Evaluation of normality and reproducibility parameters of scintigraphy with (99m)Tc-MAA in the diagnosis of intrapulmonary vascular dilatations.

INTRODUCTION: The formation of intrapulmonary vascular dilations (IPVD) is the key event for the onset of hepatopulmonary syndrome, vascular changes secondary to portal hypertension that leads to hypoxemia. The diagnosis of IPVD can be made by contrasted transthoracic echocardiography or scintigraphy with technetium-macroaggregated albumin-((99m)Tc-MAA)-that is a sensitive and specific diagnostic method and quantifies the IPVD magnitude. However, its procedure and diagnostic indices are not yet standardized and well defined in health services. The aims of this study were to define normality values and evaluate the inter- and intra-observer reproducibility degree of diagnostic indexes of IPVD through (99m)Tc-MAA scintigraphy. METHODS: Cross-sectional study was conducted at the Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Pernambuco (HC-UFPE) between July and December 2012. Fifteen patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and nine patients without liver or heart disease (control group) were assessed. After clinical assessment, ultrasound and echocardiography, patients underwent (99m)Tc-MAA scintigraphy, and a relative brain uptake value exceeding 6 % or systemic uptake value exceeding 11 % was considered diagnostic of IPVD. Each assessment was performed by two independent observers. To analyze the results of the normal group, the nonparametric Bootsptrap method simulation model combined with the Monte Carlo method was used and to analyze inter- and intra-observer reproducibility indexes, the kappa and intra-class correlation coefficient were used. RESULTS: In normal subjects, the average brain uptake of (99m)Tc-MAA was 7.9 ± 0.01 % and systemic uptake was 12.4 ± 0.03 %, with low dispersal rates for both measures. The intra-observer agreement was 100 %, with kappa index of 1.0 (p < 0.0001), suggesting a perfect agreement. The inter-observer agreement was also 100 % (kappa = 1.0, p < 0.0001) for brain uptake; however, systemic uptake showed kappa = 0.25 (p = 0.07), which features tolerable concordance. The intra-class correlation was excellent for both uptake indexes. CONCLUSIONS: The normality values were slightly higher than those reported in studies from other countries. The demographic characteristics of the Brazilian population, the small number of patients or different methodologies can be the causes of such differences. (99m)Tc-MAA scintigraphy showed excellent reproducibility.

Intrapulmonary vascular dilatation evaluated by 99mTc-MAA scintigraphy and its association with portal hypertension in schistosomiasis.

BACKGROUND: Portal hypertension is responsible for various complications in patients with schistosomiasis, among them intrapulmonary vascular dilations (IPVD). In cirrhotic patients the presence of IPVD is a sign of poor prognosis, but in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS) there are no studies assessing the significance of this change. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of IPVD through 99mTc-MAA scintigraphy in patients with HSS and its relationship with clinical, laboratory, endoscopic and ultrasound parameters. METHODS: Cross-sectional study evaluating 51 patients with HSS. Patients were diagnosed with IPVD when the brain uptake of 99mTc-MAA was higher than 6%. Subsequently, they were divided according to presence (G1) or absence (G2) of IPVD and variables were compared between groups. RESULTS: Overall, 51 patients with mean age of 56±12 years were assessed. IPVD was observed in 31 patients (60%). There was no statistically significant differences between groups when clinical, laboratory and endoscopic parameters were compared. Regarding ultrasound parameters, the splenic vein diameter was smaller in G1 (0.9 ± 0.3 cm) compared to G2 (1.2 ± 0.4 cm), p=0.029. CONCLUSION: In patients with HSS, the occurrence of IPVD by 99mTc-MAA scintigraphy was high and was associated with lower splenic vein diameter, which can be a mechanism of vascular protection against portal hypertension. However, more studies are needed to determine the clinical significance of the early diagnosis and natural evolution of IPVD in this population.

Occurrence of hepatopulmonary syndrome in patients with cirrhosis who are candidates for liver transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the occurrence of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) in patients with cirrhosis who are candidates for liver transplantation; to compare demographic, clinical, laboratory, and spirometric characteristics, as well as echocardiography results, arterial blood gas analysis, and severity of liver disease between the groups of patients with and without HPS; and to describe the occurrence of HPS in the subgroup of patients with cirrhosis and schistosomiasis mansoni (mixed liver disease). METHODS: Between January and November of 2007, we evaluated 44 patients under treatment at the Liver Transplant Outpatient Clinic of the Federal University of Pernambuco Hospital das Clínicas, in the city of Recife, Brazil. The diagnostic criteria for HPS were intrapulmonary vascular dilatation, identified by transthoracic echocardiography, and an alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference >or= 15 mmHg or a PaO2 < 80 mmHg. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 52 years, and 31 patients (70%) were male. The most common cause of cirrhosis was alcohol use. Schistosomiasis was present in 28 patients (64%). Of the 44 patients, 20 (45.5%) were diagnosed with HPS. No significant differences were found between those patients and the patients without HPS in terms of any of the characteristics studied. Of the 28 patients with cirrhosis and schistosomiasis, 10 (35.7%) were diagnosed with HPS. CONCLUSIONS: In the population studied, HPS was highly prevalent and did not correlate with any of the variables analyzed.

