The complement system: a potential target for the comorbidity of chronic pain and depression.

The mechanisms of the chronic pain and depression comorbidity have gained significant attention in recent years. The complement system, widely involved in central nervous system diseases and mediating non-specific immune mechanisms in the body, remains incompletely understood in its involvement in the comorbidity mechanisms of chronic pain and depression. This review aims to consolidate the findings from recent studies on the complement system in chronic pain and depression, proposing that it may serve as a promising shared therapeutic target for both conditions. Complement proteins C1q, C3, C5, as well as their cleavage products C3a and C5a, along with the associated receptors C3aR, CR3, and C5aR, are believed to have significant implications in the comorbid mechanism. The primary potential mechanisms encompass the involvement of the complement cascade C1q/C3-CR3 in the activation of microglia and synaptic pruning in the amygdala and hippocampus, the role of complement cascade C3/C3a-C3aR in the interaction between astrocytes and microglia, leading to synaptic pruning, and the C3a-C3aR axis and C5a-C5aR axis to trigger inflammation within the central nervous system. We focus on studies on the role of the complement system in the comorbid mechanisms of chronic pain and depression.

Mapping trends and hotspot regarding testicular torsion: A bibliometric analysis of global research (2000-2022).

Background: Testicular torsion is an acute scrotal disorder requiring immediate emergency treatment. Ischemic injury and reperfusion injury are important causes of oxidative stress and irreversible oxidative damage after testicular torsion. Although a large number of literatures have discussed the causes and treatment of testicular torsion, there is currently a lack of systematic exploration of the historical evolution of testicular torsion and the construction of a knowledge framework. Method: The Web of Science Core Collection was searched for studies on testicular torsion published between 2000 and 2022. The basic data of the literature were analyzed by using Excel and CiteSpace software. Result: A total of 1,007 publications on testicular torsion published were found in 64 countries between 2000 and 2022, with an increasing annual publication level. Early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment of testicular torsion had always been at the core of clinical practice, and the pathological cascade reaction of ischemic injury and ischemia-reperfusion injury after testicular torsion were also at the core of basic research. Emphasis had been placed on the development of protective drugs for ischemia and reperfusion after testicular torsion in various countries, regions and institutions. Conclusion: Over the past 20 years, the research on testicular torsion had been widely concerned. Hot topics in testicular torsion in recent years were ischemia-reperfusion injury, oxidative stress, rat, doppler ultrasonography, diagnosis and orchiectomy. This article may provide a useful resource for clinicians and basic researchers regarding testicular torsion.

Stellate ganglion intervention for chronic pain: A review.

Stellate ganglion (SG) intervention is currently widely being studied in many kinds of chronic pain. As one of the convenient ways to treat the sympathetic nervous system, the indications for stellate ganglion intervention (SGI) include complex regional pain syndrome, postherpetic neuralgia, cancer pain of different origins, orofacial pain, and so forth. SGI refers to the reversible or irreversible blocking of the cervical sympathetic trunk, cervical sympathetic ganglion, and their innervation range through noninvasive or minimally invasive treatment. Current treatment options include stellate ganglion block (SGB), SG pulsed radiofrequency, continuous radiofrequency treatment, and noninvasive SGB. In particular, SGB continues to be one of the most studied methods in chronic pain management. However, a single SGB usually provides only short-term effects; repeated SGB may result in complications such as hoarseness, light-headedness, and vessel or nerve injury. Meanwhile, the mechanism of SGI is still unclear. This review discusses the research progress of SGI methods, effectiveness, complications, and possible mechanisms in the management of chronic pain.

Long Non-coding RNA IRAIN Inhibits VEGFA Expression via Enhancing Its DNA Methylation Leading to Tumor Suppression in Renal Carcinoma.

