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BACKGROUND: Many studies report a significant association between a lifetime measure of intimate partner violence (IPV) and low birth weight (LBW) in low-income and economically developed countries. However, it remains relatively unclear how different forms of IPV affect LBW in low-income countries. This study examines the associations of various forms of IPV with two measures of birth outcomes - LBW and birth weight in India. METHODS: This study used the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) 2015-2016 data of India. The analysis included 11,423 women aged 15-49 years. Using both logistic and linear regression analyses, we assessed the associations of various forms of IPV with binary and continuous measures of birth weight. The analysis controlled for several potential covariates. RESULTS: In fully-adjusted regression models, women who experienced any IPV, compared to those who had not experienced any IPV, were 1.19 times (95% CI: 1.02-1.37) as likely to give birth to an LBW baby. Compared to those who had not experienced any physical violence (PV), women who experienced any PV were 1.16 times (95% CI: 1.00-1.35) as likely to have an LBW baby. Moreover, compared to those who had not experienced any emotional violence (EV), women who experienced any EV were 1.29 times (95% CI: 1.06-1.56) as likely to have LBW babies. Linear regression analysis found that any IPV exposure was associated with a significant decrease in birth weight in the fully-adjusted model (b = -32.39; 95% CI: -63.39 to -1.73). Further, experience of any PV (b = -28.40; 95% CI: -60.13 to 3.36) and any EV (b = -51.69; 95% CI: -93.97 to -9.42) appear to be negatively associated with a continuous measure of birth weight. CONCLUSION: Findings have implications for public health policies and interventions that protect women from exposure to intimate partner violence for ensuring better maternal health and birth outcomes.
Subject(s)
Infant, Low Birth Weight , Intimate Partner Violence , Infant, Newborn , Female , Humans , Birth Weight , Intimate Partner Violence/psychology , India/epidemiology , Maternal Health , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Electrocution is a common cause of mild to severe multisystem injuries leading to high rate of mortality and morbidity. Low to high-voltage injury may be clinically manifested from a simple unpleasant sensation to multiple soft tissue injury which may cause instant death. The severity of injury depends on intensity of the electrical current, voltage of the source, resistance in the victims' body and the duration of the contact. CASE PRESENTATION: A 20-year-old young male experienced with an accidental high-voltage electrocution injury from a blasted electrical transformer while passing across the road. He lost his consciousness and immediately hospitalized. Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and right cerebellar hemorrhage with fractures in anterior and posterior arch of the first cervical vertebrae (C1) were diagnosed, and there was no history of electrical burn. He stayed in hospital for three days and completely treated with initial oxygen supplementation and immobilization of his head and neck with a Philadelphia collar for 6 weeks. Electrocution is a serious public health concern and reported worldwide with few fatal ending. Accidental high-voltage electrocution injury is a serious type of unfortunate accidental injuries which in most of times, ends with immediate or delayed sequelae or even death. In this case, the victim with high-voltage-associated electrical injuries in his lungs and brain was completely recovered because of early hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Electrocution injury is an accidental event with high mortality and morbidity rate. Mild to severe electrical current-induced injuries including burn can be treated successfully in most of the cases, but early hospitalization is highly required.
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INTRODUCTION: Alcaligenes faecalis is a species of gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic bacteria commonly found in the environment. A. faecalis-associated nosocomial infections are common in hospitalized patients, but serious life threatening infections are rare. Here, we report a rare case of BSI with A. faecalis resistant to all available antibiotics; successfully treated with double-dose of tigecycline. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A 60-year-old female presented with A. faecalis bloodstream infection, where the organism was completely resistant to all commercially available antibiotics including polymyxins and tigecycline. The physical condition of the patient was deteriorating and there were no active antibiotics available to prescribe based on sensitivities. Despite the organism's resistance to tigecycline, double-dose of tigecycline therapy (100 mg twice daily, intravenously after a 200 mg single intravenous loading dose) was prescribed intentionally for the treatment of this infection. The organism was completely eradicated from the bloodstream of that patient within the 5 days of therapy-initiation. DISCUSSION: Double-dose of tigecycline maintains a higher serum drug concentration rather than the standard dose, and in this case, double-dose of tigecycline completely cleared the pandrug-resistant A. faecalis from the blood where initially, that organism was resistant to tigecycline. Previously, A. faecalis isolates were found resistant to fluoroquinolones, but here it was found very rarely resistant to even reserve antibiotics, polymyxins, carbapenems and tigecycline. CONCLUSION: Pandrug-resistant A. faecalis-associated bloodstream infection is a very uncommon case and double-dose of tigecycline may be an effective option to treat it.
