Oxidative stress, apoptosis and abnormal expression of apoptotic protein and gene and cell cycle arrest in the cecal tonsil of broilers induces by dietary methionine deficiency.

Methionine (Met) is often called the first limiting amino acid in birds. Broilers have high requirement for Met, so they are at high risk of Met deficiency. The aims of the present research is to study the effects of Met deficiency on the histomorphological changes, antioxidant functions, apoptosis and cell cycle in the cecum tonsil of broilers. A batch of 120 one-day-old Cobb broilers in total are divided into two groups and fed on a Met deficiency diet or a control diet for six weeks, followed by analysis using the methods of experimental pathology, biochemical method, immunohistochemical method, ELISA, FCM, Tunel assay, and qRT-PCR. Results showed that the cecal tonsils were impaired, and the SOD, CAT and GSH-Px activity, the ability to suppression on the hydroxy radicals, and the content of GSH reduced in Met deficiency group comparing to the control group. In contrast, the MDA content is higher in Met deficiency group. As measured by immunohistochemical method, ELISA, Tunel, FCM and qRT-PCR, increased proportion of apoptotic cells, abnormal content or expression of apoptotic proteins, as well as cell cycle arrest were observed. In conclusion, dietary Met deficiency imposes a severe impact on the cecal tonsils, mainly in the forms of histological injury, cell cycle arrest, oxidative stress, and increased cellular apoptosis. The oxidative stress leads to cellular apoptosis and then induces the injury of the cecum tonsils. The local intestinal mucosal immune system would finally be injured by the oxidative stress and apoptosis in the intestine.

[Efficacy and safety of tiotropium Respimat in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review].

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tiotropium Respimat in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) according to the Cochrane systematic evaluation. Methods: The Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMbase, CNKI, VIP and CBM, Wanfang Data were searched(from the foundation date to Jan. 2016) for the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of tiotropium Respimat in the treatment of patients with COPD. Two reviewers independently retrieved the RCTs according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, assessed the methodological quality of the included trials.and performed statistical analysis on the data using RevMan 5.3 software. Results: Totally 11 RCTs on efficacy were finally included.The results of the combined analysis showed that FEV(1) was significantly improved in the tiotropium Respimat group than that in the placebo group[MD=0.12, 95%CI(0.10-0.14), P<0.000 01], while FEV(1) was similar between the tiotropium Respimat group and the tiotropium HandiHaler group[5 µg: MD=0.00, 95%CI(-0.04-0.04), P=0.94; 2.5 µg: MD=-0.04, 95%CI(-0.10-0.01), P=0.12; 10 µg: MD=0.02, 95%CI(-0.06-0.09), P=0.66]. FVC was significantly improved in the tiotropium Respimat group than that in the placebo group[MD=0.18, 95%CI(0.09-0.28), P=0.0002], while FVC was similar between the tiotropium Respimat group and the HandiHaler group[2.5 µg: MD=-0.06, 95%CI(-0.16-0.04), P=0.24; 5 µg: MD=-0.00, 95%CI(-0.08-0.08), P=1.00; 10 µg: MD=0.02, 95%CI(-0.14-0.19), P=0.78]. The risk of acute exacerbations was lower in the tiotropium Respimat group (5 µg / kg) than in the placebo group [OR=0.72, 95%CI(0.60-0.86), P=0.000 3]. It was similar in the tiotropium Respimat group (5 µg) and the HandiHaler group[OR=1.01, 95%CI(0.94-1.09), P=0.71]. The SGRQ total score of the tiotropium Respimat group (5 µg) was significantly different from that of the placebo group[MD=-3.6, 95%CI(-3.88--3.32), P<0.000 01]. C(max, ss) and AUC(0-6 h, ss) were also similar between the tiotropium Respimat group and the HandiHaler group[MD=0.2, 95%CI(-5.1-5.5), P=0.94]; MD=-1.01, 95%CI(-11.78-9.77), P=0.85]. Nine RCTs were included in the evaluation of the incident rates of adverse drug reactions(ADR). There was no significant difference between the tiotropium Respimat group HandiHaler group and the placebo group[RR=0.95, 95%CI(0.89-1.00), P=0.05], [OR=1.07, 95%CI(1.00-1.16), P=0.06]. Conclusions: The efficacy and safety of tiotropium Respimat was similar to tiotropium HandiHaler in the treatment of COPD. They can effectively improve the pulmonary function and clinical symptoms of patients. But the long-term efficacy and safety of tiotropium Respimat still need to be confirmed by higher quality and larger RCTs with long-term follow-up.

[The first confirmed imported case of yellow fever in China].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of the first confirmed imported case of yellow fever in China. METHODS: This case was reported through the Infectious Disease Surveillance Program. Information on epidemiology and clinical manifestation of the case was collected through case interview and related medical records. Blood and saliva samples of the case were collected and tested by real-time PCR. RESULTS: The patient was male, 32 years old, and suffered a sudden onset of fever without other symptoms, on March 8(th), 2016. The patient arrived in Beijing at midnight on March 10(th). Condition of the patient got progressively worsened, with both liver and renal failures, hepatic encephalopathy, multiple organ failures and DIC, finally died on March 16(th). Serum of the case was positive for yellow fever virus by real time PCR. The patient was bit by mosquitoes six days before the onset of fever in Luanda, Angola. CONCLUSION: This report summarized related information on the first confirmed but imported case of yellow fever in China that was helpful to the management of other imported yellow fever cases in the future.