A health-promoting role of exclusive breastfeeding on infants through restoring delivery mode-induced gut microbiota perturbations.

The establishment of human gut microbiota in early life is closely associated with both short- and long-term infant health. Delivery mode and feeding pattern are two important determinants of infant gut microbiota. In this longitudinal cohort study, we examined the interplay between the delivery mode and feeding pattern on the dynamics of infant gut microbiota from 6 weeks to 6 months post-delivery in 139 infants. We also assessed the relationship between infant respiratory infection susceptibility and gut microbial changes associated with delivery mode and feeding pattern. At 6 weeks postpartum, the composition and structure of gut microbiota of cesarean section-delivered (CSD) infants differed from those of vaginally delivered (VD) infants, with decreased Bacteroides and Escherichia-Shigella and increased Klebsiella, Veillonella, and Enterococcus. At 6 months postpartum, these delivery mode-induced microbial shifts were restored by exclusive breastfeeding, resulting in similar gut microbial profiles between VD and CSD infants who were exclusively breastfed (P = 0.57) and more variable gut microbial profiles between VD and CSD infants who were mixed fed (P < 0.001). We identified that the VD-associated genera were enriched in healthy infants, while the CSD-associated genera were enriched in infants who suffered from respiratory infections. Our findings indicate that exclusive breastfeeding may play a health-promoting role by reducing infant respiratory infection susceptibility through the restoration of gut microbiota perturbations caused by cesarean section.

The Effect of Swallowing Action Observation Therapy on Resting fMRI in Stroke Patients with Dysphagia.

Objective: Many stroke victims have severe swallowing problems. Previous neuroimaging studies have found that several brain regions scattered in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, such as Brodmann's areas (BA) 6, 21, and 40, are associated with swallowing function. This study sought to investigate changes in swallowing function and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) in stroke patients with dysphagia following action observation treatment. It also sought to detect changes in brain regions associated with swallowing in stroke patients. Methods: In this study, 12 healthy controls (HCs) and 12 stroke patients were recruited. Stroke patients were given 4 weeks of action observation therapy. In order to assess the differences in mfALFF values between patients before treatment and HCs, the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) in three frequency bands (conventional frequency band, slow-4, and slow-5) were calculated for fMRI data. The significant brain regions were selected as regions of interest (ROIs) for subsequent analysis. The mfALFF values were extracted from ROIs of the three groups (patients before and after treatment and HCs) and compared to assess the therapeutic efficacy. Results: In the conventional band, stroke patients before treatment had higher mfALFF in the inferior temporal gyrus and lower mfALFF in the calcarine fissure and surrounding cortex and thalamus compared to HCs. In the slow-4 band, there was no significant difference in related brain regions between stroke patients before treatment and HCs. In the slow-5 band, stroke patients before treatment had higher mfALFF in inferior cerebellum, inferior temporal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and lower mfALFF in calcarine fissure and surrounding cortex compared to HCs. We also assessed changes in aberrant brain activity that occurred both before and after action observation therapy. The mfALFF between stroke patients after therapy was closed to HCs in comparison to the patients before treatment. Conclusion: Action observation therapy can affect the excitability of certain brain regions. The changes in brain function brought about by this treatment may help to further understand the potential mechanism of network remodeling of swallowing function.

Animal models of the placenta accreta spectrum: current status and further perspectives.

Placenta accreta spectrum disorder (PAS) is a kind of disease of placentation defined as abnormal trophoblast invasion of part or all of the placenta into the myometrium, even penetrating the uterus. Decidual deficiency, abnormal vascular remodeling in the maternal-fetal interface, and excessive invasion by extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells contribute to its onset. However, the mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying such phenotypes are not fully understood, partly due to the lack of suitable experimental animal models. Appropriate animal models will facilitate the comprehensive and systematic elucidation of the pathogenesis of PAS. Due to the remarkably similar functional placental villous units and hemochorial placentation to humans, the current animal models of PAS are based on mice. There are various mouse models induced by uterine surgery to simulate different phenotypes of PAS, such as excessive invasion of EVT or immune disturbance at the maternal-fetal interface, which could define the pathological mechanism of PAS from the perspective of the "soil." Additionally, genetically modified mouse models could be used to study PAS, which is helpful to exploring the pathogenesis of PAS from the perspectives of both "soil" and "seed," respectively. This review details early placental development in mice, with a focus on the approaches of PAS modeling. Additionally, the strengths, limitations and the applicability of each strategy and further perspectives are summarized to provide the theoretical foundation for researchers to select appropriate animal models for various research purposes. This will help better determine the pathogenesis of PAS and even promote possible therapy.

