Analysis of NADES and its water tailoring effects constructed from inulin and L-proline based on structure, physicochemical and antifreeze properties.

The structure, physicochemical and anti-freeze properties of natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) composed of inulin and L-proline (molar ratio of 1:11) were investigated. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy revealed extensive hydrogen bonding in the pure NADES system, and the addition of water weakens the hydrogen bonding interactions between the components. The smaller transverse relaxation time (T2) represents the stronger hydrogen bond strength, and NADES+40 % H2O exhibited a large T2 (71.68 ms). When 10 % water was added, the viscosity decreased from 3620 mPa·s to 1777 mPa·s, but the conductivity increased to approximately twice the original value. Furthermore, adding 10 % water lowered the glass transition temperature (Tg) of NADES by 5.6 °C. NADES+10 % H2O exhibited favorable thermal stability and freezing resistance, as evidenced by the fact that approximately 82.61 % of the ice crystals area <200 µm2 after 30 min of crystallization. The changes in the structure, physicochemical, and anti-freezing properties of water-tailored NADES are expected to enable the design of novel antifreeze agents.

Sodium-alginate-based indicator film containing a hydrophobic nanosilica layer for monitoring fish freshness.

In this study, hydrophobic sodium alginate/anthocyanin/cellulose nanocrystal indicator films were fabricated by incorporating nanosilica (NS) as a waterproofing layer. The concentrations and formation methods (spraying (S), coating (C), and impregnation (I)) of the NS layer (denoted as NSS, NSC, NSI, respectively) were optimized. The results indicated that the optimum concentration of the NS layer was 5 % at a water contact angle (WCA) 110.5°. Further, Fourier transform infrared spectra showed the presence of SiOSi and SiCH3 groups in the NSS, NSC, and NSI films, and X-ray diffraction spectra indicated that original structures of these films were disordered. Moreover, the surface morphology, mechanical properties, and light transmission were affected by the NS layer, and the optimal layer was found to be NSI. After 10 days of storage at 100 % humidity, the NSI film exhibited low water vapor adsorption (37.22 g) and permeability (0.1484 g/m·s·Pa·10-11) and a high WCA (110.2°). In addition, the NSI film exhibited a visible color shift with an increasing pH of the buffer solution. A monitoring test of fish freshness showed that the NSI film displayed a distinctive color change corresponding to fish spoilage during 14 days of storage. This indicates that NSI has high potential in indicator film applications.

Protective effect of rivaroxaban on arteriosclerosis obliterans in rats through modulation of the toll-like receptor 4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

The aim of the present study was to explore the pharmacological role of rivaroxaban in rats with arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) and the potential mechanism of its action. A total of 60 adult male Sprague Dawley (weighing 210-250 g) were randomly assigned into either the sham group, model group or Riv group. Rats in the sham group were fed a normal diet, whereas those in model group and Riv group were fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. After establishment of the ASO model, rats in the Riv group were intragastrically administered 10 mg/kg rivaroxaban, whereas those in the sham group and the model group were administrated with the same volume of 0.9% saline for 4 weeks. At the end of animal procedures, a blood sample and the femoral artery of the rats were harvested. The results of the present study revealed that rats in the model group presented with an irregularly narrowed femoral artery lumen, disordered endothelial cells, internal elastic plates and smooth muscle cells. By comparison, the arterial wall structure and stenosis of the femoral artery of rats in Riv group recovered and all the pathological changes were alleviated after rivaroxaban treatment. Levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins decreased, whereas the level of high-density lipoproteins increased in the Riv group compared with the model group. Rivaroxaban treatment significantly reduced serum levels of interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and increased the serum level of transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß). Rats in the Riv group had reduced expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), NF-κB and MCP-1, and increased expression of TGF-ß in femoral artery tissues compared with the model group. Therefore rivaroxaban may have exerted its anti-atherosclerotic effects by regulating the expression of genes in the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and the activation of the downstream molecules.

Comparison of efficiency and safety of rivaroxaban, apixaban and enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after arthroplastic surgery: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban, apixaban and enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after arthroplastic surgery. METHODS: We conducted a meta-analysis containing a wide range of randomized controlled trials about efficiency and safety of rivaroxaban, apixaban and enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after arthroplastic surgery in the recent decade from January 2006 to June 2018. The present study separately analyzed the following key components: the different efficiency and safety for rivaroxaban and enoxaparin; apixaban and enoxaparin; and enoxaparin and other new developed anticoagulants. RESULTS: Sixteen studies containing 58885 patients were included. In results of efficacy outcomes, total events occurred in 4.89% patients of rivaroxaban group and 9.55% patients of the control group; however, no significant difference was observed in apixaban groups of their efficacy outcomes. Primary events didn't show significant difference when comparing apixaban with the control or comparing enoxaparin with the control. In analysis of safety outcomes, bleeding events occurred in 3.41% patients of rivaroxaban group compared with 2.84% patients of the control groups; bleeding events in apixaban groups were 4.09% compared with the control groups 4.64%. Bleeding events occurred in 3.51% patients of enoxaparin group, slightly lower than 5.82% of the control group. CONCLUSION: Direct oral anticoagulant, rivaroxaban might have better efficacy outcomes in thromboprophylaxis after arthroplastic surgery; however, apixaban showed no significantly different efficacy outcomes compared with enoxaparin, and enoxaparin may have equal or even better safety outcomes compared with direct oral anticoagulants.