Aims: Long non-coding RNA IRAIN (lncRNA IRAIN) plays a critical role in numerous malignancies. However, the function of lncRNA IRAIN in renal carcinoma (RC) remains enigmatic. The purpose of this study is to characterize the effects of lncRNA IRAIN on RC progression. Methods: The expression pattern of lncRNA IRAIN and the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in RC tissues and cells was characterized by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. The roles of lncRNA IRAIN and VEGFA in the progression of RC were studied by gain- or loss-of-function experiments. Bioinformatics data analysis was used to predict CpG islands in the VEGFA promoter region. MSP was applied to detect the level of DNA methylation in RC cells. The interaction between lncRNA IRAIN and VEGFA was identified by RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA-protein pull down assays. Recruitment of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmt) to the VEGFA promoter region was achieved by chromatin immunoprecipitation. The subcellular localization of lncRNA IRAIN was detected by fractionation of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA. Cell viability was investigated by CCK-8 assay, cell migration was tested by transwell migration assay, and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related and apoptotic factors was evaluated by Western blot analysis. Finally, the effect of the lncRNA IRAIN/VEGFA axis was confirmed in an in vivo tumor xenograft model. Results: LncRNA IRAIN was poorly expressed in RC tissues and cells with a primary localization in the nucleus, while VEGFA was highly expressed. Overexpression of lncRNA IRAIN or knockdown of VEGFA inhibited cell proliferation and migration and induced the apoptosis of RC cells. Bioinformatics analysis indicated the presence of CpG islands in the VEGFA promoter region. Lack of methylation at specific sites in the VEGFA promoter region was detected through MSP assay. We found that lncRNA IRAIN was able to inhibit VEGFA expression through recruitment of Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Dnmt3b to the VEGFA promoter region. LncRNA IRAIN was also able to suppress RC tumor growth via repression of VEGFA in an in vivo mouse xenograft model. Conclusion: Our data shows that by downregulating VEGFA expression in RC, the lncRNA IRAIN has tumor-suppressive potential.

Adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles containing microRNA-26a-5p target TLR4 and protect against diabetic nephropathy.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a complication of diabetes that is increasing in prevalence in China. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying microRNAs (miRs) may represent a useful tool in the development of therapies for DN. Here, we report that EVs released by adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) during DN contain a microRNA, miR-26a-5p, that suppresses DN. Using bioinformatic analyses, we identified differentially expressed miRs in EVs from ADSCs and in DN and predicted downstream regulatory target genes. We isolated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adipose tissues and collected EVs from the ADSCs. We exposed mouse glomerular podocytes and MP5 cells to high glucose (HG), ADSC-derived EVs, miR-26a-5p inhibitor/antagomir, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plasmids, or the NF-κB pathway activator (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, or PMA). We used the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and flow cytometry to investigate the impact of miR-26a-5p on cell viability and apoptosis and validated the results of these assays with in vivo experiments in nude mice. We found that in DN, miR-26a-5p is expressed at very low levels, whereas TLR4 is highly expressed. Of note, EVs from ADSCs ameliorated the pathological symptoms of DN in diabetic mice and transferred miR-26a-5p to HG-induced MP5 cells, improving viability while suppressing the apoptosis of MP5 cells. We also found that miR-26a-5p protects HG-induced MP5 cells from injury by targeting TLR4, inactivating the NF-κB pathway, and downregulating vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). Moreover, ADSC-derived EVs transferred miR-26a-5p to mouse glomerular podocytes, which ameliorated DN pathology. These findings suggest that miR-26a-5p from ADSC-derived EVs protects against DN.

Anti-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor GluR2 encephalitis in a myasthenia gravis patient with complete thymectomy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a newly recognized autoimmune disorders in which the targets are proteins or receptors involved in synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability. α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) is a subtype of glutamate receptor that mediates most of the fast excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. CASE PRESENTATION: A 50-year-old woman presented with subacute onset of memory loss and behavioral changes. High levels of serum (1:1000) and CSF (1:32) antibodies against the AMPAR GluR2 were detected. A wide range of abnormalities in 6-8 Hz low to middle slow waves was found by electroencephalographs, and high-intensity signals on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery in both the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus were identified on brain magnetic resonance images. This patient presented with myasthenia gravis and type B2 thymoma (World Health Organization Thymoma Classification) at age 48. This case was unique in that the patient initiated with the symptom of myasthenia gravis and thymoma two years prior to encephalitis, and a complete thymectomy was performed before AE onset without recurrence of the thymoma when encephalitis occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Thymoma was reported to be associated with paraneoplastic neurological disease. This is the first time a thymectomy has been applied in a myasthenia gravis patient with thymoma two years prior to the onset of anti-AMPAR2 encephalitis. This case highlights the complexity of autoimmune encephalitis associated with thymoma.