Management of cesarean scar pregnancy: Importance of gestational age at diagnosis and disease type-A single center's 5 years of experience involving 223 cases.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the importance of the gestational age at diagnosis and the types of cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) for treatment outcomes and to identify the optimal treatment based on both the gestational age at diagnosis and the CSP type. Methods: A retrospective cohort study included 223 pregnant women diagnosed with CSP at Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China, between 2014 and 2018. All CSP cases underwent ultrasound-guided vacuum aspiration followed by supplementary curettage. Adjuvant treatment modalities included intramuscular injection of systemic methotrexate, uterine artery embolization, and hysteroscopy before ultrasound-guided vacuum aspiration. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship between intraoperative blood loss and gestational age at diagnosis, CSP type, highest ß-human chorionic gonadotropin level, and management procedures. Results: None of the patients required blood transfusions or hysterectomies. Patients presenting at <8, 8-10, and >10 weeks had median estimated blood loss of 5, 10, and 35 ml, respectively. Patients with type I CSP, type II CSP, and type III CSP had median blood loss of 5, 5 and 10 ml, respectively. Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that the gestational age at diagnosis (p < 0.001) and type of CSP (p = 0.023) were independent predictors of intraoperative estimated blood loss. For type I CSP patients, ultrasound-guided vacuum aspiration followed by supplementary curettage alone was performed in 15 of 34 (44.1%) patients, including 12/27 (44.4%) diagnosed at <8 weeks, 2/6 (33.3%) at 8-10 weeks, and 1/1 for >10 weeks. In type II CSP patients, fewer cases were managed by ultrasound-guided vacuum aspiration followed by supplementary curettage alone as the gestational age at diagnosis increased [18/96 (18.8%) for <8 weeks, 7/41 (17.1%) for 8-10 weeks, none for >10 weeks]. Most type III CSP patients (41/45, 91.1%) needed treatments in addition to the ultrasound-guided vacuum aspiration regardless of the gestational age at diagnosis. All CSP patients were treated successfully and did not require readmission or further medical interventions. Conclusion: Gestational age at diagnosis of CSP and its type show a strong correlation with estimated blood loss during ultrasound-guided vacuum aspiration. With careful management, CSPs may be treated at any gestational week, regardless of their type, with minimal intraoperative bleeding.

Effects of galactooligosaccharides on maternal gut microbiota, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and inflammation in pregnancy: A randomized controlled pilot study.

Background: Gut microbiota of pregnant women change with the gestational week. On the one hand, they participate in the metabolic adaptation of pregnant women. On the other hand, the abnormal composition of gut microbiota of pregnant women is more likely to suffer from gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Therefore, gut microbiota targeted treatment through dietary supplements is particularly important for prevention or treatment. Prebiotic supplements containing galactooligosaccharides (GOS) may be an intervention method, but the effect is still unclear. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of prebiotic intervention in healthy pregnant women during pregnancy, and to explore the possible effects of intervention on pregnant women and the influence on gut microbiota as preliminaries. Methods: After recruitment in first trimester, 52 pregnant women were randomly assigned to receive GOS intervention or placebo containing fructooligosaccharides. 16S rRNA sequencing technology was used to detect the composition, diversity and differential flora of gut microbiota. Lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism and inflammatory factors during pregnancy were also analyzed. Results: The adverse symptoms of GOS intervention are mild and relatively safe. For pregnant women, there was no significant difference in the GDM incidence rates and gestational weight gain (GWG) in the GOS group compared with placebo (P > 0.05). Compared with the placebo group, the levels of FPG, TG, TC, HDL-C LDL-C, and IL-6 had no significant difference in GOS group (P > 0.05). For newborns, there was no significant difference between GOS group and placebo group in the following variables including gestational week, birth weight, birth length, head circumference, chest circumference, sex, and delivery mode (P > 0.05). And compared with the placebo group, the GOS group had a higher abundance of Paraprevotella and Dorea, but lower abundance of LachnospiraceaeUCG_001. Conclusions: GOS prebiotics appear to be safe and acceptable for the enrolled pregnancies. Although GOS intervention did not show the robust benefits on glucose and lipid metabolism. However, the intervention had a certain impact on the compostion of gut microbiota. GOS can be considered as a dietary supplement during pregnancy, and further clinical studies are needed to explore this in the future.

