Evolución del perfil clínico y pronóstico de pacientes con alta hospitalaria por insuficiencia cardíaca en las dos primeras décadas del sigloxxi. El Registro INCA-Ex / Clinical and prognostic profile evolution of patients discharged from hospital due to heart failure in the first two decades of the 21st century. The INCA-Ex Registry

Objetivo: Estudiar la evolución del perfil clínico de una población dada de alta con diagnóstico principal de insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) en las dos primeras décadas del siglo y las variables predictoras de mortalidad y reingreso en el primer año de alta. Diseño: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, longitudinal. Emplazamiento: Área de salud Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena, Badajoz, España. Participantes: Todos los pacientes dados de alta con diagnóstico principal de IC entre 2000 y 2019 en un complejo hospitalario general.Mediciones principalesSe recogieron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, y se realizó un seguimiento de un año; la variable resultado fue un compuesto de mortalidad y/o reingreso. Resultados: Se incluyeron 4.107 altas, edad media 77,1 (DE 10,5) años, 53,1% de mujeres. El número de ingresos, la edad, los antecedentes de neoplasias, los ictus, la insuficiencia renal y la anemia fueron en aumento, así como los reingresos (p de tendencias <0,001), mientras permaneció constante la mortalidad. Fueron variables predictoras de reingreso y/o muerte HR (IC95%): edad (por año) 1,04 (1,03-1,04), diabetes: 1,11 (1,01-1,24), IC previa 1,41 (1,28-1,57), variable compuesta infarto, ictus y/o arteriopatía periférica 1,24 (1,11-1,38), enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) 1,29 (1,15-1,44), neoplasia 1,33 (1,16-1,53), anemia 1,63 (1,41-1,86), insuficiencia renal 1,42 (1,26-1,60). Conclusiones: En los últimos 20años se han incrementado los ingresos de pacientes por IC, su edad y la comorbilidad. Fueron variables predictoras de mortalidad y/o reingreso la edad, la diabetes, la enfermedad cardiovascular previa, las neoplasias, la EPOC, la insuficiencia renal y la anemia; sin embargo, la mortalidad al año se mantuvo constante.(AU)

Aim: To study the evolution of the clinical profile of a population discharged with a main diagnosis of heart failure (HF) in the first two decades of the century and the predictive variables of mortality and readmission in the first year of discharge. Design: Observational, retrospective, longitudinal study. Site: Don Benito Villanueva de la Serena Badajoz health area. Participants: All patients discharged with a main diagnosis of HF between 2000 and 2019 in a general hospital complex were included. Main measurements: Sociodemographic and clinical variables were collected, and a one-year follow-up; the result variable was a composite of mortality and/or readmission. Results: A total of 4107 discharges were included, mean age 77.1 (SD±10.5) years, 53.1% women. The number of admissions, age, history of neoplasms, stroke, kidney failure, and anemia increased, as did readmissions (P for trends <.001), while mortality remained constant. Predictive variables for readmission and/or death were HR (95%CI): age (per year) 1.04 (1.03-1.04), diabetes: 1.11 (1.01-1.24), previous HF 1.41 (1.28-1.57), composite variable myocardial infarction, stroke and/or peripheral artery disease 1.24 (1.11-1.38), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 1.29 (1.15-1.44), neoplasia 1.33 (1.16-1.53), anemia 1.63 (1.41-1.86), chronic kidney failure 1.42 (1.26-1.60). Conclusions: In the last 20 years, admissions for heart failure, patient age, and comorbidity have increased. Predictive variables for mortality and/or readmission were age, diabetes, previous cardiovascular disease, neoplasms, COPD, kidney failure, and anemia; however, mortality at one year remained constant.(AU)

[Clinical and prognostic profile evolution of patients discharged from hospital due to heart failure in the first two decades of the 21st century. The INCA-Ex Registry]. / Evolución del perfil clínico y pronóstico de pacientes con alta hospitalaria por insuficiencia cardíaca en las dos primeras décadas del sigloxxi. El Registro INCA-Ex.

