Direct Neck Lift for Men.

Direct neck lift offers an excellent surgical technique for men seeking to rejuvenate the neck and avoid a full rhytidectomy. In this chapter, we provide an overview of direct submentoplasty techniques, as well as clinical pearls to consider in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods. Different surgical incisions and resultant scars in the anterior neck are discussed and illustrated with figures. Given the degree of variation of submental fullness with which patients present, it is beneficial to be familiar with several different techniques to address the submental and submandibular areas.

Women in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: The State of the Academy and Why It Matters.

Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery has historically been a male-dominated field. It is critical to assess the current state of female representation within our Society to better gauge how we reflect the changing needs of our community and our patients. Although we have made headway in fostering a community ripe for progress, we must continue to create and promote equal opportunities, dissuade microaggressions, address burnout, and capitalize on the innate strengths of our female constituents. With the data presented in this study, we hope to further illuminate the benefits of women engagement in our Academy while recommending sustainable actions to create a culture of allyship.

Masseteric Nerve Transfer for Facial Paralysis Secondary to Parotid Malignancy: A Retrospective Case Series.

Background: The objective outcomes of masseteric nerve transfer in the setting of parotid malignancy are unclear. Objective: To measure objective facial reanimation outcomes of masseteric nerve transfer in patients with parotid malignancy who underwent parotidectomy with facial nerve resection. Materials and Methods: Retrospective review of patients who underwent masseteric nerve transfer for facial paralysis secondary to parotid malignancy was carried out at a tertiary referral hospital from August 2017 to November 2021. Objective facial reanimation outcomes were analyzed using Emotrics. Minimal follow-up of 6 months was required for inclusion. Results: Eight patients (five males) with a median age of 75.5 years (range 53-91) met inclusion criteria. Fifty percent had metastatic squamous cell carcinoma, and 50% had primary parotid malignancy. Five patients underwent concomitant cancer resection with facial nerve reconstruction. Seven patients received postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy. After reinnervation, patients had improved oral commissure excursion (from 1.51 mm ±1.27 to 3.77 mm ±1.81; p < 0.01) and facial symmetry during smile. Conclusion: In this study, masseteric nerve transfer enhanced oral commissure excursion and facial symmetry during smile in patients with parotid malignancy and facial nerve resection.

Efficacy of adding selective electrical muscle stimulation to usual physical therapy for Bell's palsy: immediate and six-month outcomes.

Bell's palsy is the most common cause of facial paralysis, affecting one in every 60 people in their lifetime. Transcutaneously applied selective electrical muscle stimulation could potentially accelerate recovery from Bell's palsy but this intervention remains controversial. Studies have shown benefit, but concerns for lack of efficacy and potential for worsening synkinesis remain. We performed a prospective controlled trial comparing outcomes at initial recovery and six months later with selective electrical muscle stimulation and usual physical therapy versus usual physical therapy alone in adults with acute Bell's palsy. Outcomes were facial function assessed with the House Brackman and eFACE scales. Outcomes were evaluated at discharge and six months after discharge. Discharge occurred when participants were judged to be fully recovered by their treating therapist and supervisor. 38 adults participated in the study. Participants in the electrical stimulation group achieved maximal recovery twice as fast as the control group (2.5 weeks versus 5.2 weeks) with no significant differences in facial function or synkinesis between groups at any time point. This study is the first human trial of electrical stimulation in Bell's palsy to follow patients 6 months from recovery and supports that selective electrical muscle stimulation accelerates recovery and does not increase synkinesis.

Gender Equality in Facial Plastic Surgery-A Female President's Perspective.

This Viewpoint reviews the history, obstacles, and progress in equity for women in facial plastic surgery with the goal of promoting continued progress.

Patient-Reported Outcomes Measures in Rhinoplasty: Need for Use and Implementation.

Patient-reported outcome metrics (PROMs) are increasingly utilized to capture data about patients' quality of life. PROMs play an important role in the value-based health care movement by providing a patient-centered metric of quality. There are many barriers to the implementation of PROMs, and widespread adoption requires buy-in from numerous stakeholders including patients, clinicians, institutions, and payers. Several validated PROMs have been utilized by facial plastic surgeons to measure both functional and aesthetic outcomes among rhinoplasty patients. These PROMs can help clinicians and rhinoplasty patients participate in shared decision making (SDM), a process via which clinicians and patients arrive at treatment decisions together through a patient-centered approach. However, widespread adoption of PROMs and SDM has not yet been achieved. Further work should focus on overcoming barriers to implementation and engaging key stakeholders to increase the utilization of PROMs in rhinoplasty.

