Etiologic and prognostic value of external carotid artery thrombus detection during endovascular therapy for anterior circulation proximal occlusions.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: An early understanding of stroke mechanism may improve treatment and outcome in patients presenting with large vessel occlusion stroke (LVOS) treated with mechanical thrombectomy (MT). We aimed to investigate whether spontaneous external carotid artery (ECA) embolism detection during MT is associated with stroke etiology and clinical outcome. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our prospectively maintained institutional database including consecutive patients with anterior circulation LVOS treated with MT between January 2015 and August 2020. RESULTS: An ECA embolus was detected in 68 of 1298 patients (5.2%). The kappa coefficient for interobserver agreement was 0.89 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.82-0.95). ECA embolism was significantly associated with intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion (p < 0.001), cardioembolic etiology (p < 0.001) and a lower clot burden score (p < 0.001). Day-1 variation of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (adjusted odds ratio [OR] -2.7, 95% CI -4.9 to 0.3; p = 0.021) and delta Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (adjusted OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.2 to 1.5; p = 0.004) were worse among patients with ECA emboli. There was no significant difference in 90-day functional outcome between groups (adjusted OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.52; p = 0.50). CONCLUSION: In patients with anterior circulation LVOS treated with MT, ECA embolism was significantly associated with cardioembolic etiology, high thrombus burden and proximal intracranial ICA occlusions. This underexplored angiographic pattern might provide a valuable etiologic clue to the underlying cause of anterior circulation LVOS and may also help determine the appropriate revascularization strategy.

Perfusion Imaging and Clinical Outcome in Acute Minor Stroke With Large Vessel Occlusion.

BACKGROUND: Whether bridging therapy (intravenous thrombolysis [IVT] followed by mechanical thrombectomy) is superior to IVT alone in minor stroke with large vessel occlusion is unknown. Perfusion imaging may identify subsets of large vessel occlusion-related minor stroke patients with distinct response to bridging therapy. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter international observational study of consecutive IVT-treated patients with minor stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score ≤5) who had an anterior circulation large vessel occlusion and perfusion imaging performed before IVT, with a subset undergoing immediate thrombectomy. Propensity score with inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to account for baseline between-groups differences. The primary outcome was 3-month modified Rankin Scale score 0 to 1. We searched for an interaction between treatment group and mismatch volume (critical hypoperfusion-core volume). RESULTS: Overall, 569 patients were included (172 and 397 in the bridging therapy and IVT groups, respectively). After propensity-score weighting, the distribution of baseline variables was similar across the 2 groups. In the entire population, bridging was associated with lower odds of achieving modified Rankin Scale score 0 to 1: odds ratio, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.55-0.96]; P=0.03. However, mismatch volume modified the effect of bridging on clinical outcome (Pinteraction=0.04 for continuous mismatch volume); bridging was associated with worse outcome in patients with, but not in those without, mismatch volume <40 mL (odds ratio, [95% CI] for modified Rankin Scale score 0-1: 0.48 [0.33-0.71] versus 1.14 [0.76-1.71], respectively). Bridging was associated with higher incidence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in the entire population, but this effect was present in the small mismatch subset only (Pinteraction=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: In our population of large vessel occlusion-related minor stroke patients, bridging therapy was associated with lower rates of good outcome as compared with IVT alone. However, mismatch volume was a strong modifier of the effect of bridging therapy over IVT alone, notably with worse outcome with bridging therapy in patients with mismatch volume ≤40 mL. Randomized trials should consider adding perfusion imaging for patient selection.

Neurologically asymptomatic patients frequently present cerebral injuries during malignant hypertension: a MRI study.

