Response to local corticosteroid injections in carpal tunnel syndrome with normal conduction studies.

INTRODUCTION: Nerve conduction studies (NCS) have been considered as the gold standard in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) diagnosis, despite correlation between clinical symptomatology and NCS severity has shown to be poor. In fact, clinical symptoms precede NCS changes in months or years. Few papers have been published about the clinical response to treatment of clinically typical CTS, but with normal NCS (NNCS). OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical response to local corticosteroid injections (LCI) in clinically typical CTS, with NNCS and abnormal NCS (ANCS). METHOD: We included patients older than 18, with typical CTS symptoms (ongoing daily nocturnal pain/paresthesias in hand, at least during 3 months). Follow-up was done at 3, 6 and 12 months. Primary outcome was the visual analog scale for pain (p-VAS), comparing NNCS CTS wrists with ANCS CTS wrists. Statistic signification was established by the Student's t test, Mann-Whitney's "U", χ2 test and Yates' correction. RESULTS: We included 44 wrists in the NNCS group, and 83 in the ANCS group. There was no statistical significance between data in both groups, except in the 12-month follow-up, where the NNCS group achieved better results than the ANCS group in the 20% response (p=0.006). There was a trend toward a better 50% response in the 12-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that LCI are similarly effective in both CTS with NNCS and ANCS. Nonetheless, there is a mild better effect in NNCS than in ANCS at 12-month follow-up.

Response to local corticosteroid injections in carpal tunnel syndrome with normal conduction studies / Respuesta a infiltraciones locales de corticoides en el Síndrome del túnel carpiano con estudios de conducción nerviosa normales

Introduction: Nerve conduction studies (NCS) have been considered as the gold standard in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) diagnosis, despite correlation between clinical symptomatology and NCS severity has shown to be poor. In fact, clinical symptoms precede NCS changes in months or years. Few papers have been published about the clinical response to treatment of clinically typical CTS, but with normal NCS (NNCS). Objective: To compare the clinical response to local corticosteroid injections (LCI) in clinically typical CTS, with NNCS and abnormal NCS (ANCS).Method: We included patients older than 18, with typical CTS symptoms (ongoing daily nocturnal pain/paresthesias in hand, at least during 3 months). Follow-up was done at 3, 6 and 12 months. Primary outcome was the visual analog scale for pain (p-VAS), comparing NNCS CTS wrists with ANCS CTS wrists. Statistic signification was established by the Student's t test, Mann–Whitney's “U”, χ2 test and Yates’ correction.Results: We included 44 wrists in the NNCS group, and 83 in the ANCS group. There was no statistical significance between data in both groups, except in the 12-month follow-up, where the NNCS group achieved better results than the ANCS group in the 20% response (p=0.006). There was a trend toward a better 50% response in the 12-month follow-up. Conclusions: Our data suggest that LCI are similarly effective in both CTS with NNCS and ANCS. Nonetheless, there is a mild better effect in NNCS than in ANCS at 12-month follow-up.(AU)

Introducción: Los estudios de conducción nerviosa (NCS) se consideran el patrón oro diagnóstico del síndrome del túnel carpiano (CTS), aunque la correlación entre síntomas clínicos y gravedad de NCS es escasa. De hecho, los síntomas preceden a los cambios en NCS en meses o años. Hay pocos estudios publicados sobre la respuesta al tratamiento del CTS con sintomatología típica, pero NCS normales (NNCS).Objetivo: comparar la respuesta clínica a infiltraciones locales de corticoides en CTS con sintomatología típica, con NNCS vs. NCS anormales (ANCS).Método: Incluimos pacientes mayores de 18 años, con síntomas típicos de CTS (dolor y/o parestesias continuas, nocturnas, en la mano, un mínimo 3 meses seguidos). El seguimiento se realizó a los 3, 6 y 12 meses. La medida de resultado primaria fue por la escala analógica visual para el dolor, comparando los CTS con NNCS y los CTS con ANCS. Establecimos la significación estadística mediante la «t» de Student, «U» de Mann-Whitney, el test de χ2 y la corrección de Yates.Resultados: Incluimos 44 muñecas en el grupo de NNCS y 83 en el grupo de ANCS. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos, excepto en el seguimiento a 12 meses, en donde el grupo NNCS obtuvo mejores resultados que el grupo ANCS en la respuesta al 20% (p=0,006). Hubo una tendencia similar en la mejoría de la respuesta al 50%, en el seguimiento a 12 meses.Conclusiones: Nuestros datos sugieren que las infiltraciones locales de corticoides son de similar eficacia en ambos grupos de CTS, los de NNCS y los ANCS. No obstante, hay una discreta mejoría en el grupo NNCS sobre el ANCS en el seguimiento a 12 meses.(AU)