A minimally parametrized branching process explaining plateau phase of qPCR amplification.

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a commonly used molecular biology technique for measuring the concentration of a target nucleic acid sequence in a sample. The whole qPCR amplification process usually consists of an exponential, a linear and a plateau phase. In qPCR experiments, amplification curves of samples with different template concentrations often, even though not always, have the same plateau height. The biological theory for this phenomenon is that the plateau height is determined by reaction kinetics. Does it mean that the target concentration has no effect on the final plateau height? We proposed a branching process based on Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Our model can describe all phases of qPCR amplification despite its simplicity (it depends on only one parameter). We theoretically showed, through almost sure convergence, that amplification curves will eventually plateau at finite values in any experiment, under any condition. We conclude that the plateau height is largely determined by reaction kinetics but could also be affected by the template concentration. This is in accordance with the current biological theory.

Clinical utility of a non-invasive urine test for risk assessing patients with no obvious benign cause of hematuria: a physician-patient real world data analysis.

BACKGROUND: The non-invasive Cxbladder urine test system has demonstrated clinical utility in ruling out urothelial carcinoma (UC) in patients with asymptomatic microscopic hematuria (AMH), suggesting that the number of invasive diagnostic tests, including cystoscopy, used in this patient population may be reduced by Cxbladder testing prior to conducting a full urological work-up. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the enhanced clinical utility of communicating objective information on diagnostic decisions made by individual physicians on individual patients with AMH. METHODS: Three hundred ninety-six physician-patient decisions were generated from twelve participant physicians evaluating real world case notes from the same 33 patients presenting with AMH. Each physician reviewed and recommended diagnostic tests and procedures based on each patient's referral data and then re-evaluated their clinical recommendation following disclosure of the non-invasive Cxbladder urine test result. Changes assessed were the total number of requested diagnostic procedures and the number of invasive procedures, including cystoscopy, following addition of information from Cxbladder in the Triage and Triage and Detect modalities. RESULTS: Physicians made significant changes to their diagnostic behavior for patients with AMH when presented with Cxbladder test results, including a reduction in the number of total and invasive procedures including cystoscopy for individuals identified as having a low probability of UC. The intensity of investigation was targeted and increased, including use of total procedures and cystoscopy, for patients identified by Cxbladder tests as having a high probability of UC: urologists increased the level of investigation for both total procedures and invasive procedures. The outcome resulted in patients with a high risk of UC receiving appropriate guideline-recommended invasive diagnostic tests. Patients who tested negative were offered fewer and significantly less invasive procedures. This change in physician behavior results in an increased clinical and patient utility, lower risk of missed UC and invasive test-related harm incidents. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the potential for increased clinical resolution and significantly enhanced patient management, when physicians consider Cxbladder test results in their clinical evaluation. The change in physician behavior led to more appropriate diagnostic procedure selection and resource allocation to the benefit of both patients and healthcare systems.

Dose effect of patient-care team communication via secure portal messaging on glucose and blood pressure control.

Objectives: Organizational strategies for implementing eHealth tools influence patient and provider use of portal technology. This study examines whether the intensity of bidirectional secure portal messaging is associated with improved clinical outcomes. Material and Methods: This is a retrospective cohort analysis of 101 019 patients with diabetes or hypertension (11 138 active portal users) who received primary care within the Ochsner Health System between 2012 and 2014. Propensity score-adjusted multivariable fixed effects regression panel analysis was used to examine associations between intensity of "medical advice" portal messaging and glucose/blood pressure control. Results: Most portal users rarely used medical advice messaging. A higher proportion of patients who were age 50 years and older, female, white non-Hispanic, and with co-morbid diabetes and hypertension had higher frequency and intensity of medical advice messaging. Study findings revealed a dose-response effect of the intensity of messaging on glucose control, whereby, compared to nonportal users, each level of messaging among portal users was associated with greater decreases in HbA1c (ß estimate [95% CI]: none -0.28 (-0.34 to -0.22); low -0.28 (-0.32 to -0.24); medium -0.41 (-0.52 to -0.31); high -0.43 (-0.60 to -0.27), all P ≤ .001). There was no observed effect on blood pressure. Conclusions: The digital divide exists not only between portal users and nonusers but also among portal users. Research exploring the relationship between intensity of bidirectional secure messaging and health outcomes for a broader scope of chronic conditions is needed. Future implementation research must also elucidate best practices that enhance not only the use of portals by patients and providers, but how they use portals.

