Effects of Exercise on Nutritional Status in People with Cystic Fibrosis: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Physical exercise is an important part of regular care for people with cystic fibrosis (CF). It is unknown whether such exercise has beneficial or detrimental effects on nutritional status (body composition). Thus, the objective of this review was to evaluate the effect of exercise on measures of nutritional status in children and adults with CF. METHODS: Standardized reporting guidelines for systematic reviews were followed and the protocol was prospectively registered. Multiple databases were utilized (e.g., PubMed, Scopus, and CINHAL). Two reviewers independently reviewed titles/abstracts and then the full text for selected studies. RESULTS: In total, 924 articles were originally identified; data were extracted from 4 eligible studies. These four studies included only children; pulmonary function ranged from severe to normal, and the majority of participants were at or below their recommended weight. Exercise training did not worsen nutritional status in any study; two studies that included resistance exercise reported an increase in fat-free mass. Three of the four studies also reported increased aerobic capacity and/or muscle strength. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise training can produce positive physiologic changes in children with CF without impairing their nutritional status. In fact, resistance exercise can help improve body mass. Much less is known about how exercise may affect adults or those who are overweight.

Overweight and cystic fibrosis: An unexpected challenge.

Achieving a healthy weight balance has been a central focus of care for people who have cystic fibrosis (CF). Over the years, the emphasis has primarily been on promoting weight gain to optimize pulmonary outcomes. With continued improvements in CF care, including highly effective CF modulators available for many people, the CF community is now experiencing a new challenge: addressing the concern that some people are gaining weight excessively. While at this time, we do not know to what extent overweight and obesity will affect health outcomes for people with CF, it is likely that excessive weight gain may have negative health impacts similar to those seen in the general population. In this paper, we review the history of nutritional guidelines for people with CF, as well as more recent trends toward overweight and obesity for some. A multidisciplinary approach is needed to collaboratively start the oftentimes difficult conversation regarding excessive weight gain, and to identify resources to help people achieve and maintain a healthy weight through diet, exercise, and behavioral modification.

Behavior Change Interventions for Health Promotion in Physical Therapist Research and Practice: An Integrative Approach.

There is an increasing focus on health promotion in physical therapist research and practice. A clinical model (Health-Focused Physical Therapy Model) was developed for identifying major steps in the delivery of health promotion focusing on adoption of healthy lifestyle behaviors. One of the primary steps within this model is the design and delivery of behavior change interventions. Such interventions involve coordinated sets of activities that target change in a specific pattern of unhealthy behavior (eg, physical inactivity, smoking). This Perspective contends that the science and practice of behavior change interventions can be significantly advanced in the field of physical therapy (implementation science) through the integration of behavior change frameworks and techniques within the context of an experimental medicine approach for health behavior change. This perspective presents the integration of the Theoretical Domains Framework, the Behavior Change Wheel, including the Capability Opportunity Motivation-Behavior core system, and the Behavior Change Technique Taxonomy as a comprehensive approach for designing and delivering behavior change interventions in physical therapy. An experimental medicine approach is described, outlining a 4-step process in the design, delivery, and evaluation of behavior change interventions that can be applied to health promotion in physical therapist research and practice. The proposed integrative approach can advance public health and health promotion through healthy lifestyle behavior change in the field of physical therapy.

Gaming Console Home-Based Exercise for Adults with Cystic Fibrosis: Study Protocol.

BACKGROUND: Despite evidence of exercise benefits to lung function, adherence to routine exercise in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) is low. The incorporation of interactive virtual reality video exergame activities in home-based programs as an incentive may help improve motivation and adherence to exercise. This proposed study will attempt to improve the physical fitness and respiratory function of sedentary adults with CF by engaging them in a Nintendo Wii Fit Plus™ home-based exercise program. METHODS: A single group pretest-posttest design will be used to examine the immediate (12-weeks) and long-term effect (24-weeks) of a home-based exergame program on improving pulmonary-related function (physical fitness and respiratory function) in sedentary adults with CF. Participants will receive a one-time orientation to the Wii Fit Plus, and will be requested to use it to exercise according to the recommended guidelines 3 times a week for 30 min in the following 24 weeks. Monthly phone monitoring will be conducted during the first 12 weeks. Besides evaluating the efficacy of a home-based exergame program on improving aerobic capacity, physical activity, and respiratory-related symptoms, we will examine the impact of the exergame on airway ion transport as measured by nasal potential difference, which will be collected at baseline and at the end of 12-weeks only. DISCUSSION: This is the first study to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and potential effectiveness of a low-cost exercise avenue (i.e., exergames) for adults with CF to improve their pulmonary-related function, which is important for CF disease management and prevention of complications. In addition, the proposed study will be the first to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of home-based exergames on airway ion transport among adults with CF. Through an increase in physical activity, it is expected that participants will improve their physical fitness and respiratory function at the end of the study. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02277860.

