverberating artifacts arising from the normal aerated lungs (A lines) and in the presence of lungs with interstitial and/or alveolar infiltrates (B lines) led to wider application of the technique in patients with respiratory syndrome. The objective of this study was to describe the ultrasound imaging methodology and the aspects of the pleura, pleural space and lung fields in healthy dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty healthy dogs of different breeds and ages, males and females were evaluated in this study; good health status was confirmed by physical examination, electro and echocardiographic assessment, thoracic radiography and systemic arterial blood pressure measurements. Dogs were scanned by a single examiner experienced in diagnostic imaging and previously trained for 6 months in thoracic ultrasound image interpretation. A MyLab 40 with a microconvex multifrequency probe (5-8 MHz) was used in this study. Evaluation was performed in an orthopneic position (standing or sternal recumbecy) under manual containment. Ultrasound examinations were based on the VetBLUE (Veterinary Bedside Lung Ultrasound Exam) protocol. Lung fields were regionally scanned at the 2nd-3rd, 4-5th, 6-7th and 8-9th intercostal spaces in the right and left hemithorax. A subxiphoid window was added to screen for free fluid in the pleural space and/or pericardial sac. Pleural sliding and A lines, that are hyperechoic parallel equidistant lines arising from the visceral pleura-lung interface could be easily seen at all intercostal spaces in all dogs in this sample, with more difficult visualization at the 2nd-3rd intercostal space. B lines were observed in seven out of twenty dogs (35%).[...]

Ultrasound evaluation of lung fields in healthy dogs: scanning technic and aspects of normality / Avaliação ultrassonográfica dos campos pulmonares de cães sadios: técnica de varredura e aspectos da normalidade

Background: The ultrasound exam has always played a secondary role in pulmonary imaging, with its applicability restricted in emergency care to screen for pleural and/or pericardial effusion, pneumothorax and pulmonary contusion. The recognition of different reverberating artifacts arising from the normal aerated lungs (A lines) and in the presence of lungs with interstitial and/or alveolar infiltrates (B lines) led to wider application of the technique in patients with respiratory syndrome. The objective of this study was to describe the ultrasound imaging methodology and the aspects of the pleura, pleural space and lung fields in healthy dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty healthy dogs of different breeds and ages, males and females were evaluated in this study; good health status was confirmed by physical examination, electro and echocardiographic assessment, thoracic radiography and systemic arterial blood pressure measurements. Dogs were scanned by a single examiner experienced in diagnostic imaging and previously trained for 6 months in thoracic ultrasound image interpretation. A MyLab 40 with a microconvex multifrequency probe (5-8 MHz) was used in this study. Evaluation was performed in an orthopneic position (standing or sternal recumbecy) under manual containment. Ultrasound examinations were based on the VetBLUE (Veterinary Bedside Lung Ultrasound Exam) protocol. Lung fields were regionally scanned at the 2nd-3rd, 4-5th, 6-7th and 8-9th intercostal spaces in the right and left hemithorax. A subxiphoid window was added to screen for free fluid in the pleural space and/or pericardial sac. Pleural sliding and A lines, that are hyperechoic parallel equidistant lines arising from the visceral pleura-lung interface could be easily seen at all intercostal spaces in all dogs in this sample, with more difficult visualization at the 2nd-3rd intercostal space. B lines were observed in seven out of twenty dogs (35%).[...](AU)

Urinary Fractional Excretion of Phosphorus in Dogs with Spontaneous Chronic Kidney Disease.