Long-term Outcome of Local Steroid Injections Versus Surgery in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Observational Extension of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: In a previous paper, we have demonstrated that: (1) local injection of corticosteroids for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is as effective as decompressive surgery, at 1-year follow-up; and (2) surgery has an additional benefit in the 2-year follow-up. In this study, we assess the long-term outcomes of both therapies in an observational extension of the patients originally enrolled in our randomized clinical trial. Methods: Patients were included in an open, randomized clinical trial, comparing injections versus surgery in CTS. After the end of the clinical trial, patients received the treatment prescribed by their general practitioner or specialist. Therapeutic failure was defined as the need of any new therapeutic intervention on the involved wrist. Comparison between groups was made using Cox multiple regression analysis. Estimation of the accumulated incidence of new therapeutic failure was made considering the withdrawal as a competitive risk (Gooley's test). Results: Of 163 randomized wrists at the beginning of the study, only 148 were available at the final follow-up. The mean follow-up was 6.3 and the median was 5.9 years. In the long-term follow-up, the accumulated incidence of therapeutic failure in the surgery group was 11.6% versus 41.8% in the injection group. The Cox multiple regression analysis showed a risk of failure associated with injection group of 4.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1-9.8; P < .0001). Conclusions: In long-term follow-up, surgery seems more effective than local corticosteroid injections in primary CTS. Nonetheless, about 58% of the patients in the injection group will not need further therapeutic interventions during the follow-up.

Response to Local Corticosteroid Injections in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome With Normal Conduction Studies.

INTRODUCTION: Nerve conduction studies (NCS) have been considered as the gold standard in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) diagnosis, despite correlation between clinical symptomatology and NCS severity has shown to be poor. In fact, clinical symptoms precede NCS changes in months or years. Few papers have been published about the clinical response to treatment of clinically typical CTS, but with normal NCS (NNCS). OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical response to local corticosteroid injections (LCI) in clinically typical CTS, with NNCS and abnormal NCS (ANCS). METHOD: We included patients older than 18, with typical CTS symptoms (ongoing daily nocturnal pain/paresthesias in hand, at least during 3 months). Follow-up was done at 3, 6 and 12 months. Primary outcome was the visual analog scale for pain (p-VAS), comparing NNCS CTS wrists with ANCS CTS wrists. Statistic signification was established by the Student's t test, Mann-Whitney's "U", χ2 test and Yates' correction. RESULTS: We included 44 wrists in the NNCS group, and 83 in the ANCS group. There was no statistical significance between data in both groups, except in the 12-month follow-up, where the NNCS group achieved better results than the ANCS group in the 20% response (p=0.006). There was a trend toward a better 50% response in the 12-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that LCI are similarly effective in both CTS with NNCS and ANCS. Nonetheless, there is a mild better effect in NNCS than in ANCS at 12-month follow-up.

Point of care ultrasound knowledge among resident doctors in Madrid's university hospitals. Influence of the induction in emergency departments with point of care ultrasound practice / Grado de conocimiento de la ecografía a pie de cama, entre una muestra de médicos residentes de hospitales universitarios de Madrid. Influencia de la inducción en los servicios de urgencias con uso habitual de ecografía a pie de cama

BACKGROUND: Point of care ultrasound study (POCUS) is a relatively new technique in Spanish Emergency Departments (EDs). Nonetheless, its use is increasing, and the number of emergency doctors and the number of papers published in our country has skyrocketed in last decade. Despite this fact, there is still no evidence of how POCUS is taught in our medical schools. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the level of knowledge about POCUS in first year resident doctors of three hospitals in Madrid, and one year after having worked in ED with POCUS practice. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: The study looked at demographic aspects, POCUS knowledge, and opinions about its usefulness in the ED, prior to and after working in ED with routine use of POCUS. RESULTS: Of the 265 questionnaires, 197 were first-year residents (Group 1) and 68 second-year residents (Group 2). Another 55 senior medical students completed the questionnaire (Group 3). The majority of Groups 1 and 3 stated to have a very low POCUS level. Almost three-quarters (73%) of Group 2 stated having an intermediate or high level, and 26% even declared having full knowledge. More than half of the students agreed that POCUS was a useful tool in ED. CONCLUSIONS: There is a low level of knowledge about POCUS among first-year residents. After working in POCUS qualified EDs, these resident doctors state both the importance and their higher level of knowledge of POCUS

