Parental administration of inhaled short-acting beta agonists in the pediatric emergency department: a survey of family perspectives.

BACKGROUND: The management of children with an asthma exacerbation includes timely systemic corticosteroids and frequent short-acting beta-agonist therapy. In selected patients, inhaled short-acting beta-agonist administration by parents may promote comfort, constitute an educational opportunity for the family, and safely reduce provider workload. Our objective was to evaluate parental satisfaction and perceived safety of this new approach. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in a tertiary pediatric ED. We investigated patient and parent perspectives on a newly implemented parental short-acting beta-agonist administration program. A convenience sample of families participating in this program was approached for study enrolment. The primary outcome was the proportion of parents and children who were satisfied with the program. We also evaluated the program's safety and impact on asthma education as reported by parents. RESULTS: From February 2019 to March 2020, 72 of 74 (97%) families approached for enrolment participated in the survey. A vast majority (95%) of parents appreciated the program and 93% would participate again. Among children > 7 years, 86% preferred receiving inhaled short-acting beta-agonist by their parents rather than by a healthcare provider. Nearly all parents (96%) found the program to be "safe" or "very safe". Some participants reported improvements in their inhaler administration technique (25%) and ability to recognize their child's respiratory distress (25%). CONCLUSION: A novel parental short-acting beta-agonist administration program in the pediatric ED was widely appreciated by participating families. Parents perceived it as being safe, educational, and contributing to their child's comfort.

RéSUMé: CONTEXTE: La prise en charge des enfants présentant une exacerbation d'asthme comprend des corticostéroïdes systémiques et un traitement avec des doses fréquentes de bêta-agonistes à courte durée d'action. Chez certains patients, l'administration de bêta-agonistes à courte durée d'action en inhalation par les parents pourrait favoriser le confort, représenter une opportunité éducative pour la famille et réduire en toute sécurité la charge de travail des professionnels de la santé. Notre objectif était d'évaluer la satisfaction parentale et la sécurité perçue d'une telle nouvelle approche. MéTHODE: Cette étude transversale a été menée dans un service d'urgence pédiatrique tertiaire. Nous avons étudié les points de vue des patients et des parents impliqués dans un programme d'administration parentale de bêta-agonistes à courte durée d'action récemment déployé. Un échantillonnage de convenance de familles participant à ce programme a été invité à participer à l'étude. L'issue primaire était la proportion de parents et d'enfants satisfaits par ce programme. La sécurité du programme et son impact sur l'éducation sur l'asthme, tels que rapportés par les parents, ont aussi été évalués. RéSULTATS: De février 2019 à mars 2020, 72 des 74 familles (97 %) approchées ont participé à l'étude. Une grande majorité (95 %) des parents ont apprécié le programme et 93 % y participeraient à nouveau. Parmi les enfants de plus de 7 ans, 86 % ont préféré recevoir le bêta-agoniste à courte durée d'action par voie inhalée par leurs parents plutôt que par un professionnel de la santé. Presque tous les parents (96 %) ont trouvé le programme « sécuritaire¼ ou « très sécuritaire¼. Certains participants ont signalé des améliorations dans leur technique d'administration d'inhalateur (25 %) et dans leur capacité à reconnaître la détresse respiratoire chez leur enfant (25 %). CONCLUSION: Un nouveau programme d'administration de bêta-agonistes à courte durée d'action par les parents  dans un département d'urgence pédiatrique a été largement apprécié par les familles participantes. Les parents percevaient ce programme comme sécuritaire, éducatif et contribuant au confort de leur enfant.

Diagnosis of migraine in the pediatric emergency department.

