Deficiency of the HGF/Met pathway leads to thyroid dysgenesis by impeding late thyroid expansion.

The mechanisms of bifurcation, a key step in thyroid development, are largely unknown. Here we find three zebrafish lines from a forward genetic screening with similar thyroid dysgenesis phenotypes and identify a stop-gain mutation in hgfa and two missense mutations in met by positional cloning from these zebrafish lines. The elongation of the thyroid primordium along the pharyngeal midline was dramatically disrupted in these zebrafish lines carrying a mutation in hgfa or met. Further studies show that MAPK inhibitor U0126 could mimic thyroid dysgenesis in zebrafish, and the phenotypes are rescued by overexpression of constitutively active MEK or Snail, downstream molecules of the HGF/Met pathway, in thyrocytes. Moreover, HGF promotes thyrocyte migration, which is probably mediated by downregulation of E-cadherin expression. The delayed bifurcation of the thyroid primordium is also observed in thyroid-specific Met knockout mice. Together, our findings reveal that HGF/Met is indispensable for the bifurcation of the thyroid primordium during thyroid development mediated by downregulation of E-cadherin in thyrocytes via MAPK-snail pathway.

Detection of BRAF V600E in Fine-Needle Aspiration Samples of Thyroid Nodules by Droplet Digital PCR.

Background: BRAF exon 15 p.V600E (BRAF V600E) mutation has been established as an important molecular marker for papillary thyroid carcinoma diagnosis by ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). Sanger sequencing is the gold standard for detecting BRAF V600E mutations but fails to identify low-frequency mutations. However, droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) is a popular new method for detecting low-frequency mutations. Here, we compare the efficiency of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and Sanger sequencing for detection of the BRAF V600E mutation in thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) samples. Methods: Thyroid fine-needle aspiration samples from 278 patients with 310 thyroid nodules were collected. Sanger sequencing and ddPCR were conducted to detect the BRAF V600E mutation. Results: The BRAF V600E mutation was found in 94 nodules (30.32%) by ddPCR and 40 nodules (12.90%) by Sanger sequencing in 310 FNA samples. A total of 119 nodules were confirmed PTC by postsurgical pathology. Among which the BRAF mutation was found in 80 (67.23%) nodules by ddPCR and 31 (26.05%) by Sanger sequencing. All nodules carrying the mutation detected by Sanger sequencing (SS+) were verified by ddPCR (ddPCR+). Also, all nodules with no mutation detected by ddPCR were interpreted as wild-type by Sanger sequencing (SS-). In addition. Almost all SS+/ddPCR + nodules (95.00%; 38/40) and SS-/ddPCR + nodules (100.00%; 54/54) displayed a BRAF mutation rate of >5% and <15%, respectively, indicating easy misdetection by Sanger sequencing when the mutation rate is between 5 and 15%. Conclusion: ddPCR has higher sensitivity than Sanger sequencing and we propose ddPCR as a supplement to Sanger sequencing in molecular testing of BRAF using FNAB samples.

Lymphocyte infiltration and thyrocyte destruction are driven by stromal and immune cell components in Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is the most common autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and thyrocyte destruction. Dissection of the interaction between the thyroidal stromal microenvironment and the infiltrating immune cells might lead to a better understanding of HT pathogenesis. Here we show, using single-cell RNA-sequencing, that three thyroidal stromal cell subsets, ACKR1+ endothelial cells and CCL21+ myofibroblasts and CCL21+ fibroblasts, contribute to the thyroidal tissue microenvironment in HT. These cell types occupy distinct histological locations within the thyroid gland. Our experiments suggest that they might facilitate lymphocyte trafficking from the blood to thyroid tissues, and T cell zone CCL21+ fibroblasts may also promote the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs characteristic to HT. Our study also demonstrates the presence of inflammatory macrophages and dendritic cells expressing high levels of IL-1ß in the thyroid, which may contribute to thyrocyte destruction in HT patients. Our findings thus provide a deeper insight into the cellular interactions that might prompt the pathogenesis of HT.

A five-gene panel refines differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules.

BACKGROUND: Molecular testing for oncogenic mutations in fine-needle aspiration has showed high predictive value in identifying malignant lesions from thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology. METHODS: To figure out an efficient and economical gene panel for most medical institutions in China, we designed a five-gene panel including BRAF/NRAS/KRAS/HRAS/TERT genes and conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the role of this five-gene diagnostic panel in differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules. RESULTS: A total of 665 patients with 695 thyroid nodules were investigated in the current study. The fine-needle aspiration biopsy and surgically separated thyroid tissue specimens were harvested to test BRAF, TERT, NRAS, KRAS, and HRAS mutations. We identified 261 mutations in 665 patients, including 177 V600E mutations in BRAF. Three hundred and sixty-nine patients who underwent thyroid surgery after completion of the initial clinical and cytological evaluation were enrolled in the final analysis. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the combination of FNAB cytology and five-gene detection were 74.7%, 93.8%, and 84.8%, respectively. BRAF V600E and five-gene panel could recognize 46.4% and 53.6% of papillary thyroid carcinoma in the patients with cytologically indeterminate nodules. CONCLUSION: The five-gene panel can effectively improve the sensitivity, negative predictive value, and accuracy of fine-needle aspiration biopsy cytology, especially in the patients with cytologically indeterminate nodules.