AIM: To study the evolution of the clinical profile of a population discharged with a main diagnosis of heart failure (HF) in the first two decades of the century and the predictive variables of mortality and readmission in the first year of discharge. DESIGN: Observational, retrospective, longitudinal study. SITE: Don Benito Villanueva de la Serena Badajoz health area. PARTICIPANTS: All patients discharged with a main diagnosis of HF between 2000 and 2019 in a general hospital complex were included. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Sociodemographic and clinical variables were collected, and a one-year follow-up; the result variable was a composite of mortality and/or readmission. RESULTS: A total of 4107 discharges were included, mean age 77.1 (SD±10.5) years, 53.1% women. The number of admissions, age, history of neoplasms, stroke, kidney failure, and anemia increased, as did readmissions (P for trends <.001), while mortality remained constant. Predictive variables for readmission and/or death were HR (95%CI): age (per year) 1.04 (1.03-1.04), diabetes: 1.11 (1.01-1.24), previous HF 1.41 (1.28-1.57), composite variable myocardial infarction, stroke and/or peripheral artery disease 1.24 (1.11-1.38), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 1.29 (1.15-1.44), neoplasia 1.33 (1.16-1.53), anemia 1.63 (1.41-1.86), chronic kidney failure 1.42 (1.26-1.60). CONCLUSIONS: In the last 20 years, admissions for heart failure, patient age, and comorbidity have increased. Predictive variables for mortality and/or readmission were age, diabetes, previous cardiovascular disease, neoplasms, COPD, kidney failure, and anemia; however, mortality at one year remained constant.

Impacto de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en la población extremeña: aportación de la cohorte HERMEX para una estrategia preventiva / Impact of cardiovascular risk factors in the Extremadura population: HERMEX cohort contributions for a preventive strategy

OBJETIVO: Determinar la fracción atribuible poblacional (FAP) de los factores de riesgo (FR) clásicos para la aparición de la enfermedad cardiovascular en una cohorte poblacional de Extremadura, a fin de recomendar intervenciones preventivas prioritarias. MÉTODOS: DISEÑO: estudio de cohortes. Emplazamiento: Muestra poblacional representativa de un área de salud de Extremadura (España). PARTICIPANTES: Dos mil ochocientos treinta y tres individuos, de 25 a 79 años, seleccionados aleatoriamente e incluidos entre 2007 y 2009. Se registraron antecedentes y se midieron parámetros clínicos, siendo seguidos hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2015. Mediciones: Variables explicativas: edad, sexo, obesidad, tabaquismo, hipertensión arterial (HTA), diabetes mellitus (DM) e hipercolesterolemia. Variable resultado: Primer evento de la variable combinada de infarto de miocardio, angina de pecho, ictus, isquemia de miembros inferiores y muerte cardiovascular. Se calcularon las hazard ratio mediante regresión de Cox, totalmente ajustadas y las FAP mediante la fórmula de Levin. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 2.669 sujetos de la cohorte inicial, al ser excluidos 103 por antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular y 61 por pérdidas. El seguimiento fue de 6,9 años (RI: 6,5-7,5). Se documentaron 134 eventos. Tasa de incidencia 7,42/1.000 personas-año. Las hazard ratio ajustadas (IC 95%) fueron: HTA 2,26 (1,40-3,67), hipercolesterolemia 2,23 (1,56-3,18), DM 1,79 (1,24-2,58), tabaquismo 1,72 (1,11-2,69). Las FAP (IC 95%) fueron HTA 31,1 (12,4-48,8), hipercolesterolemia 27,0% (14,8-40,6), tabaquismo 18,8% (3,3-35,0), DM 7,9% (2,6-15,2). CONCLUSIONES: La HTA es el FR con mayor impacto en la salud cardiovascular de la población extremeña, seguido de hipercolesterolemia y tabaquismo, constituyendo objetivos prioritarios para una estrategia preventiva poblacional