BACKGROUND: Migraine criteria lack sensitivity in children and are not designed to be used in the emergency department. This study's aim was to compare the diagnosis of migraine in children with moderate to severe headache made by pediatric emergency physicians to the International Classification of Headache Disorders II migraine criteria with annotation for children and a new criteria, the Irma emergency department criteria, using the neurologist's diagnosis as the gold standard. METHODS: This was part of a prospective study with a convenience sample of patients <18 years old, diagnosed with migraine by pediatric emergency physicians and treated with intravenous medication due to severity of symptoms. A standardized questionnaire on the patient's present and past headaches description was completed by the patient and his or her family during their stay in the emergency department. Each patient was assessed by a pediatric neurologist within 3 months to confirm the final diagnosis. RESULTS: Between July 2007 and July 2009, 79 children completed a questionnaire. Of these, 11 were not evaluated by the neurologist (eight never reported for follow-up and three were not referred). Of the remaining, four had another final diagnosis, leaving 64 (94%) patients with confirmed diagnoses of migraine. Among these patients, 29 (45%) had headaches that fulfilled the International Classification of Headache Disorders II migraine criteria with annotation for children and 55 (86%) fulfilled the new criteria, the Irma emergency department criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians' clinical judgment performed better than the published migraine criteria, which did not have adequate sensitivity to be of use to pediatric emergency physicians.

Prochlorperazine in children with migraine: a look at its effectiveness and rate of akathisia.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of prochlorperazine and the rate of akathisia in children with severe migraine. METHODS: The study is a prospective cohort of a convenient sample of patients younger than 18 years old diagnosed with migraine and treated with intravenous prochlorperazine in adjunction with diphenhydramine in the emergency department. The evaluation of pain and akathisia was performed before the treatment and was repeated 60 minutes later and before discharge. A telephone follow-up was completed to assess relapse in pain and presence of akathisia. The effectiveness of prochlorperazine was determined using different outcomes: 50% reduction of pain, pain-free patients, treatment failure, and relapse of pain. RESULTS: Of the 79 patients included in the study for 25 months, 64 (81%) either met the International Headache Society criteria or had a diagnosis of migraine confirmed by a neurologist at follow-up. Among these patients, 47 (100%) of 47 had a 50% reduction of pain, and 24 (50%) of 48 were pain free at discharge. Only 14 (22%) of 64 patients had a treatment failure. However, 43 (68%) of 63 patients had a relapse of their headache within the first week after discharge. Overall, among the 79 patients, 4 (5%) had a definitive diagnosis of akathisia, but 27 (34%) other patients presented symptoms suggesting a possible diagnosis of akathisia. CONCLUSION: Prochlorperazine seems very effective to decrease pain on a short-term basis in children. However, more than two thirds of the patients, overall, had a relapse of their migraine at home in the first week. Despite the use of diphenhydramine, akathisia remains a concern.

The role of abdominal radiography in the diagnosis of intussusception when interpreted by pediatric emergency physicians.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of abdominal x-rays in the diagnosis of intussusception when interpreted by pediatric emergency physicians. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective experimental study. Participants were board-certified/eligible pediatric emergency physicians. They evaluated a module containing radiographs of 50 cases of intussusception and 50 controls, matched for age and sex. For each x-ray, the physicians stated whether the x-ray increased, decreased or did not affect suspicion of intussusception. The primary outcome was the percentage of cases for which physicians stated that the x-ray increased their level of suspicion (sensitivity). Secondary outcomes included the proportion of false-negative results and specificity. RESULTS: Fourteen of 15 eligible physicians participated in the study. Overall, abdominal radiography increased the index of suspicion of intussusception in 48% of cases (sensitivity) and 21% of controls; however, in 11% of cases, the abdominal x-rays were incorrectly interpreted as being reassuring. The specificity was 21%. The radiographs were deemed equivocal for 41% of cases and 58% of controls. CONCLUSIONS: Abdominal x-rays have a low sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing intussusception when interpreted by pediatric emergency physicians.

Polymer biodegradation: mechanisms and estimation techniques.

Within the frame of the sustainable development, new materials are being conceived in order to increase their biodegradability properties. Biodegradation is considered to take place throughout three stages: biodeterioration, biofragmentation and assimilation, without neglect the participation of abiotic factors. However, most of the techniques used by researchers in this area are inadequate to provide evidence of the final stage: assimilation. In this review, we describe the different stages of biodegradation and we state several techniques used by some authors working in this domain. Validate assimilation (including mineralisation) is an important aspect to guarantee the real biodegradability of items of consumption (in particular friendly environmental new materials). The aim of this review is to emphasise the importance of measure as well as possible, the last stage of the biodegradation, in order to certify the integration of new materials into the biogeochemical cycles. Finally, we give a perspective to use the natural labelling of stable isotopes in the environment, by means of a new methodology based on the isotopic fractionation to validate assimilation by microorganisms.