Ocorrência de síndrome hepatopulmonar em pacientes cirróticos candidatos a transplante de fígado / Occurrence of hepatopulmonary syndrome in patients with cirrhosis who are candidates for liver transplantation

OBJETIVO: Verificar a ocorrência da síndrome hepatopulmonar (SHP) em pacientes cirróticos candidatos a transplante de fígado; comparar as características demográficas, clínicas, laboratoriais e espirométricas, resultados de ecocardiografia, análise de gases arteriais e da gravidade da doença hepática nos pacientes com e sem SHP; e descrever a ocorrência de SHP no subgrupo de pacientes com cirrose associada à esquistossomose mansônica (doença hepática mista). MÉTODOS: Entre janeiro e novembro de 2007, foram avaliados 44 pacientes inscritos no Ambulatório de Transplante Hepático do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, em Recife (PE). Os critérios diagnósticos para SHP foram a presença de dilatações vasculares intrapulmonares, identificadas por ecocardiografia transtorácica, assim como diferença alveoloarterial de oxigênio > 15 mmHg ou PaO2 < 80 mmHg. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi 52 anos, e 31 pacientes (70 por cento) eram do sexo masculino. A causa mais frequente de cirrose foi uso de etanol. A esquistossomose esteve presente em 28 pacientes (64 por cento). Dos 44 pacientes, 20 (45,5 por cento) foram diagnosticados com SHP. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas em relação às características estudadas. No subgrupo de pacientes com cirrose associada à esquistossomose, 10/28 (35,7 por cento) receberam o diagnóstico de SHP. CONCLUSÕES: A SHP apresentou elevada prevalência nesta população estudada, não sendo observadas associações entre a sua ocorrência e as variáveis analisadas.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the occurrence of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) in patients with cirrhosis who are candidates for liver transplantation; to compare demographic, clinical, laboratory, and spirometric characteristics, as well as echocardiography results, arterial blood gas analysis, and severity of liver disease between the groups of patients with and without HPS; and to describe the occurrence of HPS in the subgroup of patients with cirrhosis and schistosomiasis mansoni (mixed liver disease). METHODS: Between January and November of 2007, we evaluated 44 patients under treatment at the Liver Transplant Outpatient Clinic of the Federal University of Pernambuco Hospital das Clínicas, in the city of Recife, Brazil. The diagnostic criteria for HPS were intrapulmonary vascular dilatation, identified by transthoracic echocardiography, and an alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference > 15 mmHg or a PaO2 < 80 mmHg. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 52 years, and 31 patients (70 percent) were male. The most common cause of cirrhosis was alcohol use. Schistosomiasis was present in 28 patients (64 percent). Of the 44 patients, 20 (45.5 percent) were diagnosed with HPS. No significant differences were found between those patients and the patients without HPS in terms of any of the characteristics studied. Of the 28 patients with cirrhosis and schistosomiasis, 10 (35.7 percent) were diagnosed with HPS. CONCLUSIONS: In the population studied, HPS was highly prevalent and did not correlate with any of the variables analyzed.

Hepatopulmonary syndrome: an update.

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a clinical threesome composed of liver disease, intrapulmonary vascular dilatation (IPVD) and arterial gas abnormalities. Its occurrence has been described in up to 32% of cirrhotic candidates for liver transplantation. It also affects non-cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension. Its pathogenesis is not well defined, but an association of factors such as imbalance in the endothelin receptor response, pulmonary microvascular remodeling and genetic predisposition is thought to lead to IPVD. Diagnosis is based on imaging methods that identify these dilatations, such as contrast echocardiography or perfusion scintigraphy with 99mTc, as well as analysis of arterial gases to identify elevated alveolar-arterial differences in O2 or hypoxemia. There is no effective pharmacological treatment and complete resolution only occurs through liver transplantation. The importance of diagnosing HPS lies in prioritizing transplant candidates, since presence of HPS is associated with worse prognosis. The aim of this paper was to review the pathogenetic theories and current diagnostic criteria regarding HPS, and to critically analyze the prioritization of patients with HPS on the liver transplant waiting list. Searches were carried out in the Medline (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) via PubMed, Cochrane Library and Lilacs (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde) databases for articles published between January 2002 and December 2007 involving adults and written either in English or in Portuguese, using the term hepatopulmonary syndrome. The studies of greatest relevance were included in the review, along with text books and articles cited in references that were obtained through the review.