The increase of urinary fractional excretion of phosphorus (uFEP) may indicate phosphorus retention before the onset of hyperphosphatemia in the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The hypothesis of this study is whether uFEP may increase during the early stage of CKD as a compensatory mechanism to prevent hyperphosphatemia as well as whether hyperphosphatemia in the late stages is associated with increase or decrease in uFEP in dogs with naturally occurring CKD; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the uFEP in CKD dogs with different stages. Forty-nine CKD dogs were included, and they were divided into stage 1 (serum creatinine < 1.4 mg/dL), stage 2 (serum creatinine 1.5 to 2.0 mg/dL), stage 3 (serum creatinine 2.1 to 5.0 mg/dL) and stage 4 (serum creatinine > 5.0 mg/dL), according to the IRIS staging criteria. The stage 3 was subdivided into stage 3-A (serum creatinine 2.1 to 3.5 mg/dL) and stage 3-B (serum creatinine 3.6 to 5.0 mg/dL). The control group comprised 10 dogs, and uFEP ≤ 40% was considered as normal. A progressive increase in uFEP along the progression of CKD was found. However, similar results of uFEP levels were observed in late CKD, since there were no differences between stages 3 (A, B) and 4. Interestingly, some CKD dogs with stage 4 showed normal or reduced uFEP, besides hyperphosphatemia; conversely, some dogs in early CKD had increased uFEP values and normophosphatemia. Our findings suggest that uFEP may act as a compensatory mechanism to avoid the onset of hyperphosphatemia in early CKD, but not in later stages. uFEP assessment may be considered as an additional tool for the diagnostic and monitoring of phosphate disorders in dogs with CKD, since it may help to identify disturbances of phosphorus balance. More studies are needed to elucidate the role of uFEP in phosphorus homeostasis in dogs with CKD.

Osteocondroma intratraqueal em um cão idoso relato de caso / Intratracheal osteochondroma in an old dog a case report / Osteocondroma intratraqueal en un perro viejo relato de caso

Neoplasias traqueais primárias são incomuns em cães e gatos. Os animais acometidos são geralmente de meia-idade a idosos, exceto aqueles que desenvolvem osteocondromas. As manifestações clínicas são consistentes com a obstrução das vias aéreas superiores, incluindo mais comumente tosse, intolerância ao exercício, dificuldade respiratória e cianose. O diagnóstico normalmente é feito por meio do exame radiográfico simples; a realização de traqueoscopia possibilita a identificação e a biópsia das lesões. Lesões neoplásicas devem ser diferenciadas de corpos estranhos e pólipos. Uma cadela da raça pastor alemão, de quinze anos de idade, apresentava histórico de dificuldade respiratória e tosse havia um ano, com piora progressiva. A identificação da formação foi realizada a partir do exame radiográfico simples, e o diagnóstico definitivo foi obtido pela traqueoscopia, seguida da biópsia e do exame histopatológico da formação. (AU)

Primary tracheal neoplasms are uncommon in dogs and cats. Affected animals are generally middle-aged or older, except those that develop osteochondromas. Clinical signs are consistent with upper airway obstruction, most often including cough, intolerance to exercise, breathing difficulty and cyanosis. Diagnosis is usually achieved with a simple radiographic evaluation, while the tracheoscopy allows direct visualization and sampling of the lesion. Neoplastic lesions should be differentiated from other structures such as foreign bodies and polyps. This article reports the case of a 15-year-old female German Shepherd that had a one-year history of progressive dyspnea and cough. Survey radiography helped disclose a mass, but the definite diagnosis was achieved by means of a tracheoscopy followed by biopsy and histopathological exam of the tumor.(AU)

Las neoplasias traqueales primarias son poco comunes en perros y gatos. Los animales afectados son generalmente de edad media a viejos, excepto los que desarrollan osteocondromas. Las manifestaciones clínicas son consistentes con obstrucción de las vías aéreas superiores, frecuentemente tos, intolerancia al ejercicio, dificultad respiratoria y cianosis. El diagnóstico se alcanza normalmente a través de exámen radiográfico simple; la traqueoscopía permite la identificación y biopsia delas lesiones. Las lesiones neoplásicas deben ser diferenciadas de cuerpos extraños y pólipos. Una perra Ovejero alemán de quince años presentó un histórico de dificultad respiratoria y tos desde hacía un año, con agravamiento progresivo. La identificación dela formación se consiguió a través de radiografías simples, y el diagnóstico definitivos e obtuvo por traqueoscopia, biopsia y examen histopatológico de la formación.(AU)

