ABSTRACT
Background: Over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics are frequently used in suicide attempts. Accessibility, toxicity, and unsupervised acquisition of large amounts may be facilitators. Aims: To identify patient characteristics associated with OTC drug use as a suicide attempt method among adults. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted using chart review of all individuals who presented to the emergency department (ED) of two adult general hospitals following a suicide attempt during 2009-2010 in Montreal, Canada. Results: Among the 369 suicide attempters identified, 181 used overdosing, 47% of whom used OTC drugs. In logistic regression, women and those with medical comorbidity were more likely to use overdosing, while those with substance use disorders were less likely to do so. Among those who overdosed, women were more likely to use OTC drugs, while those who were Caucasian, had children, comorbidities, diagnoses with substance use disorders, and made attempts in the Fall were less likely to do so. Substances most frequently used were: acetaminophen among OTC drugs (30%); antidepressants (37%), anxiolytics (30%), opioids (10%), and anticonvulsants (9%) among prescription drugs; and cocaine (10%) among recreational drugs. Limitations: Reasons for the suicide method choice were not available. Conclusion: OTC drugs, in particular acetaminophen, are frequently used in suicide attempts. Accessibility to these drugs may be an important contributor.
Subject(s)
Drug Overdose/epidemiology , Nonprescription Drugs/poisoning , Suicide, Attempted/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Age Factors , Depressive Disorder/epidemiology , Emergency Service, Hospital , Female , Humans , Male , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Quebec/epidemiology , Sex Factors , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Recurrent suicidal ideation (SI) may be linked to an increased risk of making suicide plans and suicide attempts. The objectives were to describe the frequency of SI recurrence in a population-based sample of young adults, and to compare mental health diagnoses, substance use, use of health services and medication use among those with and without recurrent SI. METHODS: Data were collected from 785 participants at age 20 years and again at age 24. Chi-square tests were used to compare participants with and without recurrent SI. RESULTS: Of 56 participants who reported SI at age 20, 32% reported SI four years later. Thirty-nine percent of participants with recurrent SI reported poor mental health compared to 8% of participants who never reported SI; 11% (vs. 4%) had sought professional help, 44% (vs. 8%) had been diagnosed with a mood and/or anxiety disorder, and 22% (vs. 2%) had taken medication for a mental health problem. Past-year substance use was higher among those with recurrent SI than among those with no SI: 67% vs. 42% smoked cigarettes, 56% vs. 39% used other tobacco products, 89% vs. 74% binge drank, 56% vs. 42% used marijuana and 33% vs. 17% reported using illicit drugs. CONCLUSION: One third of young adults with a history of SI reported SI four years later. Because SI can recur, clinicians should monitor young adults with a history of SI, assess their substance use and mood/anxiety disorders and if needed, refer them for psychological or psychiatric care.
Subject(s)
Suicidal Ideation , Female , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Mental Disorders/drug therapy , Mental Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Recurrence , Risk Factors , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Young AdultSubject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus/chemically induced , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors , Hypothyroidism/chemically induced , Lithium/adverse effects , Mood Disorders/drug therapy , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/chemically induced , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta , Humans , Lithium/therapeutic use , Lithium/urine , Male , Middle Aged , Osmolar Concentration , Urine/chemistryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine if separation from a father is associated with short-term changes in mental health or substance use in adolescents. METHODS: Every 3 months, during a 5-year period, we followed 1160 Grade 7 students participating in the Nicotine Dependence in Teens Study who were living with both parents. Participants who reported not living with their father for 6 or more consecutive months during follow-up were categorized as separated from father. Pooled regressions within the framework of generalized estimating equations were used to model the associations between separation from father and indicators of mental health (depressive symptoms, and worry and [or] stress about family relationships or the family situation) and substance use (alcohol use and cigarette smoking) 4 to 6 and 7 to 9 months postseparation, controlling for age, sex, and baseline level of the outcome variable. RESULTS: Compared with adolescents living with both parents, adolescent offspring separated from their fathers were more likely to report depressive symptoms (ß = 0.17, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.33) 4 to 6 months postseparation, as well as worry and (or) stress about their parents separating or divorcing (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.29 to 4.43), a new family (OR 4.25, 95% CI 2.33 to 7.76), and the family financial situation (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.53 to 3.60). Separation from father was also marginally significantly related to worry and (or) stress about their relationship with their father (OR 1.53; 95% CI 0.98 to 2.39). At 7 to 9 months postseparation, separation from father continued to be associated with worry and (or) stress about their parents separating or divorcing, a new family, and the family financial situation. Separation from father was no longer associated with worry and (or) stress about their relationship with their father, but it was associated with worry and (or) stress about their relationship with their mother. Separation from father was not related to use of alcohol or cigarettes. CONCLUSION: Adolescent offspring experienced family-related stress and transient depression symptoms in the 4- to 9-month period following separation from their fathers.
