Production and meat quality traits of genetically lean immunocastrated pigs naturally divergent for loin tenderness.

Warner-Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) is a quantitative measurement of meat toughness that has great impact on the consumer acceptability of meat. This study was conducted to evaluate growth performance, carcass and meat quality characteristics, and fatty acids profile of longissimus lumborum (LL) intramuscular fat (IMF) of pigs that are genetically divergent for WBSF. Based on WBSF values of the LL from a previous study, 12 immunocastrated male pigs selected from 96 pigs were divided into two groups with high WBSF (53.28 to 42.50 N) and low WBSF (37.27 to 27.79 N). Although high-WBSF pigs tended to have improved (P = 0.08) gain-to-feed ratio, overall performance was similar between WBSF groups. High-WBSF pigs also tended to have higher (P = 0.09) cooling loss and lean percentage as well as decreased (P = 0.08) 10th-rib backfat depth than low-WBSF pigs. Loins from high-WBSF pigs tended to have lower (P = 0.07) IMF content and higher (P = 0.09) cooking loss than low-WBSF pigs. Compared to low-WBSF pigs, IMF of the LL from high-WBSF pigs had lower (P = 0.05) percentage of oleic acid and tended to have a decreased (P = 0.07) percentage of total monounsaturated fatty acids. Loins from pigs with high WBSF tended to have increased (P = 0.09) total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content and had higher (P = 0.03) PUFA: saturated fatty acid ratio than low-WBSF pigs. Selecting pigs for pork tenderness could potentially conflict with lean growth efficiency and a healthier fatty acids profile for human consumption.

Transcriptome profile of skeletal muscle using different sources of dietary fatty acids in male pigs.

Pork is of great importance in world trade and represents the largest source of fatty acids in the human diet. Lipid sources such as soybean oil (SOY), canola (CO), and fish oil (FO) are used in pig diets and influence blood parameters and the ratio of deposited fatty acids. In this study, the main objective was to evaluate changes in gene expression in porcine skeletal muscle tissue resulting from the dietary oil sources and to identify metabolic pathways and biological process networks through RNA-Seq. The addition of FO in the diet of pigs led to intramuscular lipid with a higher FA profile composition of C20:5 n-3, C22:6 n-3, and SFA (C16:0 and C18:0). Blood parameters for the FO group showed lower cholesterol and HDL content compared with CO and SOY groups. Skeletal muscle transcriptome analyses revealed 65 differentially expressed genes (DEG, FDR 10%) between CO vs SOY, and 32 DEG for CO vs FO, and 531 DEG for SOY vs FO comparison. Several genes, including AZGP1, PDE3B, APOE, PLIN1, and LIPS, were found to be down-regulated in the diet of the SOY group compared to the FO group. The enrichment analysis revealed DEG involved in lipid metabolism, metabolic diseases, and inflammation between the oil groups, with specific gene functions in each group and altered blood parameters. The results provide mechanisms to help us understand the behavior of genes according to fatty acids.

Brain fatty acid and transcriptome profiles of pig fed diets with different levels of soybean oil.

BACKGROUND: The high similarity in anatomical and neurophysiological processes between pigs and humans make pigs an excellent model for metabolic diseases and neurological disorders. Lipids are essential for brain structure and function, and the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have anti-inflammatory and positive effects against cognitive dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Nutrigenomics studies involving pigs and fatty acids (FA) may help us in better understanding important biological processes. In this study, the main goal was to evaluate the effect of different levels of dietary soybean oil on the lipid profile and transcriptome in pigs' brain tissue. RESULTS: Thirty-six male Large White pigs were used in a 98-day study using two experimental diets corn-soybean meal diet containing 1.5% soybean oil (SOY1.5) and corn-soybean meal diet containing 3.0% soybean oil (SOY3.0). No differences were found for the brain total lipid content and FA profile between the different levels of soybean oil. For differential expression analysis, using the DESeq2 statistical package, a total of 34 differentially expressed genes (DEG, FDR-corrected p-value < 0.05) were identified. Of these 34 DEG, 25 are known-genes, of which 11 were up-regulated (log2 fold change ranging from + 0.25 to + 2.93) and 14 were down-regulated (log2 fold change ranging from - 3.43 to -0.36) for the SOY1.5 group compared to SOY3.0. For the functional enrichment analysis performed using MetaCore with the 34 DEG, four pathway maps were identified (p-value < 0.05), related to the ALOX15B (log2 fold change - 1.489), CALB1 (log2 fold change - 3.431) and CAST (log2 fold change + 0.421) genes. A "calcium transport" network (p-value = 2.303e-2), related to the CAST and CALB1 genes, was also identified. CONCLUSION: The results found in this study contribute to understanding the pathways and networks associated with processes involved in intracellular calcium, lipid metabolism, and oxidative processes in the brain tissue. Moreover, these results may help a better comprehension of the modulating effects of soybean oil and its FA composition on processes and diseases affecting the brain tissue.

RNA-seq transcriptome profiling of pigs' liver in response to diet with different sources of fatty acids.

Pigs (Sus scrofa) are an animal model for metabolic diseases in humans. Pork is an important source of fatty acids (FAs) in the human diet, as it is one of the most consumed meats worldwide. The effects of dietary inclusion of oils such as canola, fish, and soybean oils on pig gene expression are mostly unknown. Our objective was to evaluate FA composition, identify changes in gene expression in the liver of male pigs fed diets enriched with different FA profiles, and identify impacted metabolic pathways and gene networks to enlighten the biological mechanisms' variation. Large White male pigs were randomly allocated to one of three diets with 18 pigs in each; all diets comprised a base of corn and soybean meal to which either 3% of soybean oil (SOY), 3% canola oil (CO), or 3% fish oil (FO) was added for a 98-day trial during the growing and finishing phases. RNA sequencing was performed on the liver samples of each animal by Illumina technology for differential gene expression analyses, using the R package DESeq2. The diets modified the FA profile, mainly in relation to polyunsaturated and saturated FAs. Comparing SOY vs. FO, 143 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified as being associated with metabolism, metabolic and neurodegenerative disease pathways, inflammatory processes, and immune response networks. Comparing CO vs. SOY, 148 DEGs were identified, with pathways related to FA oxidation, regulation of lipid metabolism, and metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Our results help explain the behavior of genes with differential expression in metabolic pathways resulting from feeding different types of oils in pig diets.