OBJECTIVE: To determine the population attributable fraction (PAF) of the major risk factors (RF) for the occurrence of cardiovascular disease in an Extremadura population cohort and therefore recommend priority preventive measures in health. METHODS: Design, Cohort study. LOCATION: Representative population sample of a health area of Extremadura (Spain). PARTICIPANTS: 2833 individuals, from 25 to 79 years old, randomly selected and recruited between 2007 and 2009. Antecedents and clinical parameters were recorded, a follow up until December 31, 2015 were done. Measurements: Explanatory variables: Age, sex, obesity, current smoking, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypercholesterolemia. Outcome variable: First event of the combined variable of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, stroke, peripheral arterial disease and cardiovascular death. Fully adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were calculated by Cox regression. The PAFs were calculated using Levin's formula. RESULTS: 2669 subjects were included, 103 had history of cardiovascular disease and 61 were lost. The follow-up was 6.9 years (IR 6.5-7.5). 134 events were recorded. Incidence rate 7.42/1,000 people-year. Adjusted HR (95% CI) were: hypertension 2.26 (1.40-3.67), hypercholesterolemia 2.23 (1.56-3.18), DM 1.79 (1.24-2.58) and current smoking 1.72 (1.11-2.69). The PAF (95% CI) were: hypertension: 31.1 (12.4-48.8), hypercholesterolemia 27.0% (14.8-40.6), smoking 18.8% (3.3-35.0) and DM 7.9% (2.6-15.2). CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension confers the greatest burden of cardiovascular disease in the population of Extremadura, followed by hypercholesterolemia and smoking. These RF are priority objectives for a population-based preventive strategy

[Impact of cardiovascular risk factors in the Extremadura population: HERMEX cohort contributions for a preventive strategy]. / Impacto de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en la población extremeña: aportación de la cohorte HERMEX para una estrategia preventiva.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the population attributable fraction (PAF) of the major risk factors (RF) for the occurrence of cardiovascular disease in an Extremadura population cohort and therefore recommend priority preventive measures in health. METHODS: Design, Cohort study. LOCATION: Representative population sample of a health area of Extremadura (Spain) PARTICIPANTS: 2833 individuals, from 25 to 79 years old, randomly selected and recruited between 2007 and 2009. Antecedents and clinical parameters were recorded, a follow up until December 31, 2015 were done. MEASUREMENTS: Explanatory variables: Age, sex, obesity, current smoking, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypercholesterolemia. OUTCOME VARIABLE: First event of the combined variable of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, stroke, peripheral arterial disease and cardiovascular death. Fully adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were calculated by Cox regression. The PAFs were calculated using Levin's formula. RESULTS: 2669 subjects were included, 103 had history of cardiovascular disease and 61 were lost. The follow-up was 6.9 years (IR 6.5-7.5). 134 events were recorded. Incidence rate 7.42/1,000 people-year. Adjusted HR (95% CI) were: hypertension 2.26 (1.40-3.67), hypercholesterolemia 2.23 (1.56-3.18), DM 1.79 (1.24-2.58) and current smoking 1.72 (1.11-2.69). The PAF (95% CI) were: hypertension: 31.1 (12.4-48.8), hypercholesterolemia 27.0% (14.8-40.6), smoking 18.8% (3.3-35.0) and DM 7.9% (2.6-15.2). CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension confers the greatest burden of cardiovascular disease in the population of Extremadura, followed by hypercholesterolemia and smoking. These RF are priority objectives for a population-based preventive strategy.