An analysis of the impact of China's macroeconomic performance on its trade partners: Evidence based on the GVAR model.

Economic strategies and planning are critical to a country's growth and development. China, like many other countries, is seeking the most cost-effective trade deals. Using the Global Vector Auto Regression (GVAR) model, this study examined the impact of a shock to China's macroeconomic factors on trading economies. The major findings reveal that there is no co-movement between the shock in Chinese gross domestic product (GDP) and German macroeconomic indicators; however, the shock has a positive and substantial influence on Japan's GDP and Unites States (US)' exchange rate. It is also worth noting that a shock to Chinese trade volume is more susceptible and more disturbing than a shock to US trade volume since it reduces trade volume and causes the Ren Min Bi (RMB) to devalue permanently. Furthermore, the analysis shows that Chinese stock prices have a major influence on German economy since China's GDP, trade volume, and currency appreciate over time when its stock price rises. Finally, the exchange rate shock is beneficial to Germany as it boosts GDP and trade volume but has a negative influence on US stock prices. The current study is, therefore, expected to be a suitable beginning point for the governments and policymakers of trading partners to design an effective trade policy to minimize the impact on major economic variables.

The diversity of trophoblast cells and niches of placenta accreta spectrum disorders revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing.

Placenta accreta spectrum disorders (PAS) are severe pregnancy complications that occur when extravillous trophoblast cells (EVTs) invade beyond the uterine inner myometrium and are characterized by hypervascularity on prenatal ultrasound and catastrophic postpartum hemorrhage. The potential mechanisms remain incompletely understood. With single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis on the representative invasive parts and the normal part obtained from the same PAS placenta, we profiled the pathological landscape of invasive PAS placenta and deciphered an intensified differentiation pathway from progenitor cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) to EVTs via LAMB4 + and KRT6A + CTBs. In the absence of the decidua, the invasive trophoblasts of various differentiation states interacted with ADIRF + and DES + maternal stromal cells. The PAS-associated hypervascularity might be due to the enhanced crosstalk of trophoblasts, stromal cells and vascular endothelial cells. Finally, we presented an immune microenvironmental landscape of invasive PAS. The pathogenesis of PAS could be further explored with current resources for future targeted translational studies.

Efficacy of dietary supplements targeting gut microbiota in the prevention and treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a kind of metabolic disease occurring during gestation period, which often leads to adverse pregnancy outcomes and seriously harms the health of mothers and infants. The pathogenesis of GDM may be bound up with the abnormal gut microbiota composition in pregnant women. Previous studies have clarified that dietary supplements can regulate the gut microbiota to play a role. Therefore, using dietary supplements, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics to target the gut microbiota to regulate the disordered gut microbiota would become a potential method that benefits for preventing and treating GDM. This paper reviews a series of clinical trials in recent years, expounds on the clinical effects of dietary supplements such as probiotics on GDM, and discusses the intervention effects of dietary supplements on GDM related risk factors, including overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition, the relationship of GDM and gut microbiota is also discussed, and the possible mechanisms of dietary supplements are summarized. This review will help to promote the further development of dietary supplements targeting gut microbiota and provide more knowledge support for clinical application in the prevention and treatment of various diseases.

Association of Placenta Previa With Severe Maternal Morbidity Among Patients With Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorder.