Check-All-That-Apply method for sensory characterization of pork from immunocastrated male pigs fed different oil sources

In the last decade, other quality attributes have emerged as the main aspects that impact pork consumers acceptance, such as environmentally friendly production, nutritional value, and animal welfare. This study applies a Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) questionnaire for sensory characterization of loins from genetically lean immunocastrated male pigs fed diets containing either a standard commercial diet with 1.5 % soybean oil (control) or 3 % oil from either soybean oil (SO), canola oil (CO), or fish oil (FO) during the growing-finishing phases. Twenty CATA attributes for loin samples were generated. We interviewed 101 consumers to select all the CATA terms that they considered suitable to characterize sensory attributes of longissimus lumborum muscle samples of pigs from each dietary treatment. The CATA results indicated differences among pork loin samples depending on the source and inclusion level of dietary oil. Loins from pigs fed 3 % SO were characterized by a higher frequency of the "juicy texture" attribute (p < 0.05) and a lower frequency of the "dry texture" attribute (p < 0.05) compared to loins from 3 % FO-fed pigs. Moreover, loins from pigs fed 3 % SO had a lower citation frequency of the "tasteless" attribute (p < 0.05) compared to loins from 3 % FO-fed pigs. The attributes "cooked pork meat-like taste", "juicy texture", "tender texture", and "brightness" were placed close to the overall liking. "Tender texture", "juicy texture", "pork meat-like" (odor and taste), and "cooked pork meat-like taste" attributes were considered drivers of liking. Feeding genetically lean immunocastrated male pigs with diets containing 3 % SO may be advisable from a pork sensory quality perspective.

Differential Gene Expression Associated with Soybean Oil Level in the Diet of Pigs.

The aim of this study was to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEG) from the skeletal muscle and liver samples of animal models for metabolic diseases in humans. To perform the study, the fatty acid (FA) profile and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data of 35 samples of liver tissue (SOY1.5, n = 17 and SOY3.0, n = 18) and 36 samples of skeletal muscle (SOY1.5, n = 18 and SOY3.0, n = 18) of Large White pigs were analyzed. The FA profile of the tissues was modified by the diet, mainly those related to monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) FA. The skeletal muscle transcriptome analysis revealed 45 DEG (FDR 10%), and the functional enrichment analysis identified network maps related to inflammation, immune processes, and pathways associated with oxidative stress, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction. For the liver tissue, the transcriptome profile analysis revealed 281 DEG, which participate in network maps related to neurodegenerative diseases. With this nutrigenomics study, we verified that different levels of soybean oil in the pig diet, an animal model for metabolic diseases in humans, affected the transcriptome profile of skeletal muscle and liver tissue. These findings may help to better understand the biological mechanisms that can be modulated by the diet.

Effect of dietary soybean oil inclusion on liver-related transcription factors in a pig model for metabolic diseases.

Dietary fatty acids (FA) are components of the lipids, which contribute to membrane structure, energy input, and biological functions related to cellular signaling and transcriptome regulation. However, the consumers still associate dietary FA with fat deposition and increased occurrence of metabolic diseases such as obesity and atherosclerosis. Previous studies already demonstrated that some fatty acids are linked with inflammatory response, preventing metabolic diseases. To better understand the role of dietary FA on metabolic diseases, for the first time, a study to identify key transcription factors (TF) involved in lipid metabolism and inflammatory response by transcriptome analysis from liver samples of animal models was performed. The key TF were identified by functional enrichment analysis from the list of differentially expressed genes identified in liver samples between 35 pigs fed with 1.5% or 3.0% soybean oil. The functional enrichment analysis detected TF linked to lipid homeostasis and inflammatory response, such as RXRA, EGFR, and SREBP2 precursor. These findings demonstrated that key TF related to lipid metabolism could be modulated by dietary inclusion of soybean oil. It could contribute to nutrigenomics research field that aims to elucidate dietary interventions in animal and human health, as well as to drive food technology and science.

Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers in traceability of retail beef samples / / Marcadores de DNA nuclear e mitocondrial para rastreabilidade da carne bovina comercializada

Several characteristics are important in a traceability system of animal products, such as age at slaughter, breed composition, besides information of the productive chain. In general, the certification agent records information about the animals and the system which it came from, although cannot guarantee that the slaughtering, meat processing and distribution are error proof. Besides, there is a differential price, at least at the international market, based on sex and breed composition of the animals. Genetic markers allow identification of characteristics controlled in the beef cattle traceability program, as sex and breed composition, in order to correctly identify and appraise the final product for the consumer. The hypothesis of this study was that the majority beef samples retailed in the local market originate from female with a great participation of zebu breeds. Therefore, the objective of this work was to characterize retail beef samples with DNA markers that identify cattle sex and breed composition. Within 10 beef shops localized in Pirassununga, SP, Brazil, 61 samples were collected, all were genotyped as harboring Bos taurus mitochondrial DNA and 18 were positive for the Y chromosome amplification (male). For the marker sat1711b-Msp I the frequency of the allele A was 0.278 and for the marker Lhr-Hha I the frequency of the allele T was 0.417. The results of sat1711b-Msp I and Lhr-Hha I allelic frequencies are suggestive that the proportion of indicus genome compared with the taurine genome in the market meat is smaller than the observed in the Nellore breed. The procedure described in this study identified sex and subspecies characteristics of beef meat samples, with potential application in meat products certification in special as an auxiliary tool in beef cattle traceability programs.(AU)