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Objective:To isolate and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the active principle(s) from the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (C. gloeosporioides) isolated from Sonneratia apetala.Methods:Water agar technique was used to isolate the fungus, and both microscopic and molecular techniques were used for identification of the strain. Potato dextrose broth was used to grow the fungus in large-scale. Reversed-phase preparative HPLC analysis was performed to isolate the major active compound, kojic acid. The EtOAc extract and kojic acid were screened for their antimicrobial activity against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria as well as a fungal strain using the resazurin 96-well microtitre plate antimicrobial assay.Results:The fungus C. gloeosporioides was isolated from the leaves of Sonneratia apetala. Initial identification of the fugal isolate was carried out using spore characteristics observed under the microscope. Subsequently, the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequencing was employed for species-level identification of the fungus C. gloeosporioides. Five litres of liquid culture of the fungus produced approximately 610 mg of a mixture of secondary metabolites. Kojic acid (1) was isolated as the main secondary metabolite present in the fungal extract, and the structure was confirmed by 1D, 2D NMR and mass spectrometry. The EtOAc extract and compound 1 exhibited considerable antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. Whilst the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values from the EtOAc extract ranged between 2.4× 10Conclusions:The results revealed that the endophytic fungus C. gloeosporioides could be a good source of commercially important kojic acid, which exhibited antimicrobial properties.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To isolate and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the active principle(s) from the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (C. gloeosporioides) isolated from Sonneratia apetala. Methods: Water agar technique was used to isolate the fungus, and both microscopic and molecular techniques were used for identification of the strain. Potato dextrose broth was used to grow the fungus in large-scale. Reversed-phase preparative HPLC analysis was performed to isolate the major active compound, kojic acid. The EtOAc extract and kojic acid were screened for their antimicrobial activity against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria as well as a fungal strain using the resazurin 96-well microtitre plate antimicrobial assay. Results: The fungus C. gloeosporioides was isolated from the leaves of Sonneratia apetala. Initial identification of the fugal isolate was carried out using spore characteristics observed under the microscope. Subsequently, the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequencing was employed for species-level identification of the fungus C. gloeosporioides. Five litres of liquid culture of the fungus produced approximately 610 mg of a mixture of secondary metabolites. Kojic acid (1) was isolated as the main secondary metabolite present in the fungal extract, and the structure was confirmed by 1D, 2D NMR and mass spectrometry. The EtOAc extract and compound 1 exhibited considerable antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. Whilst the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values from the EtOAc extract ranged between 2.4× 10
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The present study was carried out to examine global gene expression in the brainstem, in a mouse facial carrageenan injection model of orofacial pain. Mice that received facial carrageenan injection showed increased mechanical allodynia, demonstrated by increased responses to von Frey hair stimulation of the face. The brainstem was harvested at 3 days post-injection, corresponding to the time of peak responses, and analyzed by Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430 2.0 microarrays. We sought to identify common genes that are changed in the respective sides of the brainstem after either right- or left-sided facial carrageenan injection. The result is a relatively small list of genes (22 genes), which were then classified using DAVID software. Many of them fell into the categories of "response to stress", "defence response", "response to biotic stimulus", "cell adhesion" and "leukocyte adhesion". Of these, increased expression of P-selectin, ICAM-1 and CCL12 after carrageenan injection could be verified by real-time RT-PCR on both the right and left sides, and increased in P-selectin and ICAM-1 further verified by Western blot analysis. P-selectin and ICAM-1 were immunolocalized to endothelial cells, and were double labelled with von Willebrand factor. Intraperitoneal injection of the P-selectin inhibitor KF38789 significantly reduced mechanical allodynia in the facial carrageenan-injected mice. P-selectin mediates the capturing of leukocytes from the bloodstream and rolling of leukocytes along the endothelial surface. We hypothesize that increased nociceptive input to the brainstem could attract circulating macrophages into the brain, resulting in neuroinflammation and pain.