Inspiration for the Future: The Role of Inspiratory Muscle Training in Cystic Fibrosis.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited, multi-system, life-limiting disease characterized by a progressive decline in lung function, which accounts for the majority of CF-related morbidity and mortality. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been proposed as a rehabilitative strategy to treat respiratory impairments associated with CF. However, despite evidence of therapeutic benefits in healthy and other clinical populations, the routine application of IMT in CF can neither be supported nor refuted due to the paucity of methodologically rigorous research. Specifically, the interpretation of available studies regarding the efficacy of IMT in CF is hampered by methodological threats to internal and external validity. As such, it is important to highlight the inherent risk of bias that differences in patient characteristics, IMT protocols, and outcome measurements present when synthesizing this literature prior to making final clinical judgments. Future studies are required to identify the characteristics of individuals who may respond to IMT and determine whether the controlled application of IMT can elicit meaningful improvements in physiological and patient-centered clinical outcomes. Given the equivocal evidence regarding its efficacy, IMT should be utilized on a case-by-case basis with sound clinical reasoning, rather than simply dismissed, until a rigorous evidence-based consensus has been reached.

Home-Based Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A PILOT STUDY.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the adherence and effectiveness of a home-based exergame program for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). METHOD: Patients with IPF were randomly assigned to a relatively unsupervised Wii Fit exergame intervention group or Wii video game control group (with no active whole-body movement involved). Participants in both groups were instructed to play their respective games 30 min/d, 3 d/wk for 12 wk. In addition, they were asked to perform their usual exercise/physical activities. Outcome measures were 6-min walk distance (6MWD), exercise-related dyspnea, and St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). RESULTS: The 20 participants differed significantly between intervention and control groups in baseline characteristics (forced vital capacity = 2.0 ± 0.5 vs 3.1 ± 0.7 L; forced expiratory volume in 1 sec = 1.7 ± 0.4 vs 2.5 ± 0.6 L, respectively). Participant adherence rate to the exergame program was very low (20%). There was no significant improvement in the outcome measures in either group. In fact, both the intervention and control groups had a deterioration in 6MWD (-22 ± 56 m vs -60 ± 111 m), respectively and SGRQ scores (3 ± 9 vs 1 ± 11), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The home-based exergame intervention for patients with IPF did not show improvement in functional performance, dyspnea, or health-related quality of life at the completion of the 12-wk program in our 2 heterogeneous groups. In addition to the low adherence rate, insufficient frequencies and durations of exergaming may contribute to the lack of improvement. A lack of effectiveness of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation using exergaming for patients with IPF appears consistent with prior observational studies that used more traditional modes of home-based exercise.

Cross-validation of the Student Perceptions of Team-Based Learning Scale in the United States.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to cross-validate the factor structure of the previously developed Student Perceptions of Team-Based Learning (TBL) Scale among students in an entry-level doctor of physical therapy (DPT) program in the United States. METHODS: Toward the end of the semester in 2 patient/client management courses taught using TBL, 115 DPT students completed the Student Perceptions of TBL Scale, with a response rate of 87%. Principal component analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to replicate and confirm the underlying factor structure of the scale. RESULTS: Based on the PCA for the validation sample, the original 2-factor structure (preference for TBL and preference for teamwork) of the Student Perceptions of TBL Scale was replicated. The overall goodness-of-fit indices from the CFA suggested that the original 2-factor structure for the 15 items of the scale demonstrated a good model fit (comparative fit index, 0.95; non-normed fit index/Tucker-Lewis index, 0.93; root mean square error of approximation, 0.06; and standardized root mean square residual, 0.07). The 2 factors demonstrated high internal consistency (alpha= 0.83 and 0.88, respectively). DPT students taught using TBL viewed the factor of preference for teamwork more favorably than preference for TBL. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide evidence supporting the replicability of the internal structure of the Student Perceptions of TBL Scale when assessing perceptions of TBL among DPT students in patient/client management courses.

Evaluation of team-based learning in a doctor of physical therapy curriculum in the United States.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate students' academic outcomes after implementation of the team-based learning (TBL) approach in patient/client management courses in an entry-level doctor of physical therapy (DPT) curriculum. METHODS: The research design of this study involved comparing written and practical exam scores from DPT student cohorts taught with the traditional instructional methods (lecture-based) to those of students from subsequent cohorts taught using the TBL approach in two patient/client management courses: basic skills and cardiopulmonary. For this comparison, the exams used, the number of contact hours and labs, and the instructors who taught these courses remained the same during the transition between these two instructional methods (traditional vs. TBL). The average of all individual course exam scores was used for data analysis. RESULTS: In both courses, there were no meaningful differences in the mean exam scores among students across years of cohorts receiving the same instructional method, which allowed clustering students from different years of cohorts in each course receiving the same instructional method into one group. For both courses, the mean exam score was significantly higher in the TBL group than in the traditional instruction group: basic skills course (P<0.001) and cardiopulmonary course (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Student cohorts taught using the TBL approach academically outperformed those who received the traditional instructional method in both entry-level DPT patient/client management courses.