Várias características são importantes no sistema de rastreabilidade, como o sexo, a idade, a raça e/ou a composição racial dos animais, além de dados da cadeia produtiva. Em geral, a empresa certificadora dispõe das informações do animal que está sendo abatido, porém não tem condições de garantir se houve erro entre abate, desossa, processamento e a distribuição dos produtos. Existe diferenciação no custo e na qualidade dos produtos cárneos, especialmente no mercado internacional, em virtude do sexo e composição racial dos animais. Os marcadores genéticos permitem identificar as características que são controladas num programa de rastreabilidade bovina tais como sexo e composição racial, permitindo identificar e avaliar corretamente para o consumidor, o produto final. A hipótese deste estudo foi que a maioria das amostras de carne bovina vendida no mercado local seria proveniente de fêmeas e com grande participação de raças Zebu. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar amostras de carne bovina com marcadores de DNA para identificar o sexo e a composição racial. Em dez pontos comerciais da cidade de Pirasssununga, SP, Brasil, foram coletadas 61 amostras e todas foram genotipadas como possuindo DNA mitocondrial Bos taurus e 18 foram positivos para amplificação do cromossomo Y (macho). Para o marcador sat1711b-Msp I a frequência alélica do A foi 0.278 e para o marcador Lhr-Hha I a frequência alélica do T foi 0.417. Os resultados das frequências alélicas do sat1711b-Msp I e Lhr-Hha I apresentaram menor proporção do genoma Bos indicus em relação ao Bos taurus quando comparado ao rebanho Nelore. Com a metodologia descrita neste trabalho foi possível avaliar o sexo e as características de subespécie das amostras de carne bovina, tendo uma importante aplicação para a certificação de produtos cárneos especialmente, em programas de rastreabilidade animal.(AU)

Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers in traceability of retail beef samples / Marcadores de DNA nuclear e mitocondrial para rastreabilidade da carne bovina comercializada

Several characteristics are important in a traceability system of animal products, such as age at slaughter, breed composition, besides information of the productive chain. In general, the certification agent records information about the animals and the system which it came from, although cannot guarantee that the slaughtering, meat processing and distribution are error proof. Besides, there is a differential price, at least at the international market, based on sex and breed composition of the animals. Genetic markers allow identification of characteristics controlled in the beef cattle traceability program, as sex and breed composition, in order to correctly identify and appraise the final product for the consumer. The hypothesis of this study was that the majority beef samples retailed in the local market originate from female with a great participation of zebu breeds. Therefore, the objective of this work was to characterize retail beef samples with DNA markers that identify cattle sex and breed composition. Within 10 beef shops localized in Pirassununga, SP, Brazil, 61 samples were collected, all were genotyped as harboring Bos taurus mitochondrial DNA and 18 were positive for the Y chromosome amplification (male). For the marker sat1711b-Msp I the frequency of the allele A was 0.278 and for the marker Lhr-Hha I the frequency of the allele T was 0.417. The results of sat1711b-Msp I and Lhr-Hha I allelic frequencies are suggestive that the proportion of indicus genome compared with the taurine genome in the market meat is smaller than the observed in the Nellore breed. The procedure described in this study identified sex and subspecies characteristics of beef meat samples, with potential application in meat products certification in special as an auxiliary tool in beef cattle traceability programs.

Várias características são importantes no sistema de rastreabilidade, como o sexo, a idade, a raça e/ou a composição racial dos animais, além de dados da cadeia produtiva. Em geral, a empresa certificadora dispõe das informações do animal que está sendo abatido, porém não tem condições de garantir se houve erro entre abate, desossa, processamento e a distribuição dos produtos. Existe diferenciação no custo e na qualidade dos produtos cárneos, especialmente no mercado internacional, em virtude do sexo e composição racial dos animais. Os marcadores genéticos permitem identificar as características que são controladas num programa de rastreabilidade bovina tais como sexo e composição racial, permitindo identificar e avaliar corretamente para o consumidor, o produto final. A hipótese deste estudo foi que a maioria das amostras de carne bovina vendida no mercado local seria proveniente de fêmeas e com grande participação de raças Zebu. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar amostras de carne bovina com marcadores de DNA para identificar o sexo e a composição racial. Em dez pontos comerciais da cidade de Pirasssununga, SP, Brasil, foram coletadas 61 amostras e todas foram genotipadas como possuindo DNA mitocondrial Bos taurus e 18 foram positivos para amplificação do cromossomo Y (macho). Para o marcador sat1711b-Msp I a frequência alélica do A foi 0.278 e para o marcador Lhr-Hha I a frequência alélica do T foi 0.417. Os resultados das frequências alélicas do sat1711b-Msp I e Lhr-Hha I apresentaram menor proporção do genoma Bos indicus em relação ao Bos taurus quando comparado ao rebanho Nelore. Com a metodologia descrita neste trabalho foi possível avaliar o sexo e as características de subespécie das amostras de carne bovina, tendo uma importante aplicação para a certificação de produtos cárneos especialmente, em programas de rastreabilidade animal.

Hanging the beef carcass by the forequarter to improve tenderness of the Longissimus dorsi and Biceps femoris muscles

Hanging beef carcasses in different configurations in the cooler affect some carcass muscle tenderness. Forty Nellore steer carcasses (ten per day) were chosen at random in a federally inspected slaughter plant and hanged alternate left and right sides either in the traditional way by the hindquarter (HQ) or by the forequarter (FQ) also called "tenderbife". Carcasses were selected from steers up to 30 months old and had an average hot carcass weight of 244.1 kg. These carcasses were chilled for 48 hours, when samples from the Longissimus dorsi (LD) at the 12th rib and the Biceps femoris (BF) at the P8 site were removed, kept under refrigeration (0-2ºC) for five days and frozen for future analysis. The temperature of the LD after 24 hours taken at the 12th rib was not different for HQ (1.0ºC) and FQ (0.9ºC). Fat thickness measured at the 12th rib was lower (P 0.05) for HQ (3.8 mm) than FQ (4.3 mm). All samples were thawed during 48 hours under refrigeration for tenderness evaluation. Warner Bratzler Shear force from the LD was lower (P 0.001) for FQ (3.53 kg) than HQ (4.78 kg) and was not different for BF. Total cooking losses were not different between HQ (19.7%) and FQ (18.9%). Hanging beef carcass by the forequarter caused an improvement in tenderness of the LD without any detrimental effect on the BF (cap of rump).