Subject(s)
Anxiety/psychology , Depression/psychology , Family Relations/psychology , Paternal Deprivation , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Adolescent , Anxiety/epidemiology , Canada/epidemiology , Child , Cohort Studies , Depression/epidemiology , Disease Progression , Female , Humans , Least-Squares Analysis , Logistic Models , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Multivariate Analysis , Smoking/epidemiology , Stress, Psychological/epidemiology , Underage Drinking/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: We conducted a chart review to identify postsecondary students and nonstudents in the same age range who presented to the emergency department following a suicide attempt to (1) compare demographic characteristics and suicide risk factors and (2) determine factors associated with more serious attempts requiring hospitalizations. METHOD: The study was conducted in 1 tertiary trauma hospital and 1 community hospital affiliated with McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, between January 1, 2009, and March 31, 2010. Charts of patients with potential suicide attempts were identified from medical records using ICD-10 codes that indicated traumatic injury, intentional self-harm, poisoning, and psychiatric or perception/cognition disorders and from the emergency department triage file using keywords that indicated suicidality or self-harm at presentation. RESULTS: In multivariable logistic regression models (odds ratio, 95% CI), students were younger (per 5-year increase: 0.22, 0.12-0.41), less likely to be born in Canada (0.17, 0.06-0.44), and more likely to use less violent methods (laceration, poisoning, other, multiple methods) versus more violent methods (collision, jump, fire burns, firearm, hanging) in their attempt. Fewer students had a history of substance abuse (0.12, 0.02-0.94) but were not different from nonstudents on history of other mental disorders. Less students attempted suicide in the winter/spring (January-April) versus fall (September-December) semester (0.32, 0.11-0.91). Students who attempted suicide were more likely to have family/social support. Those who attempted suicide in the previous year were more likely to require hospitalization for their current suicide attempt. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of specific factors associated with suicide attempts in young people can help inform and guide suicide prevention efforts in both academic and community settings. Specific to the findings of this study regarding the method of suicide attempt used, for example, limiting access to dangerous substances or large quantities of medications may help prevent or reduce suicide attempts in this population.
ABSTRACT
The Nicotine Dependence in Teens (NDIT) study is a prospective cohort investigation of 1294 students recruited in 1999-2000 from all grade 7 classes in a convenience sample of 10 high schools in Montreal, Canada. Its primary objectives were to study the natural course and determinants of cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence in novice smokers. The main source of data was self-report questionnaires administered in class at school every 3 months from grade 7 to grade 11 (1999-2005), for a total of 20 survey cycles during high school education. Questionnaires were also completed after graduation from high school in 2007-08 and 2011-12 (survey cycles 21 and 22, respectively) when participants were aged 20 and 24 years on average, respectively. In addition to its primary objectives, NDIT has embedded studies on obesity, blood pressure, physical activity, team sports, sedentary behaviour, diet, genetics, alcohol use, use of illicit drugs, second-hand smoke, gambling, sleep and mental health. Results to date are described in 58 publications, 20 manuscripts in preparation, 13 MSc and PhD theses and 111 conference presentations. Access to NDIT data is open to university-appointed or affiliated investigators and to masters, doctoral and postdoctoral students, through their primary supervisor (www.nditstudy.ca).