Comparison of Posthospitalization Function and Community Mobility in Hospital Mobility Program and Usual Care Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

IMPORTANCE: Low mobility is common during hospitalization and associated with loss or declines in ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL) and limitations in community mobility. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of an in-hospital mobility program (MP) on posthospitalization function and community mobility. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This single-blind randomized clinical trial used masked assessors to compare a MP with usual care (UC). Patients admitted to the medical wards of the Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center from January 12, 2010, through June 29, 2011, were followed up throughout hospitalization with 1-month posthospitalization telephone follow-up. One hundred hospitalized patients 65 years or older were randomly assigned to the MP or UC groups. Patients were cognitively intact and able to walk 2 weeks before hospitalization. Data analysis was performed from November 21, 2012, to March 14, 2016. INTERVENTIONS: Patients in the MP group were assisted with ambulation up to twice daily, and a behavioral strategy was used to encourage mobility. Patients in the UC group received twice-daily visits. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Changes in self-reported ADL and community mobility were assessed using the Katz ADL scale and the University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging Life-Space Assessment (LSA), respectively. The LSA measures community mobility based on the distance through which a person reports moving during the preceding 4 weeks. RESULTS: Of 100 patients, 8 did not complete the study (6 in the MP group and 2 in the UC group). Patients (mean age, 73.9 years; 97 male [97.0%]; and 19 black [19.0%]) had a median length of stay of 3 days. No significant differences were found between groups at baseline. For all periods, groups were similar in ability to perform ADL; however, at 1-month after hospitalization, the LSA score was significantly higher in the MP (LSA score, 52.5) compared with the UC group (LSA score, 41.6) (P = .02). For the MP group, the 1-month posthospitalization LSA score was similar to the LSA score measured at admission. For the UC group, the LSA score decreased by approximately 10 points. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: A simple MP intervention had no effect on ADL function. However, the MP intervention enabled patients to maintain their prehospitalization community mobility, whereas those in the UC group experienced clinically significant declines. Lower life-space mobility is associated with increased risk of death, nursing home admission, and functional decline, suggesting that declines such as those observed in the UC group would be of great clinical importance. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00715962.

Statement on Exercise Testing in Cystic Fibrosis.

This statement summarizes the information available on specific exercise test protocols and outcome parameters used in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and provides expert consensus recommendations for protocol and performance of exercise tests and basic interpretation of results for clinicians. The conclusions were reached employing consensus meetings and a wide-band Delphi process. Although data on utility are currently limited, standardized exercise testing provides detailed information on physiological health, allows screening for exercise-related adverse reactions and enables exercise counselling. The Godfrey Cycle Ergometer Protocol with monitoring of oxygen saturation and ventilatory gas exchange is recommended for exercise testing in people 10 years and older. Cycle ergometry only with pulse oximetry using the Godfrey protocol or treadmill exercise with pulse oximetry - preferably with measurement of gas exchange - are second best options. Peak oxygen uptake, if assessed, and maximal work rate should be reported as the primary measure of exercise capacity. The final statement was reviewed by the European Cystic Fibrosis society and revised based on the comments received. The document was endorsed by the European Respiratory Society.

Improving the validity and reliability of a health promotion survey for physical therapists.

PURPOSE: Physical therapists (PTs) have a unique opportunity to intervene in the area of health promotion. However, no instrument has been validated to measure PTs' views on health promotion in physical therapy practice. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the content validity and test-retest reliability of a health promotion survey designed for PTs. METHODS: An expert panel of PTs assessed the content validity of "The Role of Health Promotion in Physical Therapy Survey" and provided suggestions for revision. Item content validity was assessed using the content validity ratio (CVR) as well as the modified kappa statistic. Therapists then participated in the test-retest reliability assessment of the revised health promotion survey, which was assessed using a weighted kappa statistic. RESULTS: Based on feedback from the expert panelists, significant revisions were made to the original survey. The expert panel reached at least a majority consensus agreement for all items in the revised survey and the survey-CVR improved from 0.44 to 0.66. Only one item on the revised survey had substantial test-retest agreement, with 55% of the items having moderate agreement and 43% poor agreement. CONCLUSIONS: All items on the revised health promotion survey demonstrated at least fair validity, but few items had reasonable test-retest reliability. Further modifications should be made to strengthen the validity and improve the reliability of this survey.