A suspensão da carcaça em diferentes formas na câmara fria influencia a maciez de alguns músculos da carcaça. As carcaças de 40 novilhos Nelore (dez por dia) com no máximo 30 meses de idade foram selecionadas ao acaso em frigorífico (SIF 2543) e lados alternados de suas carcaças foram resfriados e pendurados pelo Tendão de Aquiles do traseiro especial (TA) ou pelo músculo carpo radial dianteiro (DA), também chamado "tenderbife". Todas as carcaças eram de classificação B no Sistema Brasileiro de Tipificação de Carcaças, com média de peso de carcaça quente de 244,1 kg. O pH 24 horas não diferiu para os tratamentos, (TA = 5,69 e DA = 5,70). As carcaças foram resfriadas por 48 horas e a seguir, amostras do Longissimus dorsi (LD) na altura da 12ª costela e Biceps femoris (BF) na altura do sítio P8 foram removidas, mantidas sob refrigeração (0-2ºC) por mais 5 dias e a seguir congeladas para posterior análises. A espessura de gordura medida na altura da 12ª costela foi menor (P 0,05) para TA (3,8 mm) do que DA (4,3 mm). A força de cisalhamento do músculo LD foi menor (P 0,01) para o DA (3,53 kg) do que para o TA (4,78 kg) e não foi estatisticamente diferente para o músculo BF. As perdas totais ao cozimento também não foram estatisticamente diferentes (TA = 19,7% e DA = 18,9%). O resfriamento da carcaça pendurada pelo dianteiro ocasionou uma melhoria significativa na maciez do músculo LD (contra-filé) sem causar um efeito indesejável no músculo BF (picanha).

Days on feed and sex effects on live weight and carcass traits measured by ultrasound

There is a paucity of information in the literature on body composition changes in Nellore cattle and its crosses, mainly on heifers and intact males. Ultrasound is a useful, low cost tool to easily obtain this information, with minimal animal stress. Effects of sex and days on feed on live weight (LW) and ultrasound Longissimus muscle area (ULMA) and subcutaneous fat thickness (UFAT) measurements were evaluated in F1 Piedmont FONT FACE=Symbol>´ /FONT> Nelore, 27 heifers (HF) and 27 intact males (IM). HF and IM had an initial LW of 256 ± 5.6 and 265 ± 5.6 kg, respectively, and were fed a diet containing 77% TDN for 131 days. LW, ULMA, and UFAT were evaluated at 28-d intervals. Interactions between sex and days on feed were found for all traits studied. LW increased linearly with days on feed, and IM had greater LW than HF throughout the trial. Mean initial ULMA was 55.8 and 55.5 cm² for HF and IM, respectively, and increased linearly until the end of the experiment (78.7 and 82.8 cm², respectively). IM showed higher ULMA than HF only in the last measurement. Initial UFAT averaged 0.04 and 0.4 mm for IM and HF, respectively, and increased linearly during the feeding period (2.4 and 4.3 mm, respectively). UFAT was higher n HF than in IM during the entire experimental period. IM showed faster growth rates and protein accretion than HF in the Longissimus muscle. HF showed faster subcutaneous fat accretion.

Existem poucos dados na literatura sobre as alterações na composição corporal de bovinos Nelore e seus cruzamentos, especialmente em relação a novilhas (NOV) e machos inteiros (MI). A ultra-sonografia é uma ferramenta útil para obter essa informação de forma fácil, com mínimo distúrbio ao animal e a baixo custo. Efeitos do sexo e dias de confinamento sobre o peso vivo (PV) e a área do músculo Longissimus dorsi (AOLU) e a espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGSU) medidas por ultra-som, foram avaliadas em 27 novilhas e 27 machos inteiros, F1 Piemontês FONT FACE=Symbol>´ /FONT> Nelore. NOV e MI com PV inicial de 256 ± 5,6 e 265 ± 5,6 kg, respectivamente, foram confinados com uma dieta contendo 77% de NDT, durante 131 dias. O PV, a AOLU e a EGSU foram avaliadas a cada 28 dias aproximadamente. Foi observada uma interação entre sexo e dias de confinamento para todas as características avaliadas. O PV aumentou linearmente com os dias de confinamento e MI apresentaram maior PV que as NOV desde o início do experimento. A AOLU média inicial foi 55,8 e 55,5 cm² nas NOV e MI, respectivamente, aumentando linearmente até o final do confinamento (78,7 e 82,8 cm², respectivamente). Em relação ao efeito do sexo, MI tiveram maior AOLU que NOV somente na última medida. A EGSU inicial foi 0,04 e 0,4 mm para MI e NOV, respectivamente e aumentaram linearmente durante e período de confinamento (2,4 e 4,3 mm, respectivamente). NOV tiveram maior EGSU desde o início até o final do período experimental. MI tiveram maiores taxas de crescimento do PV e AOLU que NOV, no entanto, estas tiveram maior taxa de crescimento da EGSU.

Days on feed and sex effects on live weight and carcass traits measured by ultrasound

There is a paucity of information in the literature on body composition changes in Nellore cattle and its crosses, mainly on heifers and intact males. Ultrasound is a useful, low cost tool to easily obtain this information, with minimal animal stress. Effects of sex and days on feed on live weight (LW) and ultrasound Longissimus muscle area (ULMA) and subcutaneous fat thickness (UFAT) measurements were evaluated in F1 Piedmont FONT FACE=Symbol>´ /FONT> Nelore, 27 heifers (HF) and 27 intact males (IM). HF and IM had an initial LW of 256 ± 5.6 and 265 ± 5.6 kg, respectively, and were fed a diet containing 77% TDN for 131 days. LW, ULMA, and UFAT were evaluated at 28-d intervals. Interactions between sex and days on feed were found for all traits studied. LW increased linearly with days on feed, and IM had greater LW than HF throughout the trial. Mean initial ULMA was 55.8 and 55.5 cm² for HF and IM, respectively, and increased linearly until the end of the experiment (78.7 and 82.8 cm², respectively). IM showed higher ULMA than HF only in the last measurement. Initial UFAT averaged 0.04 and 0.4 mm for IM and HF, respectively, and increased linearly during the feeding period (2.4 and 4.3 mm, respectively). UFAT was higher n HF than in IM during the entire experimental period. IM showed faster growth rates and protein accretion than HF in the Longissimus muscle. HF showed faster subcutaneous fat accretion.