Recommendations for Low-Grade Carotid Stenosis Follow-up Based on a Single-Institution Database.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidences and rates of progression of varying degrees of carotid stenosis that do not require intervention according to the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study, the European Carotid Surgery Trial, and the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial, and from this information, to provide evidence-based recommendations for follow-up imaging. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of all carotid ultrasound examinations performed at a single institution from January 1995 through April 2015. Examinations following endarterectomy or stenting were excluded. Stenoses were classified by a modification of the criteria of Bluth et al (Radiographics 1988; 8:487-506). A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed for stenosis progression and to provide information for follow-up recommendations. RESULTS: Most of the carotid arteries (91.6%) reviewed for this study showed 1% to 39% stenosis. However, only 6.8% of carotid arteries with 1% to 39% stenosis progressed compared to 38.9% of carotid arteries with 40% to 59% stenosis. A table of evidence-based follow-up recommendations is provided for patients with varying levels of stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence-based follow-up recommendations for patients who have low degrees of carotid stenosis. Different degrees of carotid stenosis progress at different rates and therefore should be followed at different intervals. Additionally, the most patients in our database showed 1% to 39% stenosis and did not have any follow-up imaging, suggesting that carotid ultrasound may not be overused for low degrees of stenosis.

Clinical Utility of Cxbladder Monitor for Patients with a History of Urothelial Carcinoma: A Physician-Patient Real-World Clinical Data Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: International guidelines advocate regular surveillance of patients following urothelial carcinoma (UC). A validated molecular diagnostic non-invasive urine test, Cxbladder Monitor, correctly identifies patients with a UC history who have low-probability of recurrence. The present study assesses the clinical utility of Cxbladder Monitor in reducing the number and frequency of urologic procedures ordered without missing detection of recurrent UC. METHODS: Data from 828 physician-patient assessments were generated from 18 participant physicians who each evaluated the same real-world clinical case data for 30 patients undergoing surveillance for recurrent UC. Each physician ordered tests and procedures and their timing, following review of the patient's demographic data, pre-existing conditions, risk factors and clinical history before and after disclosure of Cxbladder Monitor results. Changes in the number, type and timing of procedures ordered were assessed. RESULTS: The addition of Cxbladder Monitor significantly reduced the overall number of tests ordered by 38.7%, including flexible cystoscopy by 43%, for patients whose Cxbladder Monitor result was low-probability. When the result was elevated-probability, the number of procedures ordered, including cystoscopy, was increased consistent with the increased risk of recurrent UC. Importantly, based on the tests ordered by each physician for each of the patients, all cases of recurrent UC would have been detected. CONCLUSION: The increase in clinical utility of Cxbladder Monitor for the management of patients undergoing surveillance for recurrent UC was shown to be driven by the reduction in procedures ordered for low-probability patients and for the more invasive procedures ordered for elevated-probability patients. In this study, the total number of procedures ordered, including the number of cystoscopies, was reduced especially in patients with low-probability of UC. The invasive procedures were ordered in a more targeted fashion for elevated-probability patients, without compromising the detection of recurrent UC. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02700659. FUNDING: Pacific Edge Limited.

Implementing electronic health records (EHRs): health care provider perceptions before and after transition from a local basic EHR to a commercial comprehensive EHR.