Mortalidad y fibrilación auricular en el estudio FIACA: evidencia de un efecto diferencial según el diagnóstico al ingreso hospitalario / Mortality and atrial fibrillation in the FIACA study: evidence of a differential effect according to admission diagnosis

Introducción y objetivos: La fibrilación auricular (FA) es un conocido factor de riesgo de mortalidad en diferentes patologías. Sin embargo, los datos publicados en insuficiencia cardiaca descompensada (ICD) son contradictorios. El objetivo es investigar el impacto en la mortalidad de la FA en pacientes ingresados por ICD, comparativamente con otras causas. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de cohortes, en el que durante 10 años se reclutó a todos los pacientes que ingresaron por ICD, infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) y accidente cerebrovascular (ACV), con una mediana de seguimiento de 6,2 años. Resultados: Se reclutó a 6.613 pacientes (74 ± 11 años; 54,6% varones); 2.177 con IAM, 2.208 con ICD y 2.228 con ACV. La mortalidad cruda tras el alta de los pacientes con FA e IAM (razón de tasas de incidencia, 2,48; p < 0,001) y ACV (razón de tasas de incidencia, 1,84; p < 0,001) fue superior a aquellos sin FA. En los pacientes con ICD no hubo diferencias (razón de tasas de incidencia, 0,90; p = 0,12). En modelos ajustados, la FA no fue un predictor de mortalidad hospitalaria en función del diagnóstico; sin embargo, sí fue un predictor independiente de mortalidad tras el alta en pacientes con IAM (HR = 1,494; p = 0,001) y ACV (HR = 1,426; p < 0,001) no siendo así en pacientes con ICD (HR = 0,964; p = 0,603). Conclusiones: La FA se comporta como factor de riesgo independiente de mortalidad tras el alta en pacientes con un ingreso previo por IAM y ACV, no así para aquellos con ICD (AU)

Introduction and objectives: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an independent risk factor for mortality in several diseases. However, data published in acute decompensated heart failure (DHF) are contradictory. Our objective was to investigate the impact of AF on mortality in patients admitted to hospital for DHF compared with those admitted for other reasons. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included all patients admitted to hospital within a 10-year period due to DHF, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), or ischemic stroke (IS), with a median follow-up of 6.2 years. Results: We included 6613 patients (74 ± 11 years; 54.6% male); 2177 with AMI, 2208 with DHF, and 2228 with IS. Crude postdischarge mortality was higher in patients with AF hospitalized for AMI (incident rate ratio, 2.48; P < .001) and IS (incident rate ratio, 1.84; P < .001) than in those without AF. No differences were found in patients with DHF (incident rate ratio, 0.90; P = .12). In adjusted models, AF was not an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality by clinical diagnosis. However, AF emerged as an independent predictor of postdischarge mortality in patients with AMI (HR, 1.494; P = .001) and IS (HR, 1.426; P < .001), but not in patients admitted for DHF (HR, 0.964; P = .603). Conclusions: AF was as an independent risk factor for postdischarge mortality in patients admitted to hospital for AMI and IS but not in those admitted for DHF (AU)

Mortality and Atrial Fibrillation in the FIACA Study: Evidence of a Differential Effect According to Admission Diagnosis.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an independent risk factor for mortality in several diseases. However, data published in acute decompensated heart failure (DHF) are contradictory. Our objective was to investigate the impact of AF on mortality in patients admitted to hospital for DHF compared with those admitted for other reasons. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included all patients admitted to hospital within a 10-year period due to DHF, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), or ischemic stroke (IS), with a median follow-up of 6.2 years. RESULTS: We included 6613 patients (74 ± 11 years; 54.6% male); 2177 with AMI, 2208 with DHF, and 2228 with IS. Crude postdischarge mortality was higher in patients with AF hospitalized for AMI (incident rate ratio, 2.48; P < .001) and IS (incident rate ratio, 1.84; P < .001) than in those without AF. No differences were found in patients with DHF (incident rate ratio, 0.90; P = .12). In adjusted models, AF was not an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality by clinical diagnosis. However, AF emerged as an independent predictor of postdischarge mortality in patients with AMI (HR, 1.494; P = .001) and IS (HR, 1.426; P < .001), but not in patients admitted for DHF (HR, 0.964; P = .603). CONCLUSIONS: AF was as an independent risk factor for postdischarge mortality in patients admitted to hospital for AMI and IS but not in those admitted for DHF.