Existem poucos dados na literatura sobre as alterações na composição corporal de bovinos Nelore e seus cruzamentos, especialmente em relação a novilhas (NOV) e machos inteiros (MI). A ultra-sonografia é uma ferramenta útil para obter essa informação de forma fácil, com mínimo distúrbio ao animal e a baixo custo. Efeitos do sexo e dias de confinamento sobre o peso vivo (PV) e a área do músculo Longissimus dorsi (AOLU) e a espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGSU) medidas por ultra-som, foram avaliadas em 27 novilhas e 27 machos inteiros, F1 Piemontês FONT FACE=Symbol>´ /FONT> Nelore. NOV e MI com PV inicial de 256 ± 5,6 e 265 ± 5,6 kg, respectivamente, foram confinados com uma dieta contendo 77% de NDT, durante 131 dias. O PV, a AOLU e a EGSU foram avaliadas a cada 28 dias aproximadamente. Foi observada uma interação entre sexo e dias de confinamento para todas as características avaliadas. O PV aumentou linearmente com os dias de confinamento e MI apresentaram maior PV que as NOV desde o início do experimento. A AOLU média inicial foi 55,8 e 55,5 cm² nas NOV e MI, respectivamente, aumentando linearmente até o final do confinamento (78,7 e 82,8 cm², respectivamente). Em relação ao efeito do sexo, MI tiveram maior AOLU que NOV somente na última medida. A EGSU inicial foi 0,04 e 0,4 mm para MI e NOV, respectivamente e aumentaram linearmente durante e período de confinamento (2,4 e 4,3 mm, respectivamente). NOV tiveram maior EGSU desde o início até o final do período experimental. MI tiveram maiores taxas de crescimento do PV e AOLU que NOV, no entanto, estas tiveram maior taxa de crescimento da EGSU.

Hanging the beef carcass by the forequarter to improve tenderness of the Longissimus dorsi and Biceps femoris muscles

Hanging beef carcasses in different configurations in the cooler affect some carcass muscle tenderness. Forty Nellore steer carcasses (ten per day) were chosen at random in a federally inspected slaughter plant and hanged alternate left and right sides either in the traditional way by the hindquarter (HQ) or by the forequarter (FQ) also called "tenderbife". Carcasses were selected from steers up to 30 months old and had an average hot carcass weight of 244.1 kg. These carcasses were chilled for 48 hours, when samples from the Longissimus dorsi (LD) at the 12th rib and the Biceps femoris (BF) at the P8 site were removed, kept under refrigeration (0-2ºC) for five days and frozen for future analysis. The temperature of the LD after 24 hours taken at the 12th rib was not different for HQ (1.0ºC) and FQ (0.9ºC). Fat thickness measured at the 12th rib was lower (P 0.05) for HQ (3.8 mm) than FQ (4.3 mm). All samples were thawed during 48 hours under refrigeration for tenderness evaluation. Warner Bratzler Shear force from the LD was lower (P 0.001) for FQ (3.53 kg) than HQ (4.78 kg) and was not different for BF. Total cooking losses were not different between HQ (19.7%) and FQ (18.9%). Hanging beef carcass by the forequarter caused an improvement in tenderness of the LD without any detrimental effect on the BF (cap of rump).

A suspensão da carcaça em diferentes formas na câmara fria influencia a maciez de alguns músculos da carcaça. As carcaças de 40 novilhos Nelore (dez por dia) com no máximo 30 meses de idade foram selecionadas ao acaso em frigorífico (SIF 2543) e lados alternados de suas carcaças foram resfriados e pendurados pelo Tendão de Aquiles do traseiro especial (TA) ou pelo músculo carpo radial dianteiro (DA), também chamado "tenderbife". Todas as carcaças eram de classificação B no Sistema Brasileiro de Tipificação de Carcaças, com média de peso de carcaça quente de 244,1 kg. O pH 24 horas não diferiu para os tratamentos, (TA = 5,69 e DA = 5,70). As carcaças foram resfriadas por 48 horas e a seguir, amostras do Longissimus dorsi (LD) na altura da 12ª costela e Biceps femoris (BF) na altura do sítio P8 foram removidas, mantidas sob refrigeração (0-2ºC) por mais 5 dias e a seguir congeladas para posterior análises. A espessura de gordura medida na altura da 12ª costela foi menor (P 0,05) para TA (3,8 mm) do que DA (4,3 mm). A força de cisalhamento do músculo LD foi menor (P 0,01) para o DA (3,53 kg) do que para o TA (4,78 kg) e não foi estatisticamente diferente para o músculo BF. As perdas totais ao cozimento também não foram estatisticamente diferentes (TA = 19,7% e DA = 18,9%). O resfriamento da carcaça pendurada pelo dianteiro ocasionou uma melhoria significativa na maciez do músculo LD (contra-filé) sem causar um efeito indesejável no músculo BF (picanha).

Quality characteristics of Longissimus dorsi muscle from Bos indicus animals treated with vitamin D3

Among several techniques to improve beef tenderness, vitamin D3, important for calcium mobilization, has recently been developed as an alternative. It acts on the intracellular calcium-dependent proteases (mu- and m-calpain). Ten days prior to slaughter, 36 Nelore steers were fed 0, 3, 6 and 9 million IU of supplemental vitamin D3 (D3) per animal per day (an-1 d-1). Animals were slaughtered and tenderness (shear force), cooking losses (1, 8 and 15 days of aging), sensory evaluation, and minerals in blood plasma and muscle (Longissimus dorsi) were measured. There were no differences (P > 0.05) among treatments for blood plasma and muscle mineral concentration, evaporation losses, and sensory juiciness. For drip and total loss, the smallest losses were for the 6 × 10(6) IU an-1 d-1 treatment. The control treatment resulted in lowest shear force and aging also tended to lower resistance to shearing. The 3 × 10(6) IU an-1 d-1 treatment had a positive effect on tenderness, flavor and overall palatability. High levels of supplemental D3 did not improve the quality characteristicsof Longissimus dorsi muscle from Bos indicus animals.