American Society of Plastic Surgeons Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline: Eyelid Surgery for Upper Visual Field Improvement

A group of experts from different disciplines was convened to develop guidelines for the management of upper visual field impairments related to eyelid ptosis and dermatochalasis. The goal was to provide evidence-based recommendations to improve patient care. A multidisciplinary group of experts representing their specialty organizations was selected. A systematic literature review was performed including topics regarding documentation of the underlying cause for visual field impairment, selection of an appropriate surgical repair, assessment of the type of anesthesia, the use of adjunctive brow procedures, and follow-up assessments. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology process was used to evaluate the relevant studies. Clinical practice recommendations were developed using BRIDGE-Wiz (Building Recommendations In a Developers' Guideline Editor) software. Each topic area was assessed. A clinical recommendation was made, and the relevant literature was discussed. The review of the literature revealed varied complication rates and diverse treatment modalities for the correction of upper visual field deficit. Strong recommendations could not be made in most topic areas because of a paucity of methodologically sound studies in the literature. More rigorously designed studies are needed to measure outcomes of interest, with fewer sources of potential error or bias.

American Society of Plastic Surgeons Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline: Eyelid Surgery for Upper Visual Field Improvement.

BACKGROUND: A group of experts from different disciplines was convened to develop guidelines for the management of upper visual field impairments related to eyelid ptosis and dermatochalasis. The goal was to provide evidence-based recommendations to improve patient care. METHODS: A multidisciplinary group of experts representing their specialty organizations was selected. A systematic literature review was performed including topics regarding documentation of the underlying cause for visual field impairment, selection of an appropriate surgical repair, assessment of the type of anesthesia, the use of adjunctive brow procedures, and follow-up assessments. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology process was used to evaluate the relevant studies. Clinical practice recommendations were developed using BRIDGE-Wiz (Building Recommendations In a Developers' Guideline Editor) software. RESULTS: Each topic area was assessed. A clinical recommendation was made, and the relevant literature was discussed. CONCLUSIONS: The review of the literature revealed varied complication rates and diverse treatment modalities for the correction of upper visual field deficit. Strong recommendations could not be made in most topic areas because of a paucity of methodologically sound studies in the literature. More rigorously designed studies are needed to measure outcomes of interest, with fewer sources of potential error or bias. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, V.

Repair of Gauged Earlobes: Case Series and Review of Two Techniques According to Size.

BACKGROUND: Earlobe stretching is a common body modification typically performed in individuals under 30 years old. Individuals may later desire restoration of a natural earlobe contour. There is a paucity of literature regarding technique and outcomes for repair of the gauged earlobe defect. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The primary aim of this study was to provide a strategy to assess stretched earlobe defects and choose between the repair techniques of de-epithelialization and closure or excision and rotation. The secondary aim of this study was to evaluate complication rates of the two techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of all patients who underwent repair of stretched (gauged) earlobes at a single institution from 2012 to 2019. Patient demographics, maximum earlobe size, motivation for seeking repair, surgical technique, and complication rate were recorded. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients underwent stretched earlobe repair. The average age was 25.9 years old; 60.0% of the patients were male. Defects repaired with de-epithelialization and closure had been stretched to an average of 12.4 (SD = 3.2) mm compared to 29.3 (SD = 10.9) mm for excision and rotation. The minor complication rate was 12.5% with de-epithelialization and 10.8% for excision and rotation. Motivations for seeking repair included a desire to look more professional for work (34.0%), personal preference (30.0%), and joining the military (23.0%). CONCLUSION: Smaller earlobe defects (<15 mm) with nonptotic lobules can be repaired with de-epithelialization and primary closure, whereas larger earlobes (>15.0 mm) with ptotic lobules require excision and rotation. Stretched earlobe repair is a well-tolerated procedure, although a significant number of patients will require minor revisions.

Soft Tissue Reconstruction of Parotidectomy Defect.