Risk factors and therapeutic coverage at 6†years in patients with previous myocardial infarction: the CASTUO study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the degree of risk factor control, the clinical symptoms and the therapeutic management of patients with a history of previous myocardial infarction. METHODS: Cross-sectional study at 6 years of a first episode of acute myocardial infarction between 2000 and 2009, admitted at a hospital in the region of Extremadura (Spain). Of 2177 patients with this diagnosis, 1365 remained alive and therefore were included in the study. RESULTS: We conducted a person-to-person survey in 666 (48.8%) individuals and telephone survey in 437 (31.9%) individuals. The former are analysed. 130 were female (19.5%). The mean age was 67.4 years and the median time since the event was 5.8 (IQR 3.6-8.2) years. Active smokers made up 13.8%, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was ≥70 mg/dL: 82%, blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg (≥140/85 in diabetics): 49.8%, fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL: 26%, heart rate 50-59 bpm: 60.7%, and obesity: 45.9%. Patients reported presenting angina comprised 22.4% and those with dyspnoea, 29.3%. Drug coverage was: 88.0% antiplatelet drugs, 86.5% statins, 75.6% ß-blockers and 65.8% blockers of the renin-angiotensin system. Patients receiving all four types of drugs made up 41.9%, with only 3.0% having jointly controlled cholesterol, blood pressure, heart rate and glycaemia. CONCLUSIONS: LDL cholesterol, heart rate and blood pressure were risk factors with less control. More than 1/5 of patients had angina and more than 1/4, dyspnoea. Risk factor control and the clinical condition were far from optimal, as was drug coverage, although to a lesser degree.

Control de lipoproteínas de baja densidad en población extremeña en función del sexo y del riesgo cardiovascular / Influence of gender and cardiovascular risk on the control of low-density lipoprotein in a population from extremadura

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Cardiovascular risk factors, lifestyle, and social determinants: a cross-sectional population study.

BACKGROUND: The influence of socioeconomic development is often disregarded in epidemiological studies into the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. AIM: To analyse the relationship between major cardiovascular risk factors and socioeconomic indicators. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional, population-wide study in primary care practices in the health area of Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena, Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain. METHOD: A total of 2833 people aged 25-79 years (mean age 51.2 years), representative of the population, participated in the study. The prevalence and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for diabetes, arterial hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolaemia, smoking, and sedentary behaviour, according to level of education and employment status. RESULTS: A high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors related to the level of education and employment status. Females who had not studied at university had a higher risk of obesity (OR = 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5 to 4.2), smoking (OR 2.5, 95% CI = 1.7 to 3.7), and sedentary behaviour (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.5 to 3.9) than females with a university education. Males who had not studied at university showed an increased risk of smoking (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.4 to 3.1), arterial hypertension (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.0 to 2.4), hypercholesterolaemia (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.0 to 2.2), and obesity (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.0 to 2.3) than males with a university education. The risk of obesity was higher in unemployed females than those in paid employment (OR =1.4, 95% CI = 1.1 to 1.9), but they showed a lower risk of smoking (OR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.5 to 0.9). CONCLUSION: The study results confirm an inverse association between the level of education and the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. Public health studies and interventions are needed to understand this association and develop interventions targeted at the population that is at greatest risk.