Osteocondroma intratraqueal em um cão idoso – relato de caso / Intratracheal osteochondroma in an old dog – a case report / Osteocondroma intratraqueal en un perro viejo – relato de caso

Neoplasias traqueais primárias são incomuns em cães e gatos. Os animais acometidos são geralmente de meia-idade a idosos, exceto aqueles que desenvolvem osteocondromas. As manifestações clínicas são consistentes com a obstrução das vias aéreas superiores, incluindo mais comumente tosse, intolerância ao exercício, dificuldade respiratória e cianose. O diagnóstico normalmente é feito por meio do exame radiográfico simples; a realização de traqueoscopia possibilita a identificação e a biópsia das lesões. Lesões neoplásicas devem ser diferenciadas de corpos estranhos e pólipos. Uma cadela da raça pastor alemão, de quinze anos de idade, apresentava histórico de dificuldade respiratória e tosse havia um ano, com piora progressiva. A identificação da formação foi realizada a partir do exame radiográfico simples, e o diagnóstico definitivo foi obtido pela traqueoscopia, seguida da biópsia e do exame histopatológico da formação.

Primary tracheal neoplasms are uncommon in dogs and cats. Affected animals are generally middle-aged or older, except those that develop osteochondromas. Clinical signs are consistent with upper airway obstruction, most often including cough, intolerance to exercise, breathing difficulty and cyanosis. Diagnosis is usually achieved with a simple radiographic evaluation, while the tracheoscopy allows direct visualization and sampling of the lesion. Neoplastic lesions should be differentiated from other structures such as foreign bodies and polyps. This article reports the case of a 15-year-old female German Shepherd that had a one-year history of progressive dyspnea and cough. Survey radiography helped disclose a mass, but the definite diagnosis was achieved by means of a tracheoscopy followed by biopsy and histopathological exam of the tumor.

Las neoplasias traqueales primarias son poco comunes en perros y gatos. Los animales afectados son generalmente de edad media a viejos, excepto los que desarrollan osteocondromas. Las manifestaciones clínicas son consistentes con obstrucción de las vías aéreas superiores, frecuentemente tos, intolerancia al ejercicio, dificultad respiratoria y cianosis. El diagnóstico se alcanza normalmente a través de exámen radiográfico simple; la traqueoscopía permite la identificación y biopsia delas lesiones. Las lesiones neoplásicas deben ser diferenciadas de cuerpos extraños y pólipos. Una perra Ovejero alemán de quince años presentó un histórico de dificultad respiratoria y tos desde hacía un año, con agravamiento progresivo. La identificación dela formación se consiguió a través de radiografías simples, y el diagnóstico definitivos e obtuvo por traqueoscopia, biopsia y examen histopatológico de la formación.

Exame radiográfico para a avaliação do ângulo de inclinação do platô tibial em cães - critérios para aquisição da projeção radiográfica / Radiographic examination of the tibial plateau angle in dogs - criteria for acquisition of radiographic projection / El examen radiográfico en la evaluación del ángulo de inclinación de lameseta tibial en perros - criterios para la realización de la radiografia

A ruptura do ligamento cruzado é uma das lesões ortopédicas que mais comumente afeta a espécie canina. O aumento do ângulo de inclinação do platô tibial tem sido relacionado com a ruptura do ligamento. A técnica cirúrgica de nivelamento do platô tibial (TPLO) é uma das técnicas cirúrgicas preconizadas, que objetivam a reestabilização da articulação femorotibiopatelar. O exame radiográfico é uma ferramenta indispensável para o planejamento cirúrgico de diversas técnicas ortopédicas que visam osteotomias corretivas. Avaliar inicialmente o ângulo de inclinação do platô tibial a partir do exame radiográfico é um pré-requisito para o procedimento da TPLO. A proposta do presente estudo é descrever as técnicas para a obtenção da projeção radiográfica correta e ressaltar as referências anatômicas utilizadas para medir o ângulo de inclinação do platô tibial.(AU)

The rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament is one of the most common orthopedic injuries in dogs. The increase in the slope of the tibial plateau has been associated with the ligament tear. The tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) is one of the recommended surgical techniques, and aims to reestablish the tibio and patellofemoral joints. Radiographic examination is an indispensable tool for surgical planning of various orthopedic techniques that apply the use of corrective osteotomies. Measurement of the initial slope of the tibial plateau from radiographic examination is a prerequisite for the TPLO procedure. The purpose of this study is to describe the techniques for a correct radiographic projection, as well as to highlight the anatomical references used for the measurement of the tibial plateau angle.(AU)

La ruptura del ligamento cruzado es una de las lesiones ortopédicas que afecta a los caninos con mayor frecuencia. El aumento del ángulo de inclinación de la meseta tibial ha sido relacionado con la ruptura del ligamento. La técnica quirúrgica para nivelar la meseta tibial (TPLO) es una de las más recomendadas, en la que se busca reestabilizar la articulación femorotibiopatelar. El examen radiográfico es una herramienta indispensable para la realización de diversas técnicas ortopédicas que utilizan osteotomías correctivas. La evaluación inicial del ángulo de inclinación de la meseta tibial en la radiografia es un pre requisito para poder realizar una TPLO. La propuesta del presente estudio es describir las técnicas para la realización de una proyección radiográfica correcta, y resaltar las referencias anatómicas utilizadas para medir el ángulo de inclinación de la meseta tibial.(AU)

Exame radiográfico para a avaliação do ângulo de inclinação do platô tibial em cães - critérios para aquisição da projeção radiográfica / Radiographic examination of the tibial plateau angle in dogs - criteria for acquisition of radiographic projection / El examen radiográfico en la evaluación del ángulo de inclinación de lameseta tibial en perros - criterios para la realización de la radiografia

A ruptura do ligamento cruzado é uma das lesões ortopédicas que mais comumente afeta a espécie canina. O aumento do ângulo de inclinação do platô tibial tem sido relacionado com a ruptura do ligamento. A técnica cirúrgica de nivelamento do platô tibial (TPLO) é uma das técnicas cirúrgicas preconizadas, que objetivam a reestabilização da articulação femorotibiopatelar. O exame radiográfico é uma ferramenta indispensável para o planejamento cirúrgico de diversas técnicas ortopédicas que visam osteotomias corretivas. Avaliar inicialmente o ângulo de inclinação do platô tibial a partir do exame radiográfico é um pré-requisito para o procedimento da TPLO. A proposta do presente estudo é descrever as técnicas para a obtenção da projeção radiográfica correta e ressaltar as referências anatômicas utilizadas para medir o ângulo de inclinação do platô tibial.

The rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament is one of the most common orthopedic injuries in dogs. The increase in the slope of the tibial plateau has been associated with the ligament tear. The tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) is one of the recommended surgical techniques, and aims to reestablish the tibio and patellofemoral joints. Radiographic examination is an indispensable tool for surgical planning of various orthopedic techniques that apply the use of corrective osteotomies. Measurement of the initial slope of the tibial plateau from radiographic examination is a prerequisite for the TPLO procedure. The purpose of this study is to describe the techniques for a correct radiographic projection, as well as to highlight the anatomical references used for the measurement of the tibial plateau angle.

La ruptura del ligamento cruzado es una de las lesiones ortopédicas que afecta a los caninos con mayor frecuencia. El aumento del ángulo de inclinación de la meseta tibial ha sido relacionado con la ruptura del ligamento. La técnica quirúrgica para nivelar la meseta tibial (TPLO) es una de las más recomendadas, en la que se busca reestabilizar la articulación femorotibiopatelar. El examen radiográfico es una herramienta indispensable para la realización de diversas técnicas ortopédicas que utilizan osteotomías correctivas. La evaluación inicial del ángulo de inclinación de la meseta tibial en la radiografia es un pre requisito para poder realizar una TPLO. La propuesta del presente estudio es describir las técnicas para la realización de una proyección radiográfica correcta, y resaltar las referencias anatómicas utilizadas para medir el ángulo de inclinación de la meseta tibial.