BACKGROUND: Acute and diffuse microvascular damage characterizes malignant hypertension (MHT), the deadliest form of hypertension (HTN). Although its ophthalmological, renal and cardiological repercussions are well known, brain involvement is considered rare with few descriptions, although it is one of the main causes of death. We hypothesized that brain MRI abnormalities are common in MHT, even in patients without objective neurological signs. METHOD: We analyzed retrospectively the brain MRI of patients admitted for acute MHT between 2008 and 2018 in Bordeaux University Hospital, regardless of their neurological status. A trained operator analyzed every brain MRI, looking for posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), ischemic stroke, intracerebral hematoma (ICH) and microangiopathy markers. We included 58 patients without neurological signs, 66% were men, and mean age was 45.6 ±â€Š11.3 years. RESULTS: Brain MRI were normal in 26% of patients but we found at least one acute abnormality on brain MRI in 29% and an Small Vessel Disease score (SVD score) of two or higher in 52%. In patients with neurological signs, these findings were 9, 53 and 70%, respectively. A PRES was found in 16% of asymptomatic patients and 31% had an ischemic stroke and/or a cerebral hematoma. CONCLUSION: PRES, recent hematoma, ischemic stroke and severe cerebral microangiopathy are common findings in MHT patients without neurological signs on admission. The impact of these findings on patient management, and their cerebrovascular and cognitive prognostic value, should be established. Brain MRI might need to become systematic in patients suffering from MHT episodes.

First-Pass Effect in Basilar Artery Occlusions: Insights From the Endovascular Treatment of Ischemic Stroke Registry.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In the settings of thrombectomy, the first-pass effect (FPE), defined by a complete recanalization after one pass with no rescue therapy, has been shown to be associated with an improved outcome. As this phenomenon has been predominantly described in anterior circulation strokes, we aimed to study the prevalence, outcomes, and predictors of FPE in patients with a basilar artery occlusion. METHODS: From a prospective multicentric registry, we collected the data of all consecutive basilar artery occlusion patients who underwent thrombectomy and compared the outcomes of patients who achieved FPE and those who did not. We also compared FPE patients with those who achieved a complete recanalization with >1 pass. Finally, a multivariate analysis was performed to determine the predictors of FPE. RESULTS: Data from 280 patients were analyzed in our study, including 84 of 280 patients (30%) with an atheromatous etiology. An FPE was achieved in 93 patients (33.2%), with a significantly higher proportion of good outcomes (modified Rankin Scale score 0-2 at 3 months) and lower mortality than non-FPE patients. An FPE was also associated with improved outcomes compared with patients who went on to have full recanalization with >1 pass. Contact aspiration as first-line strategy was a strong predictor of FPE, whereas baseline antiplatelets and atheromatous etiology were negative predictors. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, an FPE was achieved in approximately one-third of patients with a basilar artery occlusion and was associated with improved outcomes. More research is needed to improve devices and techniques to increase the incidence of FPE. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03776877.

Thrombectomy for Comatose Patients with Basilar Artery Occlusion : A Multicenter Study.

PURPOSE: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) secondary to a basilar artery occlusion (BAO) carries a poor prognosis, especially in cases of severe symptoms, such as coma at presentation. Despite a lack of evidence, mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is often performed as the procedural risks are felt to be minimal compared to the natural history. We sought to evaluate MT efficacy and safety in comatose BAO patients. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of a multicenter prospective cohort of consecutive AIS patients with BAO who underwent MT. We compared baseline characteristics between comatose and noncomatose BAO patients, as well as clinical outcomes (modified Rankin scale, mRS 0-3 at 3 months). Using a multivariate logistic regression, we examined the population of comatose patients for baseline predictive factors of mortality. RESULTS: We included 269 patients, 72 (27%) comatose and 197 (73%) non-comatose. Despite similar recanalization rates between comatose and non-comatose patients (83% vs. 90% p = 0.221), comatose patient long-term outcomes were dramatically worse (11% mRS 0-3 vs. 54%, p < 0.0001) and mortality was higher (64% vs. 34%, p < 0.0001). Baseline predictors of mortality at 3 months among comatose BAO patients after multivariate analysis were the following: male sex (odds ratio, OR 31.20, 2.57-378.52, p = 0.007), older age (OR 1.13, 1.04-1.24, p = 0.007) and higher serum glucose levels (OR 1.54, 1.07-2.21, p = 0.019). CONCLUSION: Thrombectomy is technically effective for BAO patients presenting with coma; however, the long-term favorable outcome remains poor. Male sex, old age and hyperglycemia were predictors of mortality in these patients.