Importance: Placenta previa is widely acknowledged as a risk factor for placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders, which are severe maternal complications; however, data are limited regarding whether placenta previa is associated with a higher risk of worse maternal outcomes among patients with PAS disorders. Objective: To examine the association between placenta previa and the risk of severe maternal morbidities (SMMs) and higher resource use among patients with PAS disorders. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study extracted records of 3793 patients with PAS diagnosis and delivery indicators between October 1, 2015, and December 31, 2019, from the US National Inpatient Sample database. Exposures: Placenta previa. Main Outcomes and Measures: Data on 21 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-defined SMMs and 25 study-defined surgical morbidities associated with PAS were extracted. Six surgical procedures (cystoscopy, intra-arterial balloon occlusion, cesarean delivery, hysterectomy, cystectomy, and oophorectomy), hospital length of stay, and inpatient costs were compared. Multivariable Poisson regression models built in the generalized estimating equation framework were used. Results: Among 3793 patients with PAS (median [IQR] age at admission, 33 [29-37] years), 621 women (16.4%) were Black, 765 (20.2%) were Hispanic, 1779 (46.9%) were White, 441 (11.6%) were of other races and/or ethnicities (47 [1.2%] were American Indian, 220 [5.8%] were Asian or Pacific Islander, and 174 [4.6%] were of multiple or other races and/or ethnicities), and 187 (4.9%) were of unknown race and ethnicity. A total of 1323 patients (34.9%) had placenta previa and 2470 patients (65.1%) did not; of those with placenta previa, 405 patients (30.6%) had invasive PAS. Patients with vs without placenta previa had a significantly higher rate and risk of any SMM (935 women [70.7%] vs 1087 women [44.0%]; P < .001; adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.19; 95% CI, 1.12-1.27) and any surgical morbidity (1170 women [88.4%] vs 1667 women [67.5%]; P < .001; aRR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.13-1.23). With regard to specific outcomes, those with vs without placenta previa had a significantly higher rate of peripartum hemorrhage (878 patients [66.4%] vs 1217 patients [49.3%]; P < .001), blood product transfusion (413 patients [31.2%] vs 610 patients [24.7%]; P < .001), shock (83 patients [6.3%] vs 108 patients [4.4%]; P = .01), disseminated intravascular coagulation or other coagulopathy (77 patients [5.8%] vs 105 patients [4.3%]; P = .04), and urinary tract injury (44 patients [3.3%] vs 41 patients [1.7%]; P = .002). Patients with vs without placenta previa were more likely to undergo cesarean delivery (1292 patients [97.7%] vs 1787 patients [72.3%]; P < .001), hysterectomy (786 patients [59.4%] vs 689 patients [27.9%]; P < .001), cystoscopy (301 patients [22.8%] vs 203 patients [8.2%]; P < .001), cystectomy (157 patients [11.9%] vs 98 patients [4.0%]; P < .001), and intra-arterial balloon occlusion (121 patients [9.1%] vs 77 patients [3.1%]; P < .001) and to have significantly longer hospital length of stay (median [IQR], 5 [4-11] days vs 3 [3-5] days; P < .001) and total inpatient costs (median [IQR], $17 496 [$10 863-$30 619] vs $9728 [$6130-$16 790]; P < .001). Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy was associated with a decreased risk of placenta previa (aRR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.46-0.96) among patients with PAS. Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, placenta previa was associated with an increased risk of maternal and surgical morbidities and higher resource use among women with PAS. These findings suggest that interventions to alleviate maternal and surgical morbidities are especially needed for patients with placenta previa-complicated PAS disorders.

Placenta Accreta Spectrum Among Multiple Gestation: A Retrospective Analysis Based on a Chinese Population.

Background: It remained controversial whether women with multiple gestation are at higher risk of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders and large-scale studies are needed. This study aimed to assess whether PAS incidence is higher among women with multiple gestation than among singleton, as well as to compare the characteristics and outcomes of PAS in multiple and singleton gestation. Methods: Women who underwent cesarean section with live births at Peking University First Hospital from January 2015 to December 2020 were included. Demographic and clinical information was collected through chart review. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the associations between multiple gestation and PAS. The clinical characteristics and perioperative outcomes of PAS in multiple and singleton gestation were further compared. Results: Among the 14583 women included, 2.4% (352/14583) were diagnosed with PAS. PAS was slightly more prevalent among multiple gestations than among singletons (2.5% vs 2.4%, P=0.857). After adjusting for known risk factors and pregnancy complications, multiple gestation was associated with a higher risk of PAS (aOR=1.63, 95% CI 1.01-2.62). Among PAS patients, women who had multiple births had a significantly lower rate of previous cesarean deliveries (27.6% vs. 56.3%, P=0.003), placenta previa (17.2% vs. 56.3%, P<0.001) and invasive PAS (24.1% vs. 53.9, P=0.002) than singletons. There were no significant differences in perioperative outcomes between these two groups. Conclusion: Multiple gestation could be independently associated with an elevated risk of PAS. The clinical characteristics of PAS in the multiple and singleton gestation groups differed significantly in cesarean delivery history and placenta previa. The results of this study may inform guidelines on the screening, early detection and timely intervention of PAS patients among women with multiple births.