Subject(s)
Adolescent Behavior , Smoking/epidemiology , Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology , Adolescent , Canada , Female , Humans , Male , Prospective Studies , Schools , Self ReportABSTRACT
We examined the association between sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and disruptive behavior disorders in 605 children participating in a population-based cohort study. Nineteen percent of children snored (sometimes or often) and 10% had obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) symptoms. Thirteen percent had an ADHD diagnosis or symptoms and 5-9% had behavioral problems or a conduct disorder. Snoring or OSA symptoms were associated with a twofold difference in the odds of ADHD diagnosis or symptoms. OSA symptoms were associated with a threefold to fourfold difference in the odds of behavioral problems or conduct disorder. Clinicians should consider inquiring about SDB in children with disruptive behavior disorders and should also consider disruptive behavior disorders as potential sequelae of SDB.
Subject(s)
Problem Behavior/psychology , Sleep Apnea Syndromes/complications , Sleep Apnea Syndromes/psychology , Adolescent , Adolescent Behavior , Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders/complications , Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders/psychology , Child , Child Behavior , Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Parents , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/complications , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/psychology , Snoring/complications , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: While the heritability of cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence (ND) is well-documented, the contribution of specific genetic variants to specific phenotypes has not been closely examined. The objectives of this study were to test the associations between 321 tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that capture common genetic variation in 24 genes, and early smoking and ND phenotypes in novice adolescent smokers, and to assess if genetic predictors differ across these phenotypes. METHODS: In a prospective study of 1294 adolescents aged 12-13 years recruited from ten Montreal-area secondary schools, 544 participants who had smoked at least once during the 7-8 year follow-up provided DNA. 321 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 24 candidate genes were tested for an association with number of cigarettes smoked in the past 3 months, and with five ND phenotypes (a modified version of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire, the ICD-10 and three clusters of ND symptoms representing withdrawal symptoms, use of nicotine for self-medication, and a general ND/craving symptom indicator). RESULTS: The pattern of SNP-gene associations differed across phenotypes. Sixteen SNPs in seven genes (ANKK1, CHRNA7, DDC, DRD2, COMT, OPRM1, SLC6A3 (also known as DAT1)) were associated with at least one phenotype with a p-value <0.01 using linear mixed models. After permutation and FDR adjustment, none of the associations remained statistically significant, although the p-values for the association between rs557748 in OPRM1 and the ND/craving and self-medication phenotypes were both 0.076. CONCLUSIONS: Because the genetic predictors differ, specific cigarette smoking and ND phenotypes should be distinguished in genetic studies in adolescents. Fifteen of the 16 top-ranked SNPs identified in this study were from loci involved in dopaminergic pathways (ANKK1/DRD2, DDC, COMT, OPRM1, and SLC6A3). IMPACT: Dopaminergic pathways may be salient during early smoking and the development of ND.
Subject(s)
Dopamine/metabolism , Metabolic Networks and Pathways/physiology , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Smoking/genetics , Tobacco Use Disorder/genetics , Adolescent , Child , Cohort Studies , Female , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Humans , Male , Phenotype , White PeopleABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Little is known about how lithium should be dosed to achieve therapeutic but safe serum concentrations in older adults. In this paper, we investigate how the lithium dose-concentration ratio changes across the lifespan. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional analysis of 63 current lithium users aged 20-95 years using data from McGLIDICS (the McGill Geriatric Lithium-Induced Diabetes Insipidus Clinical Study). Participants underwent blood and urine tests, including serum lithium concentrations. Multivariate analyses were conducted to evaluate potential correlates of the lithium dose-concentration ratio. RESULTS: We found that between the ages of 40-95 years, the total daily dose of lithium required to achieve a given serum concentration decreases threefold (500 vs. 1,500 mg for 1.0 mmol/L). Greater age, once-daily dosing, and lower renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate) were independently associated with a lower lithium dose-concentration ratio. CONCLUSIONS: The lithium dose required to achieve a given serum lithium concentration decreases threefold from middle to old age, with this trend continuing into the ninth and tenth decades of life. In order to avoid lithium toxicity in aging patients, continued serum concentration monitoring and judicious dose reduction may be required, particularly in those patients with reduced renal function.