Thrombectomy for Basilar Artery Occlusion with Mild Symptoms.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate outcomes of thrombectomy in patients with a basilar artery occlusion (BAO) and mild symptoms, defined by an initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score ≤6. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of a multicenter prospective cohort of consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke with BAO who underwent thrombectomy. We compared baseline and procedural characteristics, as well as outcomes between patients with BAO with an NIHSS score ≤6 and >6. Multivariate analyses were performed to determine baseline and procedural predictors of good outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 0-2) among patients with an NIHSS score ≤6. RESULTS: A total of 269 patients were included: 50 (19%) had an initial NIHSS score ≤6 and 219 (81%) had an NIHSS score >6. Patients with mild strokes (NIHSS score ≤6) had better outcomes (68% of modified Rankin Scale score 0-2 vs. 27% for NIHSS score >6; P < 0.0001), lower mortality (14% vs. 48; P < 0.0001) and fewer parenchymal hematomas at day 1 (0% vs. 10%; P = 0.016). A multivariate analysis identified the following predictors for good outcome among patients with BAO with an NIHSS score ≤6: younger age, fewer passes, a cardioembolic cause, and the absence of need for angioplasty/stenting. CONCLUSIONS: Thrombectomy seems to be safer and more effective for mild BAO strokes with NIHSS score ≤6 than for more severe patients. Even although thrombectomy showed high rates of recanalization, a substantial proportion (32%) nevertheless had a poor long-term clinical outcome. The number of passes, patient's age, and stroke cause seem to be predictors of clinical outcome.

Prediction of Early Neurological Deterioration in Individuals With Minor Stroke and Large Vessel Occlusion Intended for Intravenous Thrombolysis Alone.

Importance: The best reperfusion strategy in patients with acute minor stroke and large vessel occlusion (LVO) is unknown. Accurately predicting early neurological deterioration of presumed ischemic origin (ENDi) following intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in this population may help to select candidates for immediate transfer for additional thrombectomy. Objective: To develop and validate an easily applicable predictive score of ENDi following IVT in patients with minor stroke and LVO. Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicentric retrospective cohort included 729 consecutive patients with minor stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score of 5 or less) and LVO (basilar artery, internal carotid artery, first [M1] or second [M2] segment of middle cerebral artery) intended for IVT alone in 45 French stroke centers, ie, including those who eventually received rescue thrombectomy because of ENDi. For external validation, another cohort of 347 patients with similar inclusion criteria was collected from 9 additional centers. Data were collected from January 2018 to September 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures: ENDi, defined as 4 or more points' deterioration on NIHSS score within the first 24 hours without parenchymal hemorrhage on follow-up imaging or another identified cause. Results: Of the 729 patients in the derivation cohort, 335 (46.0%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 70 (15) years; of the 347 patients in the validation cohort, 190 (54.8%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 69 (15) years. In the derivation cohort, the median (interquartile range) NIHSS score was 3 (1-4), and the occlusion site was the internal carotid artery in 97 patients (13.3%), M1 in 207 (28.4%), M2 in 395 (54.2%), and basilar artery in 30 (4.1%). ENDi occurred in 88 patients (12.1%; 95% CI, 9.7-14.4) and was strongly associated with poorer 3-month outcomes, even in patients who underwent rescue thrombectomy. In multivariable analysis, a more proximal occlusion site and a longer thrombus were independently associated with ENDi. A 4-point score derived from these variables-1 point for thrombus length and 3 points for occlusion site-showed good discriminative power for ENDi (C statistic = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.70-0.82) and was successfully validated in the validation cohort (ENDi rate, 11.0% [38 of 347]; C statistic = 0.78; 95% CI, 0.70-0.86). In both cohorts, ENDi probability was approximately 3%, 7%, 20%, and 35% for scores of 0, 1, 2 and 3 to 4, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: The substantial ENDi rates observed in these cohorts highlights the current debate regarding whether to directly transfer patients with IVT-treated minor stroke and LVO for additional thrombectomy. Based on the strong associations observed, an easily applicable score for ENDi risk prediction that may assist decision-making was derived and externally validated.