Objective: We assessed changes in the percentage of providers with positive perceptions of electronic health record (EHR) benefit before and after transition from a local basic to a commercial comprehensive EHR. Methods: Changes in the percentage of providers with positive perceptions of EHR benefit were captured via a survey of academic health care providers before (baseline) and at 6-12 months (short term) and 12-24 months (long term) after the transition. We analyzed 32 items for the overall group and by practice setting, provider age, and specialty using separate multivariable-adjusted random effects logistic regression models. Results: A total of 223 providers completed all 3 surveys (30% response rate): 85.6% had outpatient practices, 56.5% were >45 years old, and 23.8% were primary care providers. The percentage of providers with positive perceptions significantly increased from baseline to long-term follow-up for patient communication, hospital transitions - access to clinical information, preventive care delivery, preventive care prompt, preventive lab prompt, satisfaction with system reliability, and sharing medical information (P < .05 for each). The percentage of providers with positive perceptions significantly decreased over time for overall satisfaction, productivity, better patient care, clinical decision quality, easy access to patient information, monitoring patients, more time for patients, coordination of care, computer access, adequate resources, and satisfaction with ease of use (P < 0.05 for each). Results varied by subgroup. Conclusion: After a transition to a commercial comprehensive EHR, items with significant increases and significant decreases in the percentage of providers with positive perceptions of EHR benefit were identified, overall and by subgroup.

eHealth Literacy: Patient Engagement in Identifying Strategies to Encourage Use of Patient Portals Among Older Adults.

Innovations in chronic disease management are growing rapidly as advancements in technology broaden the scope of tools. Older adults are less likely to be willing or able to use patient portals or smartphone apps for health-related tasks. The authors conducted a cross-sectional survey of older adults (ages ≥50) with hypertension or diabetes to examine relationships between portal usage, interest in health-tracking tools, and eHealth literacy, and to solicit practical solutions to encourage technology adoption. Among 247 patients surveyed in a large integrated delivery health system between August 2015 and January 2016, eHealth literacy was positively associated with portal usage (OR [95% CI]: 1.3 [1.2-1.5]) and interest in health-tracking tools (1.2 [1.1-1.3]). Portal users compared to nonusers (N = 137 vs.110) had higher rates of interest in using websites/smartphone apps to track blood pressure (55% vs. 36%), weight (53% vs. 35%), exercise (53% vs. 32%), or medication (46% vs 33%, all P < 0.05). Portal users noted cumbersome processes for accessing portals and variations in provider availability for online scheduling and response times to messages. Portal nonusers expressed concerns about data security, lack of personalization, and limited perceived value of using portals. Both groups noted the importance of computer literacy and technical support. Patient stakeholders recommended marketing initiatives that capture patient stories demonstrating real-life applications of what patients can do with digital technology, how to use it, and why it may be useful. Health systems also must screen for eHealth literacy, provide training, promote proxy users, and institute quality assurance that ensures patients' experiences will not vary across the system.

Primary Care Practice Reengineering and Associations With Patient Portal Use, Service Utilization, and Disease Control Among Patients With Hypertension and/or Diabetes.

BACKGROUND: We describe the role of primary care reengineering in the Ochsner Health System (OHS) patient portal implementation strategy and compare subsequent trends in service utilization and disease control among portal users vs nonusers within this context. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study includes 101,019 patients with hypertension or diabetes who saw an OHS primary care provider (PCP) between 2012 and 2014. Inverse probability treatment weighting was used to reduce case-mix differences between study groups. We used generalized estimating equation modeling to compare changes in encounter rates (PCP, telephone, specialty services, emergency department [ED], inpatient hospitalization), blood pressure (BP), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). RESULTS: Age, sex, race, comorbidities, insurance, preindex utilization, and portal use were associated with changes in utilization, BP, and HbA1C; however, the strength and direction of these differences varied. An adjusted analysis comparing portal users to nonusers showed an increase in PCP (rate ratio per patient per year of 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-1.22) and telephone encounter rates (1.15, 95% CI 1.08-1.22; both P<0.001) but no significant differences in specialty, ED, or inpatient hospitalization encounters. Among patients with preindex systolic BP ≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg, portal users compared to nonusers had a greater decline in their BP, although the between-group difference was small (mmHg [SE], -1.1 [0.42] and -1.2 [0.34], respectively; both P<0.01). Portal users with diabetes compared to nonusers with diabetes also had greater decreases in HbA1c (all patients, % [SE], -0.13 [0.06]; patients with a preindex HbA1c ≥8, -0.43 [0.13], both P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our findings may reflect patient factors and system-level portal implementation strategies that focused heavily on accessibility to care.