Subject(s)
Aging , Antimanic Agents/administration & dosage , Lithium/administration & dosage , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Antimanic Agents/blood , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Lithium/blood , Middle AgedABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Lithium continues to be an important mood disorder treatment. Although patients exposed to higher environmental temperatures may have serum lithium level elevations due to dehydration, there is conflicting data in the literature. In addition, no study has assessed the association between temperature and other renal laboratory tests and symptoms in lithium users. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional analysis of 63 current lithium users who participated in the McGill Geriatric Lithium-induced Diabetes Insipidus Clinical Study. The relationship between mean daily temperature with diabetes insipidus symptoms, glomerular filtration rate, urine osmolality, serum sodium, lithium level, and lithium dose-level ratio was assessed. RESULTS: Although a higher temperature on the day of laboratory testing trended toward being independently associated with a lower lithium dose-level ratio (Beta = -0.17, p = 0.08), this was not found when using a dichotomous measure of temperature (T > 20°C). No association was observed between temperature and other renal parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The association of temperature with lithium levels, renal symptoms, and laboratory tests appears to be of relatively little clinical importance in lithium users in temperate climates. However, future research should re-examine patients living in climates with extreme temperatures (e.g., >40°C), who may theoretically be at higher risk.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Insipidus/blood , Diabetes Insipidus/urine , Environment , Lithium Compounds/blood , Psychotropic Drugs/blood , Temperature , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diabetes Insipidus/chemically induced , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Humans , Linear Models , Lithium Compounds/adverse effects , Lithium Compounds/therapeutic use , Male , Middle Aged , Psychotropic Drugs/adverse effects , Psychotropic Drugs/therapeutic use , Sodium/blood , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Despite being a common and potentially serious condition, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) remains poorly understood in older lithium users. Our main objective was to compare the prevalence of NDI symptoms and decreased urine osmolality ([UOsm] < 300 milli-Osmoles [mOsm/kg]) among geriatric and adult lithium users. We also assessed NDI symptoms, serum sodium (Na+), and urine specific gravity (USG) as possible surrogate measures of decreased UOsm, and ascertained whether potential etiologic factors independently correlated with decreased UOsm. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study of 100 consecutive outpatients treated with lithium from 6 tertiary care clinics, of which 45 were geriatric (aged 65 years and older) and 55 adult (aged 18 to 64 years). Patients completed a symptom questionnaire and underwent laboratory tests, including UOsm, serum Na+, and USG. RESULTS: Geriatric and adult lithium users had similar rates of decreased UOsm (12.5%, compared with 17.9%, P = 0.74), but geriatric patients reported less symptoms (P < 0.05). Although UOsm did not correlate with symptoms or current serum Na+, USG of less than 1.010 was suggestive of UOsm of less than 300 mOsm/kg. Age, lithium duration, and serum lithium level were independently associated with UOsm. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of decreased UOsm is similar in geriatric and adult lithium users, but older patients are less likely to report urinary and thirst symptoms. Although subjective symptoms do not correlate with UOsm, USG may be a cost-efficient clinical surrogate measure for UOsm. We suggest clinicians increase their vigilance for decreased UOsm, especially in lithium users with advanced age, longer duration of lithium exposure, and higher lithium levels. This may potentially prevent lithium intoxication, falls, hypernatremic events, and renal dysfunction.