Prevalencia de consumo de alcohol y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en un área sanitaria de Extremadura. Estudio Hermex / Prevalence alcohol consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in an Extremadura health area. Hermex Study

Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de consumo de alcohol por niveles de riesgo y su asociación con la presencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV).Diseño: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Emplazamiento: Área de salud Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena (Badajoz, España).Participantes: Muestra aleatoria entre 25 y 79 años de edad, representativa de la población. Métodos: Se encuestó sobre antecedentes de FRCV y consumo de alcohol en los últimos 7 días. Se midió la presión arterial y se extrajo muestra sanguínea en ayunas. Se estudió la asociación entre niveles de consumo con los distintos FRCV, ajustándose por distintas variables, mediante análisis multivariante. Resultados: Participaron 2.833 sujetos, de edad media 51,2 años (DE 14,7), 46,5% hombres. Habían consumido alcohol el 36,1% (IC 95%: 34,4-37,9). La prevalencia total y de consumo de riesgo medio-alto fue del 63,2 y 15,2% en hombres y del 12,6 y 1,5% en mujeres, respectivamente. En hombres, el consumo de riesgo medio-alto se asoció con la hipercolesterolemia, hipertensión arterial y tabaquismo. En mujeres, el consumo de riesgo bajo se asoció con una menor prevalencia de obesidad e hipertensión arterial y mayor de tabaquismo. Conclusiones: Existe una menor prevalencia de consumo, sobre todo en la mujer, con respecto a la media nacional. El consumo de riesgo medio-alto afecta fundamentalmente a hombres y se asocia a un mayor riesgo cardiovascular. En las mujeres el consumo de riesgo bajo se asocia a una menor prevalencia de ciertos FRCV y mayor de tabaquismo(AU)

Objectives: Alcohol has been associated with a lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease. It has been our objective to determine the prevalence of use of alcohol and its association with the presence of cardiovascular risk factors (CRF). Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena health area (Badajoz). Participants: We selected a random sample of 25 to 79 year olds, representative of the population. Methods: We collected a survey about the history of cardiovascular risk factors and alcohol consumption in the previous seven days. We measured blood pressure and a fasting blood sample was obtained. The association of alcohol consumption with the different CRF was studied by multivariate analysis, adjusting for different variables. Results: A total of 2833 subjects participated, with a mean age 51.2 (SD 14.7) years and 46.5% males. We detected 36.1% (95% CI 34.4 to 37.9) of alcohol consumers. The overall prevalence and consumption medium or high risk was 63.2% and 15.2% in men, and 12.6% and 1.5% in women, respectively. In men, consumption of medium-high risk was associated with hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and smoking. In women, low-risk consumption was associated with a lower prevalence of obesity and hypertension and higher smoking. Conclusions: We found a lower prevalence of alcohol use, especially in women, compared to the Spanish national average. The consumption of medium-high risk mainly affects men and is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. In women at low risk consumption is associated with a lower prevalence of certain CRF and increased smoking(AU)

[Prevalence alcohol consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in an Extremadura health area. Hermex study]. / Prevalencia de consumo de alcohol y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en un área sanitaria de Extremadura. Estudio Hermex.

OBJECTIVES: Alcohol has been associated with a lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease. It has been our objective to determine the prevalence of use of alcohol and its association with the presence of cardiovascular risk factors (CRF). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena health area (Badajoz). PARTICIPANTS: We selected a random sample of 25 to 79 year olds, representative of the population. METHODS: We collected a survey about the history of cardiovascular risk factors and alcohol consumption in the previous seven days. We measured blood pressure and a fasting blood sample was obtained. The association of alcohol consumption with the different CRF was studied by multivariate analysis, adjusting for different variables. RESULTS: A total of 2833 subjects participated, with a mean age 51.2 (SD 14.7) years and 46.5% males. We detected 36.1% (95% CI 34.4 to 37.9) of alcohol consumers. The overall prevalence and consumption medium or high risk was 63.2% and 15.2% in men, and 12.6% and 1.5% in women, respectively. In men, consumption of medium-high risk was associated with hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and smoking. In women, low-risk consumption was associated with a lower prevalence of obesity and hypertension and higher smoking. CONCLUSIONS: We found a lower prevalence of alcohol use, especially in women, compared to the Spanish national average. The consumption of medium-high risk mainly affects men and is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. In women at low risk consumption is associated with a lower prevalence of certain CRF and increased smoking.