Bridging Therapy or IV Thrombolysis in Minor Stroke with Large Vessel Occlusion.

OBJECTIVE: Whether bridging therapy (intravenous thrombolysis [IVT] followed by endovascular treatment) is superior to IVT alone in minor stroke with large vessel occlusion (LVO) is unknown. METHODS: Multicentric retrospective observational study including, in intention-to-treat, consecutive IVT-treated minor strokes (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] ≤ 5) with LVO, with or without additional mechanical thrombectomy. Propensity-score (inverse probability of treatment weighting) was used to reduce baseline between-groups differences. The primary outcome was excellent outcome, that is, modified Rankin score 0 to 1 at 3 months follow-up. RESULTS: Overall, 598 patients were included (214 and 384 in the bridging therapy and IVT groups, respectively). Following propensity-score weighting, the distribution of baseline clinical and radiological variables was similar across the two patient groups. Compared with IVT alone, bridging therapy was not associated with excellent outcome (odds ratio [OR] = 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.75-1.24; p = 0.76), but was associated with symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (OR = 3.01; 95% CI = 1.77-5.11; p < 0.0001). Occlusion site was a strong modifier of the effect of bridging therapy on outcome (pinteraction < 0.0001), with bridging therapy associated with higher odds of excellent outcome in proximal M1 (OR = 3.26; 95% CI = 1.67-6.35; p = 0.0006) and distal M1 (OR = 1.69; 95% CI = 1.01-2.82; p = 0.04) occlusions, but with lower odds of excellent outcome for M2 (OR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.38-0.75; p = 0.0003) occlusions. Bridging therapy was associated with higher rates of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in M2 occlusions only (OR = 4.40; 95% CI = 2.20-8.83; p < 0.0001). INTERPRETATION: Although overall outcomes were similar in intended bridging therapy as compared to intended IVT alone in minor strokes with LVO, our results suggest that intended bridging therapy may be beneficial in M1 occlusions, whereas the benefit-risk profile may favor IVT alone in M2 occlusions. ANN NEUROL 2020 ANN NEUROL 2020;88:160-169.

Impact of Reperfusion for Nonagenarians Treated by Mechanical Thrombectomy: Insights From the ETIS Registry.

Background and Purpose- Nonagenarians represent a growing stroke population characterized by a higher frailty. Although endovascular therapy (ET) is a cornerstone of the management of acute ischemic stroke related to large vessel occlusion, the benefit of reperfusion among nonagenarians is poorly documented. We aimed to assess the impact of ET-related reperfusion on the functional outcome of reperfusion in this elderly population. Methods- A retrospective analysis of clinical and imaging data from all patients aged over 90 included in the ETIS (Endovascular Treatment in Ischemic Stroke) registry between October 2013 and April 2018 was performed. Association between post-ET reperfusion and favorable (modified Rankin Scale [0-2] or equal to prestroke value) and good (modified Rankin Scale [0-3] or equal to prestroke value) outcome were evaluated. Demographic and procedural predictors of functional outcome, including the first-pass effect, were evaluated. Results were adjusted for center, admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and use of intravenous thrombolysis. Results- Among the 124 nonagenarians treated with ET, those with successful reperfusion had the lowest 90-day modified Rankin Scale (odds ratio, 3.26; 95% CI, 1.04-10.25). Only patients with successful reperfusion after the first pass (n=53, 56.7%) had a reduced 90-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.05-0.45) and an increased rate of good outcome (odds ratio, 4.55; 95% CI, 1.38-15.03). No increase in the rate of intracranial hemorrhage was observed among patients successfully reperfused. Conclusions- Successful reperfusion improves the functional outcome of nonagenarians who should not be excluded from ET. The first-pass effect should be considered in the procedural management of this frail population.