A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Screening Strategies Involving Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing for Trisomy 21.

Introduction: In accordance with social development, the proportion of advanced maternal age (AMA) increased and the cost of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) decreased. Objective: We aimed to investigate the benefits and cost-effectiveness of NIPT as primary or contingent strategies limited to the high-risk population of trisomy 21 (T21). Methods: Referring to parameters from publications or on-site verification, a theoretical model involving 1,000,000 single pregnancies was established. We presented five screening scenarios, primary NIPT (Strategy 1), contingent NIPT after traditional triple serum screening higher than 1/300 or 1/1,000 (Strategy 2-1 or 2-2), and age-based Strategy 3. Strategy 3 was stratified, with the following options: (1) for advanced maternal age (AMA) of 40 years and more, diagnostic testing was offered, (2) for AMA of 35-39 years, NIPT was introduced, (3) if younger than 35 years of age, contingent NIPT with risk higher than 1:300 (Strategy 3-1) or 1:1,000 (Strategy 3-2) will be offered. The primary outcome was an incremental cost analysis on the baseline and alternative assumptions, taking aging society, NIPT price, and compliance into consideration. The strategy was "appropriate" when the incremental cost was less than the cost of raising one T21 child (0.215 million US$). The second outcome included total cost, cost-effect, cost-benefit analysis, and screening efficiency. Results: Strategy1 was costly, while detecting most T21. Strategy 2-1 reduced unnecessary prenatal diagnosis (PD) and was optimal in total cost, cost-effect, and cost-benefit analysis, nevertheless, T21 detection was the least. Strategy 3 induced most of the PD procedures. Then, setting Strategy2-1 as a baseline for incremental cost analysis, Strategy 3-1 was appropriate. In sensitivity analysis, when the NIPT price was lower than 47 US$, Strategy 1 was the most appropriate. In a society with more than 20% of people older than 35 years of age, the incremental cost of Strategy 3-2 was proper. Conclusion: Combined strategies involving NIPT reduced unnecessary diagnostic tests. The AMA proportion and NIPT price played critical roles in the strategic decision. The age-based strategy was optimal in incremental cost analysis and was presented to be prominent as AMA proportion and NIPT acceptance increased. The primary NIPT was the most effective, but only at a certain price, it became the most cost-effective strategy.

Association Between Pre-delivery Coagulation Indicators and Invasive Placenta Accreta Spectrum.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the association between pre-operational coagulation indicators and the severity of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS), as well as blood loss volume during operation. METHODS: Hospitalized patients of the obstetric department in a major hospital from 2018 to 2020 who were clinically and/or pathologically diagnosed with invasive PAS were included. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression and Poisson regression models were used to quantify the association between each of the 6 coagulation indicators and PAS severity (measured by FIGO grade) as well as maternal outcomes. RESULTS: Ninety-five patients (46 FIGO grade 2 and 49 FIGO grade 3) were included. Higher PT [adjusted OR (aOR): 5.54; 95% CI, 1.80 to 17.07] and FDP (aOR: 1.19; 95% CI, 1.01-1.42) levels were associated with an increased risk of FIGO grade 3 after adjusting for covariates. D-dimer [incidence rate ratio (IRR): 1.19; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.35)] and FDP (IRR: 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04) levels were significantly associated with higher blood loss volume after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSION: Preoperative coagulation indicators, especially PT, D-dimer and FDP, are associated with disease severity and blood loss volume during operation of invasive PAS. The underlying mechanism for the coagulation profile of PAS patients warrants further analysis. SYNOPSIS: Preoperative coagulation indicators, especially PT, D-dimer and FDP, are associated with disease severity and blood loss volume during operation among invasive placenta accreta spectrum patients.

Conservative management versus cesarean hysterectomy in patients with placenta increta or percreta.