Muitas técnicas são empregadas para melhorar a maciez da carne de bovinos. A mais recente usa a vitamina D3, que tem importância na mobilização do cálcio e na ativação das proteases cálcio-dependentes (mi- e m-calpaína). Neste estudo, 36 machos castrados (Nelore) foram suplementados por via oral com quatro níveis de vitamina D3 (0, 3, 6 e 9 milhões de UI de vitamina D3 animal-1 dia-1) durante os 10 dias que antecederam o abate. Após o abate foram medidos a força de cisalhamento e perdas por cozimento (aos dias 1, 8 e 15 de maturação), pH, concentração de minerais no plasma sangüíneo e no músculo Longissimus dorsi, além de análise sensorial de amostras. Não houve (P > 0.05) efeito da dose de vitamina D3 na concentração de minerais no plasma sangüíneo e no músculo, nas perdas por evaporação, e na suculência estimada pela análise sensorial. As menores perdas (totais e por gotejamento) foram em resposta à dose 6 × 10(6) UI an-1 dia-1 . A dose controle resultou na menor força de cisalhamento (FC), que tendeu a ser menor quanto maior o tempo de maturação. A dose 3 × 10(6) UI an-1 dia-1 afetou positivamente as características de maciez, sabor e aceitação global. A suplementação com elevadas doses de vitamina D3 não melhorou as características qualitativas do músculo Longissimus dorsi (contra-filé) de animais Nelore (Bos indicus).

Quality characteristics of Longissimus dorsi muscle from Bos indicus animals treated with vitamin D3

Among several techniques to improve beef tenderness, vitamin D3, important for calcium mobilization, has recently been developed as an alternative. It acts on the intracellular calcium-dependent proteases (mu- and m-calpain). Ten days prior to slaughter, 36 Nelore steers were fed 0, 3, 6 and 9 million IU of supplemental vitamin D3 (D3) per animal per day (an-1 d-1). Animals were slaughtered and tenderness (shear force), cooking losses (1, 8 and 15 days of aging), sensory evaluation, and minerals in blood plasma and muscle (Longissimus dorsi) were measured. There were no differences (P > 0.05) among treatments for blood plasma and muscle mineral concentration, evaporation losses, and sensory juiciness. For drip and total loss, the smallest losses were for the 6 × 10(6) IU an-1 d-1 treatment. The control treatment resulted in lowest shear force and aging also tended to lower resistance to shearing. The 3 × 10(6) IU an-1 d-1 treatment had a positive effect on tenderness, flavor and overall palatability. High levels of supplemental D3 did not improve the quality characteristicsof Longissimus dorsi muscle from Bos indicus animals.

Muitas técnicas são empregadas para melhorar a maciez da carne de bovinos. A mais recente usa a vitamina D3, que tem importância na mobilização do cálcio e na ativação das proteases cálcio-dependentes (mi- e m-calpaína). Neste estudo, 36 machos castrados (Nelore) foram suplementados por via oral com quatro níveis de vitamina D3 (0, 3, 6 e 9 milhões de UI de vitamina D3 animal-1 dia-1) durante os 10 dias que antecederam o abate. Após o abate foram medidos a força de cisalhamento e perdas por cozimento (aos dias 1, 8 e 15 de maturação), pH, concentração de minerais no plasma sangüíneo e no músculo Longissimus dorsi, além de análise sensorial de amostras. Não houve (P > 0.05) efeito da dose de vitamina D3 na concentração de minerais no plasma sangüíneo e no músculo, nas perdas por evaporação, e na suculência estimada pela análise sensorial. As menores perdas (totais e por gotejamento) foram em resposta à dose 6 × 10(6) UI an-1 dia-1 . A dose controle resultou na menor força de cisalhamento (FC), que tendeu a ser menor quanto maior o tempo de maturação. A dose 3 × 10(6) UI an-1 dia-1 afetou positivamente as características de maciez, sabor e aceitação global. A suplementação com elevadas doses de vitamina D3 não melhorou as características qualitativas do músculo Longissimus dorsi (contra-filé) de animais Nelore (Bos indicus).

Effect of the ionophore ICI 139603 on growth rate and feed conversion in Zebu / Efeito do ionóforo ICI 139603 no desempenho e conversão alimentar de novilhos zebu alimentados com gramíneas tropicais

The effect of the ICI 139603 ionophore on the performance of Zebu steers was evaluated on this trial utilizing two treatments: A) control and B) 0.1 mg/kg LW of ICI 139603. Fifty four 27 month old Nellore steers were grouped based on live weight and weight gain on a 3 week pre-trial period. The basal diet consisted of chopped Guinea grass ad libitum plus 0.5 kg of soybean meal and ground corn (0.37% of the live weight). The ICI 139603 additive was mixed with the ground corn on treatment B. Dry matter intake was not affected by the additive (P >0.05), but daily weight gain was greater (P 0.01) for the animals receiving it (0.585 and 0.655 kg for treatments A and B, respectivelly). Consequently, feed conversion was improved (P 0.01) by the additive (in the same order above, 14.66 and 13.12 kg DM/kg LWG). The concentration of propionic acid in the ruminal liquid was increased by the additive. The improvement of feed conversion was 10.5% and the weight gain 12.2% higher than the control group of cattle.

O efeito do ionóforo ICI 139603 no desempenho de novilhos azebuados foi avaliado num experimento conduzido em Nova Odessa, SP. O experimento consistia de dois tratamentos: A- controle e B- ionóforo (0,lmg do composto ativo por kg de peso vivo). Foram selecionados 54 novilhos nelore com 27 meses de idade e agrupados com base no peso vivo e no ganho de peso durante período pré-experimental de 3 semanas. A dieta basal era constituída de capim colonião picado, à vontade, 0,5 kg de farelo de soja e quirera de milho à base de aproximadamente 0,37% do peso vivo. No tratamento B, o milho foi utilizado como veículo para o ionóforo. A ingestão de matéria seca não foi afetada pela adição de ionóforo na dieta (P> 0,05). Por outro lado, o ganho de peso diário foi maior (P 0,01) para os animais que receberam o ionóforo (0,585 e 0,655 kg/cab/dia, para os tratamentos A e B, respectivamente). O grupo tratado, apresentou uma conversão alimentar melhor (P 0,01) (na mesma ordem, 14,66 e 13,12 kg MS/kg ganho). A concentração e a proporção de ácido propiônico no fluido ruminal também foram aumentadas pela utilização do ionóforo. O aumento médio no ganho de peso e melhora na conversão alimentar ocasionados pelo tratamento foram de 12,2% e 10,5% respectivamente.

