Preparation of nitrogen doped hyper-crosslinked polymer-based hard carbon for high performance Li+/Na+ battery anode.

Hyper cross-linked polymers (HCPs), as a key precursor of hard carbon (HC) anode materials, stand out because of their capacity for molecular-scale structural design and comparatively straightforward preparation techniques, which are not seen in other porous materials synthesized procedure. A novel synthesis method of HCPs is developed in this paper, which is through the incorporation of functional macromolecules, the structural control and heteroatom doping of the product has been achieved, thus augmenting its electrochemical performance in batteries. In this work, carbonized tetraphenylporphyrin zinc (TPP-Zn) doped HCP-based hard carbon (CTHCP) with stable structure was prepared by Friedel-Crafts reaction and carbonization by using naphthalene and trace TPP-Zn as monomers, dimethoxybenzene (DMB) as crosslinking agent and FeCl3 as catalyst. The introduction of TPP-Zn, a functional macromolecule with unique two-dimensional structure, realized the pore structure regulation and N doping of the raw carbonized HCP-based hard carbon (CHCP). The results showed that CTHCP had higher mesoporous volume, N content and wider layer spacing than CHCP. In addition, CTHCP anode exhibited excellent Li+/Na+ storage performance, initial reversible capacity, rate performance and long cycle life. More amount of N-containing (N-5) active sites and mesoporous content in CTHCP anode was the main reason for the improvement of Na+ storage effect. While the increased interlayer spacing had a greater effect on the lithium storage capacity. This study uncovered the design rules of HC anode materials suitable for Li+/Na+ batteries and provided a new idea for the preparation of high-performance HC anode materials.

Fulvanines J-K, two rare lactam pyrrole alkaloids from Hemerocallis fulva.

Two rare jatropham lactam derivatives, named as fulvanines J-K (1-2), together with six known pyrrole alkaloids, 5,5'-oxydi(3-methyl-3-pyrrolin-2-one) (3), (-)-5-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-pyrrolin-2-one (jatropham) (4), (±)-5-O-methyljatropham (5), perlolyrine (6), butyl-2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrole-1-butanoate (7), and hemerocallisamine II (8), were isolated from the flower of Hemerocallis fulva. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods and compared with the NMR spectra data in the literature. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-complementary activity in vitro, and compounds 1, 4, and 6 exhibited anti-complement effect with CH50 values from 0.61 to 1.42 mM.

Phylogeographic dynamics and molecular characteristics of Enterovirus 71 in China.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus (CV-A16) are the major etiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). This report reviewed the full-length genomic sequences of EV71 identified in different provinces of China between 1998 and 2019 (a total of 312) in addition to eight worldwide reference genomes to address the genomic evolution and genetic events. The main prevalent EV71 strians in China are C4 genotypes, co-circulating with a few A, B5, C1, and C2 subgenotypes. A new emerging subgenotype in China was identified and classified as B6 genotype. Phylogeographic analysis revealed multiple branches, where a Jiangsu strain 2006-52-9 (GenBank ID: KP266579.1) was linked to different subgenotypes through multiple long mutant branches, including the CV-A16 viruses through the A genotype. Furthermore, identification of 28 natural recombination events suggests that the emergence of new genotypes are associated with intratypic recombination involving EV71 strains and intertypic recombination between EV71 and CV-A16 strains. Compared with the structural proteins, the non-structural proteins of EV71 seem to be highly variable with the highest variable regions of peptidase C3 (3C protein), P2A, and the N-terminus of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This study updates the phylogenetic and phylogeographic information of EV71 and provides clues to the emergence of new genotypes of EV71 based on genetics.

The phylogenetic and phylogeographic landscape of the beak and feather disease virus, 1996-2022.

The beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), causative agent of Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD), is a highly fatal and widespread virus that infects both the wild and captive Psittaciformes around the world. The BFDV genome is a ssDNA of approximately 2 kb in size, making it among the smallest known pathogenic viruses. Though, the virus is placed in Circoviridae family of the Circovirus genus, there is no classification system on clade and sub-clade level according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses and the strains are grouped on the bases of geographic locations. Thus, we provide the latest and robust phylogenetic classification of BFDVs in this study based on full-length genomic sequences, grouping all the available 454 strains detected during 1996-2022 into two distinct clades, e.g., GI and GII. The GI clade is further divided into six sub-clades (GI a-f), while GII into two sub-clades (GII a and b). In addition, the phylogeographic network identified high variability among the BFDV strains, showing several branches, where all the branches are connected to four strains, e.g., BFDV-ZA-PGM-70A(GenBank ID: HM748921.1, 2008-South Africa), BFDV-ZA-PGM-81A(GenBank ID: JX221009.1, 2008-South Africa), BFDV14(GenBank ID: GU015021.1, 2010-Thailand) and BFDV-isolate-9IT11(GenBank ID: KF723390.1, 2014-Italy). Furthermore, we identified 27 recombination events in the rep (replication-associated protein) and cap (capsid protein) coding regions using the complete genomes of BFDVs. Similarly, the amino acids variability analysis indicated that both the rep and cap regions are highly variable with values exceeding the variability coefficient estimation limit of 1.00, speculating the possible amino acids drift with the emergence of new strains. The findings provided in this study may offer the latest phylogenetic, phylogeographic and evolutionary landscape of the BFDVs.

Identification of novel recombinants and proposed standard reference genomes for phylogenetic classification of canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2): Comprehensive analysis revealing global evolutionary trait.

Sustained spread and continuous evolution of CPV-2 generate new genetic information; nevertheless, there is no adopted phylogenetic tool, and parvo virologists still refer to the three antigenic variants. Herein, this report attempted to review the evolutionary trait of CPV-2 and proposed standard reference genomes using the Maximum Likelihood-based phylogenetic analysis and Parsimony-Informative Sites. The analysis revealed three main evolutionary pathways where CPV-2 strains cluster into distinct clades depicted as GI, GII, or GIII, respectively. Furthermore, novel CPV-2 natural recombinants were detected, occurring only between the newly identified strains (2017-2020). Those findings provide unique insights into the evolutionary relatedness of CPV-2, clarify discrepancies between different geographic areas and will contribute to achieving a more reliable CPV-2 genetic and evolutionary genotyping classification.

[Effects of Phosphate and Zeolite on the Transformation of Cd Speciation in Soil].

The test simulated exogenous Cd contaminated soil indoors, and studied separate application of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate and zeolite, and combined application of zeolite and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, zeolite and diammonium hydrogen phosphate, as well as the effect on the morphological changes of Cd contaminated soil. The results showed that soil exchangeable Cd contents were reduced in different degrees after the application of different modifiers, and the carbonate bound and Fe-Mn oxide bound, organic bound and residual Cd contents increased. By comparison, the separate application of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate and zeolite, and the combined application of zeolite and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, zeolite and diammonium hydrogen phosphate respectively reduced the soil available Cd contents at 25.2% -51.7%, 21.6% - 46.8%, 6.4% - 23.2%, 38.6% - 61.4%, and 34.1% - 56.4%. All treatments could increase the soil available phosphorus contents, making the soil available phosphorus contents negatively correlated with the available Cd contents significantly, with the correlation coefficient r = - 0.902 6, and the soil pH values had a negative correlation with the available Cd content during the treatments. Therefore, it could be known that the changes of soil available phosphorus contents were the major factor in reducing the availability of soil cadmium under the conditions of the application of phosphate and natural zeolite.