Subject(s)
Bipolar Disorder/drug therapy , Depressive Disorder, Major/drug therapy , Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic/chemically induced , Lithium Compounds/adverse effects , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Bipolar Disorder/urine , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depressive Disorder, Major/urine , Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic/diagnosis , Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic/epidemiology , Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic/urine , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Humans , Lithium Compounds/therapeutic use , Male , Middle Aged , Osmolar Concentration , Reference Values , Sodium/blood , Specific Gravity , Young AdultSubject(s)
Bipolar Disorder/drug therapy , Impulsive Behavior/drug effects , Suicidal Ideation , Humans , Male , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This study examined (1) the factor structure of a depressive symptoms scale (DSS), (2) the sex and longitudinal invariance of the DSS, and (3) the predictive validity of the DSS scale during adolescence in terms of predicting depression and anxiety symptoms in early adulthood. METHODS: Data were drawn from the Nicotine Dependence in Teens (NDIT) study, an ongoing prospective cohort study of 1,293 adolescents. RESULTS: The analytical sample included 527 participants who provided complete data or had minimal missing data over follow-up. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that an intercorrelated three-factor model with somatic, depressive, and anxiety factors provided the best fit. Further, this model was invariant across sex and time. Finally, DSS scores at Time 3 correlated significantly with depressive and anxiety symptoms measured at Time 4. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that the DSS is multidimensional and that it is a suitable instrument to examine sex differences in somatic, depressive, and anxiety symptoms, as well as changes in these symptoms over time in adolescents. In addition, it could be used to identify individuals at-risk of psychopathology during early adulthood.
Subject(s)
Anxiety/diagnosis , Depression/diagnosis , Adolescent , Child , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Female , Humans , Male , Predictive Value of Tests , Prospective Studies , Psychometrics , Sex CharacteristicsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Waterpipe smoking is increasingly popular among North American youth. However, the extent to which waterpipe use is sustained over time is not known. The objective of this study was to describe the frequency and the predictors of sustained waterpipe use over 4 years among young adults. METHODS: Data were available in a prospective cohort investigation of 1,293 seventh-grade students recruited in a convenience sample of 10 secondary schools in Montreal, Canada, in 1999. Data on past-year waterpipe use were collected from 777 participants when they were age 20 years on average (in 2007-2008) and again when they were age 24 years (in 2011-2012) in mailed self-report questionnaires. Twenty potential predictors of sustained waterpipe use were tested, each in a separate multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS: About 51% of 182 waterpipe users at age 20 reported waterpipe use 4 years later. Most sustained users (88%) smoked a waterpipe less than once a month. Parental smoking, being currently employed, less frequent cigarette smoking, and more frequent marijuana use were associated with sustained waterpipe use. CONCLUSIONS: Half of the young adults who used waterpipe during young adulthood reported use 4 years later. Young adults who sustain waterpipe use appear to do so as an activity undertaken occasionally to socialize with others.
Subject(s)
Smoking/trends , Students/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Canada , Female , Humans , Logistic Models , Male , Multivariate Analysis , Prospective Studies , Schools , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: A habitual sedentary lifestyle is associated with adverse health outcomes; however, the predictors of sedentary behaviors have not been sufficiently explored to inform the development and delivery of effective interventions to reduce sedentary behaviors. This study examined whether reports of symptoms of depression could predict weekly time spent in sedentary behaviors (i.e., television watching, computer use) 4years later. METHOD: Self-reported symptoms of depression were assessed at age 20years (2007-08), and television watching time and computer use were assessed at age 24years (2011-12) in 761 adults (45% men) participating in the Nicotine Dependence in Teens study. Data were analyzed using linear regression analysis, with separate models for men and women. RESULTS: After controlling for past sedentary behavior, symptoms of depression at age 20years predicted more computer use 4years later in men (R(2)=.21, ß=.13, p<.05), but not in women. Symptoms of depression did not predict television watching. CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight the need to distinguish between types of sedentary behaviors as their predictors may differ. Further, they provide support for the hypothesis that psychological factors, in this case symptoms of depression, may relate to select sedentary behaviors in young men.