Effect of the ionophore ICI 139603 on growth rate and feed conversion in Zebu / Efeito do ionóforo ICI 139603 no desempenho e conversão alimentar de novilhos zebu alimentados com gramíneas tropicais

The effect of the ICI 139603 ionophore on the performance of Zebu steers was evaluated on this trial utilizing two treatments: A) control and B) 0.1 mg/kg LW of ICI 139603. Fifty four 27 month old Nellore steers were grouped based on live weight and weight gain on a 3 week pre-trial period. The basal diet consisted of chopped Guinea grass ad libitum plus 0.5 kg of soybean meal and ground corn (0.37% of the live weight). The ICI 139603 additive was mixed with the ground corn on treatment B. Dry matter intake was not affected by the additive (P >0.05), but daily weight gain was greater (P 0.01) for the animals receiving it (0.585 and 0.655 kg for treatments A and B, respectivelly). Consequently, feed conversion was improved (P 0.01) by the additive (in the same order above, 14.66 and 13.12 kg DM/kg LWG). The concentration of propionic acid in the ruminal liquid was increased by the additive. The improvement of feed conversion was 10.5% and the weight gain 12.2% higher than the control group of cattle.

O efeito do ionóforo ICI 139603 no desempenho de novilhos azebuados foi avaliado num experimento conduzido em Nova Odessa, SP. O experimento consistia de dois tratamentos: A- controle e B- ionóforo (0,lmg do composto ativo por kg de peso vivo). Foram selecionados 54 novilhos nelore com 27 meses de idade e agrupados com base no peso vivo e no ganho de peso durante período pré-experimental de 3 semanas. A dieta basal era constituída de capim colonião picado, à vontade, 0,5 kg de farelo de soja e quirera de milho à base de aproximadamente 0,37% do peso vivo. No tratamento B, o milho foi utilizado como veículo para o ionóforo. A ingestão de matéria seca não foi afetada pela adição de ionóforo na dieta (P> 0,05). Por outro lado, o ganho de peso diário foi maior (P 0,01) para os animais que receberam o ionóforo (0,585 e 0,655 kg/cab/dia, para os tratamentos A e B, respectivamente). O grupo tratado, apresentou uma conversão alimentar melhor (P 0,01) (na mesma ordem, 14,66 e 13,12 kg MS/kg ganho). A concentração e a proporção de ácido propiônico no fluido ruminal também foram aumentadas pela utilização do ionóforo. O aumento médio no ganho de peso e melhora na conversão alimentar ocasionados pelo tratamento foram de 12,2% e 10,5% respectivamente.

Carcass characteristics and edible portion yields of Nelloresteers compared to crossbreds (F1) of Canchim, Santa Gertrudis, Caracu, Holstein and Swiss as sire breeds mated with Nellore. II. Pasture finished cattle / Características de carcaça e rendimento da porção comestível de machos Nelore comparados a cruzados (F1) obtidos do acasalamento de touros das raças Cachim, Santa Gertrudis, Caracu, Holandês e Suíço com fêmeas Nelore. II. Animais castrados terminados...

Carcass characteristics and edible portion yields of Nelloresteers compared to crossbreds (F1) of Canchim, Santa Gertrudis, Caracu, Holstein and Swiss as sire breeds mated with Nellore. II. Pasture finished cattle. The NN crossbreds had a significantly heavier live weight (429.8 kg) than KN (470.1 kg), CN (468.1 kg), GN (465.7 kg) or SN (465.0 kg) and NN wich had the lowest live weight (421.2 kg). Consequently, HN had heavier hot and chilled carcass weights (266.8 and 261.4 kg) than CN (262.6 and 256.8 kg), KN (254.1 and 248.9 kg) and GN (252.6 and 247.6 kg). SN was lower (248.1 and 242.7 kg) and NN the lowest (233.5 and 230.4 kg). CN (48.2%) and NN (47.4%) had higher percentages of special hindquater than SN (47.0%), GN (46.6%) with KN (46.0%) and HN (46.0%) having the lowest percentage. The edible portion percentage was higher for CN (72.3%), KN (71.9%), NN (71.5%), SN (71.4%) and HN (71.3%) than GN (69.0%). The KN crossbred had a significantly lower percentage of bone (18.2%) than HN (19.1%) with NN and other crossbreds intermediate. Fat thikness per 100 kg of carcass weight was significantly lower for the crosses than for NN (1.9 mm). Loin eye area per 100 kg carcass weight, measured at 12th rib, was larger for SN (31.9 cm2) than for HN (27.5 em2) with NN and the other crosses intermediate. Trimming percentage was lower for NN and crosses than for GN (12.6%). The CN, NN an

Características de carcaça e rendimento da porção comestível de machos Nelore comparados a cruzados (F1) obtidos do acasalamento de touros das raças Cachim, Santa Gertrudis, Caracu, Holandês e Suíço com fêmeas Nelore. II. Animais castrados terminados a pastoEste trabalho foi conduzido na Estação Experimental de Zootecnia de Andradina, do Instituto de Zootecnia, SP, para avaliar as características de carcaça de novilhos Nelore (NN), comparados com novilhos resultantes do cruzamento de vacas Nelore com touros das raças Canchim (CN), Santa Gertrudis (GN, Caracu (KN), Holandesa (HN) e Suiça (SN), terminados a pasto. Dentre as diversas características estudadas, destacam-se o peso da carcaça quente significativamente maior para os novilhos HN do que para os CN, KN, GN, SN e NN (respectivamente, 266,8, 262,2, 254,1, 252,6, 248,1 e 233,5 kg). O rendimento de carcaça quente, significativamente maior para NN e CN do que para KN, HN, SN e GN (respectivamente, 55,5, 56,1, 54,1, 54,2, 53,4 e 54,3%). Destaca-se também a percentagem de traseiro especial, significativamente maior para os CN e NN do que os SN, HN e KN, com os GN intermediários. Já a percentagem de porção comestível foi significativamente menor para os GN do que para os demais grupos.

Carcass characteristics and edible portion yields of intact Nellore males compared to crossbreds (F 1) of Canchim, Santa Gertrudis, Caracu, Holstein and Swiss as sire breeds mated Nellore dams. I. Feedlot finished cattle / Características de carcaça e rendimento da porção comestível de machos Nelore comparados a cruzados (F1) obtidos do acasalamento de touros das raças Canchim, Santa Gertrudis, Caracu, Holandês e Suíço com fêmeas Nelore. I. Animais inteiros terminados em...