Smartphone-Based Goniometry Accuracy in Clinical Scenarios.

This study compared two popular iPhone-based goniometer applications to the gold standard universal goniometer for the measurement of the hip and knee joints in scenarios mimicking the normal pace of an orthopaedic clinical practice.Three physicians measured hip and knee joint angles 35 times with one of three goniometers: universal 12-inch goniometer, DrGoniometer (iPhone-5 based), and SimpleGoniometer (iPhone-5 based). Data wwere analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient calculations. Average knee angles measured with the universal goniometer, DrGoniometer, and SimpleGoniometer measured 83.46°, 85.23°, and 80.39°, respectively. The smartphone-based goniometers had moderate agreement with the universal goniometer in the knee (r > .322). Average hip angles measured with the universal goniometer, DrGoniometer, and SimpleGoniometer measured 62.34°, 60.87°, and 59.34°, respectively. The smartphone-based goniometers had moderate agreement with the universal goniometer in the hip (r > .168). Smartphone-based goniometers gave accurate, with weak to moderate correlation, measurements for the knee and hip. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 26(4):223-226, 2017).

Doppler Characteristics of Recurrent Hepatic Artery Stenosis.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to assess midterm sonographic findings in patients after stenting for hepatic artery stenosis. METHODS: Thirty-nine hepatic artery stent procedures were performed for hepatic artery stenosis after liver transplantation between September 2009 and December 2013. Thirty cases were technically successful and met the minimum follow-up time (76 days, defined by earliest diagnosed stenosis). Routine ultrasound surveillance was obtained on all patients, and statistical analysis of the findings in the patency and restenosis groups was performed. RESULTS: Of the 30 cases, restenosis occurred 9 times in 6 patients. Mean follow-up was 677 days. Mean time to restenosis was 267 days. Five cases (56%) were identified within the first 6 months after stent placement. Four cases (44%) were recognized in the second year after stent placement. Prior to the sonographic diagnosis of restenosis, the mean resistive indices of the main (.64 versus .57, P < .0001), left (.63 versus .54, P < .0001), right anterior (.60 versus .52, P < .0001), and right posterior (.60 versus .53, P = .001) hepatic artery branches differed among patency and restenosis groups, respectively. The mean peak systolic velocity also differed significantly between the 2 groups: 254 cm/sec in patients with eventual restenosis versus 220 cm/sec in patients without restenosis (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: The sonographic evaluation of hepatic artery stenosis remains critical during the first 2 years after stent placement. While the vast majority of patients do not restenose, resistive index and peak systolic velocity differed significantly between the 2 groups and may be prognostic surveillance markers for the development of restenosis.

Clinical Pharmacist Team-Based Care in a Safety Net Medical Home: Facilitators and Barriers to Chronic Care Management.

Collaborative care models incorporating pharmacists have been shown to improve quality of care for patients with hypertension and/or diabetes. Little is known about how to integrate such services outside of clinical trials. The authors implemented a 22-month observational study to evaluate pharmacy collaborative care for hypertension and diabetes in a safety net medical home that incorporated population risk stratification, clinical decision support, and medication dose adjustment protocols. Patients in the pharmacy group saw their primary care provider (PCP) more often and had higher baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and A1c levels compared to patients who only received care from their PCPs. There were no significant differences in the proportion of patients achieving treatment goals (SBP <140, DBP <90; A1c < 8) or the magnitude of change in BP or A1c among patients who underwent collaborative care versus those who did not. Age, race, and number of PCP encounters were associated with BP and A1c trends. The median time to achieve disease control was longer in the pharmacy group. Although 70% of all patients with poorly controlled hypertension achieved treatment goals within 7 months, less than 50% of patients with poorly controlled diabetes achieved A1c < 8 within 15 months, suggesting that diabetes was harder to manage overall. Contextual factors that facilitated or hindered practice redesign included organizational culture, health information technology and related workflows, and pharmacy caseload optimization. Future studies should further examine implementation strategies that work best in specific settings to optimize the benefits of team-based care with clinical pharmacists.

Obstetrical Outcomes of Ultrasound Identified Uterine Fibroids in Pregnancy.