INTRODUCCIÓN: La ecografía a pie de cama (EPC) es una técnica diagnóstica cada día más utilizada por los médicos urgenciólogos en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios españoles. No obstante, desconocemos el nivel de la EPC de nuestros médicos residentes de primer año (R1). OBJETIVO: Determinar el nivel de conocimientos sobre la EPC de los R1, en 3 hospitales universitarios de Madrid, y el conocimiento un año después de haber trabajado en servicios de urgencias con utilización habitual de la EPC. MÉTODOS: Nuestra encuesta investigaba datos demográficos, nivel previo de conocimiento de la EPC y opinión acerca de su utilidad en el servicio de urgencias. También se aplicó la encuesta a 55 estudiantes de medicina del último curso (EM6). RESULTADOS: De 265 encuestas: 197 fueron de R1 y 68 de R2. También se pasó la encuesta a otros 55 estudiantes de medicina del último curso (EM6). La mayoría de los R1 y EM6, revelaron un nivel previo muy bajo de conocimientos de la EPC. En cambio, el 73% de los R2, manifestaron un nivel intermedio o alto, e incluso un 26% declararon un conocimiento amplio. Más de la mitad de los encuestados manifestó estar de acuerdo en que la EPC era una herramienta muy útil en el servicio de urgencias. CONCLUSIONES: Existe un bajo nivel de conocimientos sobre la EPC entre los R1. Después de haber trabajado en servicios de urgencias con práctica habitual de EPC, estos mismos médicos residentes, reconocieron tanto la importancia de la EPC como su alto nivel de conocimientos de la EPC

Comentario acerca de la precisión, seguridad y eficiencia de la ecografía realizada por urgenciólogos en el diagnóstico de la trombosis venosa profunda en servicios de urgencias hospitalarios / Comment on "Ultrasound imaging obtained by emergency department physicians to diagnose deep vein thrombosis: accuracy, safety, and efficiency"

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Prevalence, Incidence, and Sex Ratio of Transsexualism in the Autonomous Region of Madrid (Spain) According to Healthcare Demand.

In recent years, different studies have provided estimates of the prevalence of transsexualism with very diverse results. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the prevalence, incidence, and sex ratio of transsexualism in the autonomous region of Madrid (Spain). A total of 1234 patients who attended from 2007 to the end of 2015 in the only Gender Identity Unit (GIU) in Madrid were analyzed. Sixty-three patients were excluded for various reasons; thus, 1171 could be included: 803 male-to-female (MtF) and 368 female-to-male (FtM) transsexual patients. Transsexualism was diagnosed based on the ICD-10, World Health Organization, 1992, and/or gender identity disorder based on the DSM-IV-TR, American Psychiatric Association, 2000. The demographic statistics were calculated on the basis of the population over 15 years old of Madrid. Based on healthcare demand, the prevalence of transsexualism was 22.1 in 100,000 inhabitants: 31.2 for MtF and 12.9 for FtM, making the MtF/FtM ratio approximately 2.2:1. The incidence rate was 2.5 in 100,000 inhabitants, representing an annual average of 130 demands. Although transsexualism occurs in all countries with different rates of prevalence, in our area, this prevalence was higher than reported from other European countries. We believe that two main circumstances might influence this high prevalence: the easy accessibility and the absence of a waiting list to the GIU, and the permissive social and legal climate and openness of Spain, especially in Madrid.

Deformidad de Madelung / Madelung’s deformity

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Local injection versus surgery in carpal tunnel syndrome: neurophysiologic outcomes of a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to characterize the neurophysiologic outcomes in a randomized clinical trial comparing local corticosteroid injection and decompressive surgery in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. METHODS: Clinical and neurophysiologic assessments were done at baseline and 12 months after treatment. Four parameters were evaluated in the nerve conduction study (NCS): distal motor latency, motor amplitude, sensory conduction velocity and sensory amplitude. Statistic signification was established by the Student's t test, independent and paired samples, and Mann-Whitney test. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used by the three domains of symptoms. Correlations between the changes showed in clinical parameters and those evidenced by electromyography were calculated by the Pearson's test. RESULTS: Both groups of therapy were comparable at baseline. In 95 wrists, a second NCS was done 12 months post-treatment. Although clinical outcome improved in a similar way in both groups, we found statistically significant improvement in three (distal motor latency, sensory conduction velocity and sensory amplitude) of four neurophysiologic parameters only in the surgery group, when compared to baseline values. CONCLUSIONS: Although local corticosteroid injection and decompressive surgery are clinically effective in reducing symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome, only surgery results in an improvement of the neurophysiologic parameters, at 12-months follow-up. SIGNIFICANCE: Only decompressive surgery allows resolution of neurophysiologic changes. The symptoms of the syndrome are resolved with corticosteroid injections.