Liveweights were significantly higher for crossbred animals than for pure bred Nellore (517.4, 483.0, 477.2, 475.0, 461.1 and 424.6 kg, respectively for HN, SN, GN, CN, KN and NN). Therefore, hot and chilled carcass weights were higher for crossbreds than for Nellore (300.7, 279.2, 277.0 287.7, 264.9 and 249.0 kg, respectively for HN, SN, GN, CN, KN and NN). Significantly higher percentages of special hindquarter were observed for NN (44.9%) and CN (45.3%) than for SN (44.1%), HN (43.8%) and KN (43.6%) with GN (44.3%) intermediate. Therefore, significantly lower forequarter percentages were observed for NN, CN and GN than for HN, SN and KN. The ponta de agulha cut (flank, plate and shortribs) was significantly lower for CN and SN than for GN, HN and KN with NN intermediate. Kidney, pelvic and inguinal fat percentage was significantly lower for SN (4.0%), CN (4.1%), GN (4.0%), HN (4.2%) and KN (4.1%) than for NN (4.9%). The percentage of total boneless and closely trimmed retail cuts (edible portion) was higher for CN (74.8%), KN (74.7%), SN (74.5%) and HN (74.3%) than for NN (72.4%) with GN (73.9%) intermediate. Higher bone percentages were observed for HN crossbreds than for CN, KN, NN and SN, GN being intermediate. The loin area per 100 kg carcass weight was significantly greater for CN and GN than for KN, HN and NN, with SN intermediate. Fat thikness per 100 kg carcass weigh

Características de carcaça e rendimento da porção comestível de machos Nelore comparados a cruzados (F1) obtidos do acasalamento de touros das raças Canchim, Santa Gertrudis, Caracu, Holandês e Suíço com fêmeas Nelore. I. Animais inteiros terminados em confinamentoEste estudo foi conduzido na Estação Experimental de Zootecnia de Andradina, do Instituto de Zootecnia de São Paulo para avaliar as características de carcaça de machos inteiros Nelore (NN) comparados com machos inteiros resultantes do cruzamento de vacas Nelore com touros das raças Santa Gertrudis (GN), Canchim (CN), Holandesa (HN), Suiça (SN) e Caracu (KN), terminados em confinamento. Dentre as diversas características estudadas destacam-se os pesos das carcaças quentes significativamente maiores para os cruzados (300,7; 287,7; 279,2; 277,0; 264,9 e 249,0 kg, respectivamente para os HN, CN, SN, GN, KN e NN). O rendimento de carcaça quente, significativamente maior para os CN do que para os HN, GN, SN e Kn, com os NN intermediários (respectivamente, 59,5; 58,1; 58,1; 57,8; 57,5 e 58,6%). A porcentagem de traseiro especial, significativamente maior para os NN e CN do que para os SN, HN e KN, com os GN intermediários. E a porcentagem de porção comestível, significativamente maior para os cruzados CN, KN, SN e HN do que para os animais NN, com os SN intermediários.

Carcass characteristics and edible portion yields of intact Nellore males compared to crossbreds (F 1) of Canchim, Santa Gertrudis, Caracu, Holstein and Swiss as sire breeds mated Nellore dams. I. Feedlot finished cattle / Características de carcaça e rendimento da porção comestível de machos Nelore comparados a cruzados (F1) obtidos do acasalamento de touros das raças Canchim, Santa Gertrudis, Caracu, Holandês e Suíço com fêmeas Nelore. I. Animais inteiros terminados em..

Liveweights were significantly higher for crossbred animals than for pure bred Nellore (517.4, 483.0, 477.2, 475.0, 461.1 and 424.6 kg, respectively for HN, SN, GN, CN, KN and NN). Therefore, hot and chilled carcass weights were higher for crossbreds than for Nellore (300.7, 279.2, 277.0 287.7, 264.9 and 249.0 kg, respectively for HN, SN, GN, CN, KN and NN). Significantly higher percentages of special hindquarter were observed for NN (44.9%) and CN (45.3%) than for SN (44.1%), HN (43.8%) and KN (43.6%) with GN (44.3%) intermediate. Therefore, significantly lower forequarter percentages were observed for NN, CN and GN than for HN, SN and KN. The ponta de agulha cut (flank, plate and shortribs) was significantly lower for CN and SN than for GN, HN and KN with NN intermediate. Kidney, pelvic and inguinal fat percentage was significantly lower for SN (4.0%), CN (4.1%), GN (4.0%), HN (4.2%) and KN (4.1%) than for NN (4.9%). The percentage of total boneless and closely trimmed retail cuts (edible portion) was higher for CN (74.8%), KN (74.7%), SN (74.5%) and HN (74.3%) than for NN (72.4%) with GN (73.9%) intermediate. Higher bone percentages were observed for HN crossbreds than for CN, KN, NN and SN, GN being intermediate. The loin area per 100 kg carcass weight was significantly greater for CN and GN than for KN, HN and NN, with SN intermediate. Fat thikness per 100 kg carcass weigh

Características de carcaça e rendimento da porção comestível de machos Nelore comparados a cruzados (F1) obtidos do acasalamento de touros das raças Canchim, Santa Gertrudis, Caracu, Holandês e Suíço com fêmeas Nelore. I. Animais inteiros terminados em confinamentoEste estudo foi conduzido na Estação Experimental de Zootecnia de Andradina, do Instituto de Zootecnia de São Paulo para avaliar as características de carcaça de machos inteiros Nelore (NN) comparados com machos inteiros resultantes do cruzamento de vacas Nelore com touros das raças Santa Gertrudis (GN), Canchim (CN), Holandesa (HN), Suiça (SN) e Caracu (KN), terminados em confinamento. Dentre as diversas características estudadas destacam-se os pesos das carcaças quentes significativamente maiores para os cruzados (300,7; 287,7; 279,2; 277,0; 264,9 e 249,0 kg, respectivamente para os HN, CN, SN, GN, KN e NN). O rendimento de carcaça quente, significativamente maior para os CN do que para os HN, GN, SN e Kn, com os NN intermediários (respectivamente, 59,5; 58,1; 58,1; 57,8; 57,5 e 58,6%). A porcentagem de traseiro especial, significativamente maior para os NN e CN do que para os SN, HN e KN, com os GN intermediários. E a porcentagem de porção comestível, significativamente maior para os cruzados CN, KN, SN e HN do que para os animais NN, com os SN intermediários.