Subject(s)
Computers/statistics & numerical data , Depression/psychology , Health Behavior , Sedentary Behavior , Television/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Body Mass Index , Depression/diagnosis , Depression/epidemiology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Prospective Studies , Regression Analysis , Self Report , Sex Factors , Smoking/epidemiology , Smoking/psychology , Smoking/therapy , Socioeconomic Factors , Time Factors , Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology , Tobacco Use Disorder/psychology , Tobacco Use Disorder/therapy , Young AdultABSTRACT
Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in multiple nicotinic receptor genes (CHRN) are associated with smoking. However few studies have examined the association between CHRN SNPs and subjective responses to smoking in adolescents which may relate to sustained smoking, such as dizziness at first inhalation. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between 61 SNPs in eight CHRN genes (CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNA6, CHRNA7, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4) and dizziness at first inhalation. Data were available from a longitudinal cohort investigation of 1293 students 12-13year-old at baseline. Students completed self-report questionnaires at school every 3months for 5years during secondary school, and a mailed questionnaire three years later. DNA extracted from blood or saliva was genotyped for 61 CHRN SNPs selected using a gene tagging approach. Associations were modeled using logistic regression controlling for sex, race and age at first cigarette. Complete data were available for 356 of 475 participants (75%) who initiated smoking. The minor alleles of three SNPs in CHRNA6 (rs7812298, rs2304297, rs7828365) were associated with a decreased probability of dizziness (OR(95% CI)=0.54 (0.36, 0.81), 0.59 (0.40, 0.86) and 0.58 (0.36, 0.95), respectively), while one SNP in each of three other genes (rs3743077 (CHRNA3), rs755204 (CHRNA4), rs7178176 (CHRNA7)) was associated with an increased probability of dizziness (OR(95% CI)=1.40 (1.02, 1.90), 1.85 (1.05, 3.27) and 1.51 (1.06, 2.15), respectively). Thus, several SNPs located in CHRN genes are associated with dizziness at first inhalation, a smoking initiation phenotype that may relate to sustained smoking.
Subject(s)
Dizziness/genetics , Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics , Smoking/genetics , Adolescent , Alleles , Child , Cohort Studies , Dizziness/chemically induced , Female , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genotype , Humans , Logistic Models , Male , Nicotine/adverse effects , Nicotinic Agonists/adverse effects , Phenotype , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Prospective Studies , Smoke/adverse effects , Nicotiana/adverse effects , Tobacco Use Disorder/geneticsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This study describes developmental trajectories of depressive symptoms in adolescents and examines the association between trajectory group and mental health outcomes in young adulthood. METHODS: Depressive symptoms were self-reported every three months from grade seven through grade 11 by 1293 adolescents in the Nicotine Dependence in Teens (NDIT) study and followed in young adulthood (average age 20.4, SD=0.7, n=865). Semi-parametric growth modeling was used to identify sex-specific trajectories of depressive symptoms. RESULTS: THREE DISTINCT TRAJECTORY GROUPS WERE IDENTIFIED: 50% of boys and 29% of girls exhibited low, decreasing levels of depressive symptoms; 14% of boys and 28% of girls exhibited high and increasing levels; and 36% of boys and 43% of girls exhibited moderate levels with linear increase. Trajectory group was a statistically significant independent predictor of depression, stress, and self-rated mental health in young adulthood in boys and girls. Boys, but not girls, in the high trajectory group had a statistically significant increase in the likelihood of seeking psychiatric care. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial heterogeneity in changes in depressive symptoms over time was found. Because early depressive symptoms predict mental health problems in young adulthood, monitoring adolescents for depressive symptoms may help identify those most at risk and in need of intervention.