Comparison of surgical decompression and local steroid injection in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: 2-year clinical results from a randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of surgical decompression vs local steroid injection in the treatment of idiopathic CTS. METHODS: This is an open, prospective, randomized clinical trial. We studied the effects of surgical decompression vs local steroid injection in 163 wrists with a clinical diagnosis and neurophysiological confirmation of CTS, with an extended follow-up of 2 years. The primary end point was the percentage of wrists that reached a ≥ 20% improvement in the visual analogue scale score for nocturnal paraesthesias. Statistical analysis was done by Student's t-test for continuous variables and by chi-square test for categorical variables. Analyses were performed on an intent-to-treat basis. P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Both treatment groups had comparable severity of CTS at baseline. Eighty wrists were randomly assigned to surgical decompression and 83 wrists to local steroid injection. Fifty-five wrists in the surgery group and 48 wrists in the injection group completed the 2-year follow-up. In the intent-to-treat analysis, at 2-year follow-up, 60% of the wrists in the injection group vs 69% in the surgery group reached a 20% response for nocturnal paraesthesias (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that both local steroid injection and surgical decompression are effective treatments in alleviating symptoms in primary CTS at 2-year follow-up. Surgery has an additional benefit in the 2-year follow-up, although clinical relevance of those differences remains to be defined. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials, www.controlled-trials.com, ISRCTN26264638.

Evaluación económica de tramadol/paracetamol en el manejo del dolor en pacientes con osteoartrosis en España / Economic evaluation of tramadol/paracetamol in the management of pain in patients with osteoarthritis in Spain

Objetivo. Comparar el coste del tratamiento del dolor en la osteoartrosis (OA) con tramadol/paracetamol frente a los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINE) solos o en combinación con un inhibidor de la bomba de protones (IBP) desde el punto de vista del Sistema Nacional de Salud de España. Métodos. Se realizó un modelo analítico de decisiones que evaluó los costes derivados de las tres estrategias de tratamiento durante 6 meses. Se utilizó un análisis de minimización de costes considerando datos referentes al uso de recursos, costes farmacológicos y costes derivados del tratamiento de los acontecimientos adversos (AA) de la medicación. Resultados. En el análisis del caso base, el coste del tratamiento del dolor de la OA durante 6 meses con tramadol/paracetamol fue de 232,86 €, comparado con 274,60 € con los AINE + IBP y 133,75 € con los AINE solos. Por tanto, el tratamiento con tramadol/paracetamol produce un ahorro de 41,74 € por paciente durante 6 meses respecto a AINE + IBP y un coste adicional de 99,11 € respecto a los AINE solos. Al considerar los AA renales, tramadol/paracetamol produce un ahorro comparado con los tratamientos que contienen AINE (140,02 € respecto de los AINE solos y 280,86 € respecto de los AINE + IBP). Conclusiones. Basándose en los resultados de un modelo teórico analítico de decisiones, los datos sugieren que tramadol/paracetamol produce ahorros comparado con los AINE + IBP en el tratamiento del dolor de la OA durante 6 meses. Tramadol/paracetamol también produce ahorros comparado con los AINE solos si se consideran los AA renales (AU)

Objective. To compare the costs of treating osteoarthritis (OA) pain using combination tramadol/paracetamol tablets, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (NSAID) alone or NSAID plus proton pump inhibitors (PPI) from the perspective of the Spanish National Health System. Methods. A decision-analytical model was constructed to analyze the cost associated with three treatment strategies over 6 months. A cost-minimization approach was used, which considered data related to resource use, medication costs and costs for the treatment of adverse events. Results. In the base-case analysis, costs for 6 months of treatment of OA pain using tramadol/paracetamol were €232.86, compared with €274.60 for NSAID + PPI and €133.75 for NSAID alone. This provided a savings of €41.74 per patient over 6 months for tramadol/paracetamol compared with NSAID + PPI and a cost increase of €99.11 compared with NSAID alone. When renal adverse events associated with NSAID were considered, tramadol/paracetamol was cost saving compared with all NSAID-based regimens (saving €140.02 vs NSAID alone, €280.86 vs NSAID + PPI). Conclusion. Based on the results of a theoretical decision-analytic model, the data obtained may suggest that tramadol/paracetamol is cost saving compared with NSAID + PPI for the treatment of OA pain over a period of 6 months. Tramadol/paracetamol is also cost saving compared with treatment with NSAID alone if considering renal adverse events (AU)