OBJECTIVE: To compare conservative management and cesarean hysterectomy in patients with placenta increta or percreta. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this multicenter retrospective study, we recorded data on 2219 patients with placenta increta or percreta from 20 tertiary care centers in China from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2015. Propensity score analysis was used to control for baseline characteristics. We divided patients into conservative management (C) and hysterectomy (H) groups. The primary outcome was operative/postoperative maternal morbidity; secondary outcomes were maternal-neonatal outcomes. RESULTS: In total, 17.9% (398/2219) of patients had placenta increta and percreta; 82.1% (1821/2219) of the patients were in group C. After propensity score matching, 140 pairs of patients from the two groups underwent one-to-one matching. Group C showed less average blood loss within 24 h of surgery (1518 ± 1275 vs. 4309 ± 2550 ml in group H, p<.001). There were more patients with blood loss >1000 ml in group H than in group C (93.6% [131/140] vs. 61.4% [86/140], p<.001). More patients received blood transfusions in group H than in group C (p=.014). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of bladder injury, postoperative anemia, fever, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Neonatal outcomes in the two groups were similar. CONCLUSION: Either conservative management or hysterectomy should be considered after thorough evaluation and detailed discussion of risks and benefits. A balance between bleeding control and fertility can be achieved.

Distribution characteristics of intestinal microbiota during pregnancy and postpartum in healthy women.

The characteristics of microbial community changes in pregnant women are still unclear. To investigate the changes in gut microbiota during pregnancy and after delivery in healthy women, we enrolled 47 healthy pregnant women who received obstetric care in our hospital from October 2016 to April 2017 and obtained their fecal samples at different time periods: T1 (11-13 W), T2 (23-28 W), and T3 (33-38 W) during pregnancy, and PP6W (6 weeks postpartum) and PP6M (6 months postpartum). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing results, there was no significant difference (p > .05) in the index of alpha-diversity between the pregnancy and postpartum periods. Principal coordinate analysis indicated that gut microbiota clustering during the postpartum period was significantly different from that during pregnancy. Phylum-level comparison of species identified using T1, T2, T3, PP6W, and PP6M samples showed higher abundance of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria, while the abundance of Bacteroidetes decreased. At the genus level, 31 types of bacteria were found to be significantly different among these five groups. Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Subdoligranulum, Oscillospira, Ruminococcacea UCG-004), and Alistipes showed higher abundance during pregnancy, while Bifidobacterium, [Eubacterium] rectale group and Hungatella showed higher abundance after delivery. Therefore, the diversity and function of the gut microbiota in healthy pregnant women remained unchanged during pregnancy; however, the composition of the intestinal microbiota in the postpartum period changed significantly. Our results provide the basis for in-depth studies of the composition of perinatal gut microbial communities in women.

Validation of a scoring system for prediction of obstetric complications in placenta accreta spectrum disorders.

BACKGROUND: Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) refers to a spectrum of conditions characterized by the abnormal adherence of the placenta to the implantation site and has been a challenge due to the risk of postpartum hemorrhage, peripartum hysterectomy and maternal mortality. Despite of sonographic findings, no consensus on the prenatal evaluation of PAS has been established yet. We are aiming to establish a scoring system to increase the accuracy of prediction of PAS severity, especially to differentiate placenta percreta and placenta increta. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study and collected 2,219 cases of placenta increta and placenta percreta obtained from 20 tertiary care centers in China. Demographic information, clinical characteristics, and sonographic findings were collected. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors and sonographic features that were significantly associated with a clinical diagnosis of placenta percreta. The formula and subsequent scoring system were generated. This scoring system was then verified in 67 cases of placenta increta or placenta percreta in Peking University First Hospital from 2016 to 2017. Diagnosis of placental invasion was confirmed by surgical findings or histopathologic results. The scoring system was evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS: The scoring system combined maternal risk factors and ultrasound features and was then verified in 67 cases. According to ROC curve, the area under the curve (AUC) of our scoring system for prenatal diagnosis of placenta percreta is 0.96 (95%CI, 0.91-1.00, p < .001), for severe postpartum hemorrhage (≥1500 ml) is 0.76 (95%CI, 0.62-0.91, p = .005), for hysterectomy is 0.98 (95%CI, 0.93-1.000, p = .023). CONCLUSIONS: Our scoring system combining maternal risk factors and ultrasound features can improve the predictive accuracy of placenta percreta and obstetric outcomes (severe hemorrhage and hysterectomy).

Photoacoustic probe of targeting intracellular Staphylococcus aureus infection with signal-enhanced by self-assembly.

In this chapter, we introduce the photoacoustic imaging probe in detecting the infection of bacterial in host cells. We give detailed protocols for the synthesis and confirmation of a PA probe which response to caspase-1 and then self-assembly to enhance the signal. With this PA contrast agent, we may provide a new approach for an intracellular bacterial infection with the selective and sensitive diagnosis.