OBJECTIF: Cette étude décrit les trajectoires développementales des symptômes dépressifs chez les adolescents et examine l'association entre le groupe des trajectoires et les résultats de santé mentale au début de l'âge adulte. MÉTHODES: Les symptômes dépressifs ont été auto-déclarés tous les trois mois, de la 7e à la 11e année, par 1293 adolescents de l'étude prospective NICO, et ont fait l'objet d'un suivi au début de l'âge adulte (âge moyen 20,4, ET=0,7, n=865). Une modélisation semi-paramétrique de la croissance a été utilisée pour identifier les trajectoires sexospécifiques des symptômes dépressifs. RÉSULTATS: Trois groupes de trajectoires distincts ont été discernés: 50% des garçons et 29% des filles présentaient des niveaux faibles, décroissants de symptômes dépressifs; 14% des garçons et 28% des filles présentaient des niveaux élevés et croissants; et 36% des garçons et 43% des filles présentaient des niveaux modérés avec accroissement linéaire. Le groupe de trajectoires était un prédicteur indépendant statistiquement significatif de dépression, de stress, et de santé mentale autoévaluée chez les jeunes adultes, filles et garçons. Les garçons, mais pas les filles, du groupe de trajectoires élevées avaient une hausse statistiquement significative de la probabilité de recourir à des soins psychiatriques. CONCLUSIONS: Une hétérogénéité substantielle des changements des symptômes dépressifs avec le temps a été observée. Parce que les symptômes dépressifs précoces prédisent des problèmes de santé mentale au début de l'âge adulte, surveiller les symptômes dépressifs des adolescents peut contribuer à identifier ceux qui sont les plus à risque et qui ont besoin d'une intervention.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to examine depressive symptom trajectories during adolescence as predictors of physical activity (PA) in young adulthood. METHODS: Adolescents residing in Montreal, Canada (n=860) reported their depressive symptoms every 3-4 months during high school in 20 data collections. Three years later, participants reported engaging in moderate and vigorous intensity PA and team sports participation. Trajectories of depressive symptoms were estimated using latent growth modeling and examined as predictors of PA outcomes. RESULTS: Three depression symptom trajectory groups were identified during adolescence: low and declining depressive symptom scores (group 1; 37.8%); moderate and stable depressive symptom scores (group 2; 41.6%); and high increasing depressive symptom scores (group 3; 20.6%). In multivariable analyses, group 2 and group 3 participated in less moderate-intensity PA and were less likely to participate in team sports compared to group 1. CONCLUSIONS: The importance of examining intensity and type of PA as outcomes of depressive symptoms is highlighted. Targeted approaches are needed to encourage adolescents with moderate to high depression symptoms to engage in PA and team sports to improve their health and well-being.
Subject(s)
Depression/classification , Depression/prevention & control , Exercise/psychology , Social Participation , Sports/psychology , Canada/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Male , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Severity of Illness Index , Sports/statistics & numerical data , Young AdultABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The objectives of this study were to assess (1) the longitudinal associations of past moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and involvement in team sports during secondary school with depressive symptoms in early adulthood, and (2) the cross-sectional associations of current MVPA and involvement in team sports with depressive symptoms during young adulthood. METHODS: Data were drawn from the Nicotine Dependence in Teens study, which is an ongoing prospective cohort study of 1293 adolescents aged 12-13 years at baseline (52% female). Data analyses involved latent growth curve modeling and multiple hierarchical linear regression models. RESULTS: Current MVPA (ß = -0.12), but not past MVPA, participation was significantly negatively related to depressive symptoms during young adulthood (P < .05). Both current and past involvement in team sports were significantly negatively related to depressive symptoms (ß ≥ -0.09; P < .05); however, these associations were no longer significant (P = .08) when covariates were controlled for. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide insight about the unique associations between the timing and type of physical activity and depressive symptoms, suggesting that physical activity within team sport contexts should be encouraged so that young adults may experience less depressive symptoms.