Objective We aimed to determine if fibroids in pregnancy, categorized by size, are associated with adverse obstetrical outcomes. Study Design Demographic, clinical, and delivery data were collected from charts of women with singleton gestations who delivered at >20 weeks gestation with fibroids identified at routine anatomy scan and their randomly selected age-matched controls. Largest fibroid diameter was used to categorize small fibroids (≤5 cm) and large fibroids (>5 cm). Results We included 450 patients: 264 patients with fibroids (174 small, 90 large fibroids) and 186 age-matched controls. Women with large fibroids had significantly greater blood loss than women with small fibroids and women with no fibroids (p-value <0.0001 and <0.0001 after adjusting for delivery mode). When fibroid size was compared individually, there was a significantly higher rate of primary cesarean section in both small and large fibroid groups when compared with women with no fibroids (p-values 0.044 and 0.003 after adjusting for body mass index). Conclusion Women with fibroids in pregnancy have higher rates of primary cesarean delivery and are at significant risk for increased blood loss at the time of delivery.

Will the Affordable Care Act (ACA) Improve Racial/Ethnic Disparity of Eye Examination Among US Working-Age Population with Diabetes?

This study aimed to examine the racial/ethnic disparity of eye examination rates among US adults with diabetes before and after the ACA. Working-age adults (18-64 years) with diabetes for years 2014-2017 were simulated by bootstrapping from the working-age diabetes patient sample of Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) Household Component 2011. Insurance coverage rates were separately predicted for each racial/ethnic group based on the Congressional Budgeting Office (CBO) report in 2014 and the proportions of Medicaid eligibility. Eye examination rates were weighted to national estimates and compared between racial/ethnic groups. Confidence intervals were estimated using the bootstrap percentile method. Health insurance coverage after the ACA is projected to increase from 90.23 % in 2011 to 98.33 % in 2014 among non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), reaching 98.96 % in 2017. Minorities are forecasted to have about 15 % expansion of insurance coverage from 2011 (80.65 %) to 2014 (96.00 %), reaching 97.25 % in 2017. In 2011, 63.01 % of NHW had eye examinations with forecasted increase to 65.83 % in 2014 and 66.05 % in 2017, while the eye examination rate in the minorities will increase from 55.75 % in 2011 to 59.23 % in 2014 and remain at 59.48 % in 2017. Therefore, racial disparity in eye examination rates is forecasted to persist (ranging from 6.57 % in 2017 to 6.69 % in 2016). The ACA is projected to improve the eye examination rate along with the expansion in insurance coverage. Although predicted racial/ethnic disparities will improve, some differences will persist. Comprehensive strategies need to be developed to eliminate the disparity.

Predictive equations for lung volumes from computed tomography for size matching in pulmonary transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: Size matching for lung transplantation is widely accomplished using height comparisons between donors and recipients. This gross approximation allows for wide variation in lung size and, potentially, size mismatch. Three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) volumetry comparisons could offer more accurate size matching. Although recipient CT scans are universally available, donor CT scans are rarely performed. Therefore, predicted donor lung volumes could be used for comparison to measured recipient lung volumes, but no such predictive equations exist. We aimed to use 3D-CT volumetry measurements from a normal patient population to generate equations for predicted total lung volume (pTLV), predicted right lung volume (pRLV), and predicted left lung volume (pLLV), for size-matching purposes. METHODS: Chest CT scans of 400 normal patients were retrospectively evaluated. 3D-CT volumetry was performed to measure total lung volume, right lung volume, and left lung volume of each patient, and predictive equations were generated. The fitted model was tested in a separate group of 100 patients. The model was externally validated by comparison of total lung volume with total lung capacity from pulmonary function tests in a subset of those patients. RESULTS: Age, gender, height, and race were independent predictors of lung volume. In the test group, there were strong linear correlations between predicted and actual lung volumes measured by 3D-CT volumetry for pTLV (r = 0.72), pRLV (r = 0.72), and pLLV (r = 0.69). A strong linear correlation was also observed when comparing pTLV and total lung capacity (r = 0.82). CONCLUSIONS: We successfully created a predictive model for pTLV, pRLV, and pLLV. These may serve as reference standards and predict donor lung volume for size matching in lung transplantation.