Effectiveness of an early mobilization protocol in a trauma and burns intensive care unit: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Bed rest and immobility in patients on mechanical ventilation or in an intensive care unit (ICU) have detrimental effects. Studies in medical ICUs show that early mobilization is safe, does not increase costs, and can be associated with decreased ICU and hospital lengths of stay (LOS). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of an early mobilization protocol on complication rates, ventilator days, and ICU and hospital LOS for patients admitted to a trauma and burn ICU (TBICU). DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study of an interdisciplinary quality-improvement program. METHODS: Pre- and post-early mobility program patient data from the trauma registry for 2,176 patients admitted to the TBICU between May 2008 and April 2010 were compared. RESULTS: No adverse events were reported related to the early mobility program. After adjusting for age and injury severity, there was a decrease in airway, pulmonary, and vascular complications (including pneumonia and deep vein thrombosis) post-early mobility program. Ventilator days and TBICU and hospital lengths of stay were not significantly decreased. LIMITATIONS: Using a historical control group, there was no way to account for other changes in patient care that may have occurred between the 2 periods that could have affected patient outcomes. The dose of physical activity both before and after the early mobility program were not specifically assessed. CONCLUSIONS: Early mobilization of patients in a TBICU was safe and effective. Medical, nursing, and physical therapy staff, as well as hospital administrators, have embraced the new culture of early mobilization in the ICU.

Physical therapy management of a patient on portable extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Although the life expectancy for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) has increased dramatically in the preceding decades, often the final therapeutic option for patients with end-stage CF is lung transplantation. Prior to transplantation, patients with severe disease may require mechanical ventilation. Those refractory to mechanical ventilation may require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The purpose of this case report is to describe the physical therapy management of a patient who received ECMO as a bridge to lung transplantation. CASE PRESENTATION: A 16-year-old girl with severe acute respiratory failure due to a CF exacerbation eventually required ECMO to maintain adequate gas exchange. While on ECMO, she received physical therapy interventions ranging from therapeutic exercise, manual therapy, and integumentary protection techniques in addition to airway clearance techniques. Prior to her transplant, she was standing multiple times per day with moderate assistance, was sitting on the edge-of-bed, as well as taking steps to transfer to/from a chair. She successfully received a bilateral lung transplant after 8 days on ECMO. CONCLUSION: Physical therapy interventions, including out-of-bed mobility, can be safely provided to patients on portable ECMO as a bridge to lung transplantation. These interventions were focused on preventing the negative sequelae of bed rest, increasing her strength and endurance, as well as improving her level of consciousness and psychological well being in preparation for lung transplantation.

Skeletal muscle arteriolar function following myocardial infarction: Analysis of branch-order effects.

Diminished bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) may impair skeletal muscle arteriolar function after myocardial infarction (MI). We tested the hypotheses that chronic MI induced would diminish 1) endothelial function in large (resting diameter ~75µm) feed arterioles, and 2) functional dilation in feed arterioles, but not smaller arcade (~25µm) or transverse (~15µm) arterioles, in the spinotrapezius muscle of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Additionally, we hypothesized that blockade of NO production with N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME; 30mg/kg i.v.) would have a greater blunting effect on control rats than MI rats. Endothelial function of the feed arterioles was assessed with an infusion of acetylcholine (1.5µg i.v.) after pretreatment with indomethacin (5mg/kgi.p.). MI blunted the response to acetylcholine in feed arterioles (p=0.037), but did not affect resting or post-contraction diameter at any branching order. l-NAME had similar effects on MI and SHAM rats; the response to acetylcholine was blunted in feed arterioles (p=0.003), resting diameter was diminished in arcade arterioles (p=0.003), and post-contraction diameter was diminished in both arcade arterioles (p=0.03) and transverse arterioles (p=0.05). In conclusion, despite endothelial dysfunction in feed arterioles, functional dilation was not affected by MI in any branching order studied. l-NAME had similar effects on MI and SHAM rats that were branch order-dependent. These branch-order effects should be considered in future studies of the control of blood flow.

Cardiovascular and pulmonary physical therapy specialty practice: determining the current status.

Cardiopulmonary physical therapy was the first recognized clinical specialty within physical therapy in 1978. Since that time, clinical practice in cardiovascular and pulmonary physical therapy has changed dramatically. In order to maintain currency in this field, the American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties requires that a practice analysis be performed at least every 10 years. This paper reports the process of the most recent practice analysis in cardiovascular and pulmonary physical therapy which led to the 2007 version of the Description of Specialist Practice: Cardiovascular and Pulmonary.