This article provides a review of soft tissue reconstructive options for the parotidectomy defect, including skin incision, primary closure, acellular dermis, autologous fat transfer, local and regional flaps, and free tissue transfer. The authors discuss considerations for volume enhancement, skin coverage, prevention of Frey syndrome, tumor surveillance, and potential complications.

Early Outcomes in an Emerging Facial Nerve Center: The Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) Experience.

OBJECTIVES: Nerve transfer (NT) and free gracilis muscle transfer (FGMT) are procedures for reanimation of the paralyzed face. Assessing the surgical outcomes of these procedures is imperative when evaluating the effectiveness of these interventions, especially when establishing a new center focused on the treatment of patients with facial paralysis. We desired to discuss the factors to consider when implementing a facial nerve center and the means by which the specialist can assess and analyze outcomes. METHODS: Patients with facial palsy secondary to multiple etiologies, including cerebellopontine angle tumors, head and neck carcinoma, and trauma, who underwent NT or FGMT between 2014 and 2019 were included. Primary outcomes were facial symmetry and smile excursion, calculated using FACE-gram and Emotrics software. Subjective quality of life outcomes, including the Facial Clinimetric Evaluation (FaCE) Scale and Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ), were also assessed. RESULTS: 14/22 NT and 6/6 FGMT patients met inclusion criteria having both pre-and postoperative photo documentation. NT increased oral commissure excursion from 0.4 mm (SD 5.3) to 2.9 mm (SD 6.8) (P = 0.05), and improved symmetry of excursion (P < 0.001) and angle (P < 0.001). FGMT increased oral commissure excursion from -1.4 mm (SD 3.9) to 2.1 mm (SD 3.7), (P = 0.02), and improved symmetry of excursion (P < 0.001). FaCE scores improved in NT patients postoperatively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Measuring outcomes, critical analyses, and a multidisciplinary approach are necessary components when building a facial nerve center. At our emerging facial nerve center, we found NT and FGMT procedures improved smile excursion and symmetry, and improved QOL following NT in patients with facial palsy secondary to multiple etiologies.

Prioritizing Diversity in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery: Starting a Conversation.

Academic centers embody the ideals of otolaryngology and are the specialty's port of entry. Building a diverse otolaryngology workforce-one that mirrors society-is critical. Otolaryngology continues to have an underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities. The specialty must therefore redouble efforts, becoming more purposeful in mentoring, recruiting, and retaining underrepresented minorities. Many programs have never had residents who are Black, Indigenous, or people of color. Improving narrow, leaky, or absent pipelines is a moral imperative, both to mitigate health care disparities and to help build a more just health care system. Diversity supports the tripartite mission of patient care, education, and research. This commentary explores diversity in otolaryngology with attention to the salient role of academic medical centers. Leadership matters deeply in such efforts, from culture to finances. Improving outreach, taking a holistic approach to resident selection, and improving mentorship and sponsorship complement advances in racial disparities to foster diversity.

Protocol for randomized controlled trial of electric stimulation with high-volt twin peak versus placebo for facial functional recovery from acute Bell's palsy in patients with poor prognostic factors.

BACKGROUND: Electric stimulation (ES) can prevent muscle atrophy and promote tissue healing and therefore may help prevent sequelae of Bell's palsy but due to lack of high-quality studies, the effectiveness of ES in Bell's palsy remains controversial. Here we describe a protocol to evaluate the effects of monophasic high volt ES in patients with Bell's palsy and poor prognosis for recovery. RESULTS: This is a protocol for a prospective, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Participants include adults with acute Bell's palsy with poor prognosis for full recovery due to complete paralysis or being over age 60. ES will be a monophasic, high-volt pulsed waveform, 100µsec pulse duration, 35 hertz, motor-level intensity. Follow up will be at months 1, 2, 3 and 6. The primary outcome will be the proportion of patients with complete recovery using the eFACES tool. Secondary outcomes include patient reported quality of life measured by FaCE and the synkinesis assessment questionnaires, objective photographs, time to complete recovery, adverse effects, and tolerability. CONCLUSION: This protocol has the potential to provide high quality evidence regarding the effects, up to 6 months after onset, of pulsed monophasic high-volt ES for patients with acute Bell's palsy and poor prognosis for complete recovery.