Hepatopulmonary syndrome: an update / Síndrome hepatopulmonar: atualização

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a clinical threesome composed of liver disease, intrapulmonary vascular dilatation (IPVD) and arterial gas abnormalities. Its occurrence has been described in up to 32 percent of cirrhotic candidates for liver transplantation. It also affects non-cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension. Its pathogenesis is not well defined, but an association of factors such as imbalance in the endothelin receptor response, pulmonary microvascular remodeling and genetic predisposition is thought to lead to IPVD. Diagnosis is based on imaging methods that identify these dilatations, such as contrast echocardiography or perfusion scintigraphy with 99mTc, as well as analysis of arterial gases to identify elevated alveolar-arterial differences in O2 or hypoxemia. There is no effective pharmacological treatment and complete resolution only occurs through liver transplantation. The importance of diagnosing HPS lies in prioritizing transplant candidates, since presence of HPS is associated with worse prognosis. The aim of this paper was to review the pathogenetic theories and current diagnostic criteria regarding HPS, and to critically analyze the prioritization of patients with HPS on the liver transplant waiting list. Searches were carried out in the Medline (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) via PubMed, Cochrane Library and Lilacs (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde) databases for articles published between January 2002 and December 2007 involving adults and written either in English or in Portuguese, using the term hepatopulmonary syndrome. The studies of greatest relevance were included in the review, along with text books and articles cited in references that were obtained through the review.

A síndrome hepatopulmonar (SHP) é considerada uma tríade clínica composta de doença hepática, dilatações vasculares intrapulmonares (IPVD) e alterações de gases arteriais. Há descrição de sua ocorrência em até 32 por cento dos cirróticos candidatos ao transplante de fígado, acometendo também não cirróticos com hipertensão portal. Sua etiopatogenia não está bem definida, mas se especula que a associação de fatores como o desequilíbrio na resposta dos receptores vasculares de endotelina, o remodelamento microvascular pulmonar e a predisposição genética propiciem as IPVD. O diagnóstico baseia-se em métodos de imagem que identifiquem essas dilatações, como a ecocardiografia com contraste ou a cintilografia de perfusão com 99mTc, além da análise de gases arteriais, para identificar elevação da diferença alvéolo-arterial de O2 ou hipoxemia. Não existe tratamento medicamentoso eficaz e sua resolução completa ocorre apenas com o transplante de fígado. A importância do diagnóstico da SHP está em priorizar os candidatos ao transplante, uma vez que sua presença está associada ao pior prognóstico. O objetivo deste artigo é fazer revisão das teorias de etiopatogenia da SHP, dos seus critérios diagnósticos atuais, além de realizar análise crítica sobre a prioridade dos pacientes com a síndrome na lista de espera pelo transplante de fígado. Buscaram-se na base de dados Medline (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) via PubMed, Cochrane Library e Lilacs (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde), os artigos publicados no período de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2007, envolvendo adultos, escritos nos idiomas inglês ou português, que apresentassem o termo síndrome hepatopulmonar. Os estudos de maior relevância foram incluídos, além de livros-texto e artigos citados nas referências obtidas na revisão.

Determination of the efficacy of FEV6 as a surrogate for FVC in the diagnostic screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through the comparison of FEV1/FVC and FEV1/FEV6 ratios.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of using forced expiratory volume in six seconds (FEV6) as a surrogate for forced vital capacity (FVC) in the diagnostic screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by comparing FEV1/FVC ratios with FEV1/FEV6 ratios. METHODS: In November of 2003, on World COPD Day, we conducted a campaign of diagnostic screening for COPD. The participants completed the clinical questionnaire of the Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease, and those who responded affirmatively to at least three questions underwent spirometry. RESULTS: A total of 134 individuals responded to three questions affirmatively and underwent spirometry. Of those, 59 were excluded: 45 for being non-smokers and 14 due to the fact that their tests did not meet the American Thoracic Society criteria for satisfactory spirometry. The number of tests in which the FEV1/FEV6 ratio was below 70% was similar to that found for the FEV1/FVC ratio. The sensitivity of FEV1/FEV6 in diagnosing airway obstruction (defined as FEV1/FVC below 70%) was 92%, and its specificity was 99%. The positive predictive value was 100%, and the negative predictive value was 98%. The Kendall correlation test revealed r = 0.99 (p < 0.0001). The t-test for paired samples revealed a negative correlation: t = -5.93 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The FEV1/FEV6 proved efficient for use in the diagnostic screening for COPD. There is a strong correlation between FEV1/FVC and FEV1/FEV6.

Determinação da eficiência do VEF6 como substituto da CVF na triagem diagnóstica da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica através da comparação entre as relações VEF1/CVF e VEF1/VEF6 / Determination of the efficacy of FEV6 as a surrogate for FVC in the diagnostic screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through the comparison of FEV1/FVC and FEV1/FEV6 ratios

OBJETIVO: Determinar a eficácia do uso do volume expiratório forçado nos primeiros seis segundos (VEF6) como substituto da capacidade vital forçada (CVF) na triagem diagnóstica da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) através da comparação entre as medidas da relação VEF1/CVF e as medidas da relação VEF1/VEF6. MÉTODOS: No ano de 2003, durante o Dia Mundial da DPOC, realizamos uma campanha de triagem diagnóstica da DPOC. Os participantes da campanha respondiam ao questionário clínico do projeto Global Initiative for -Obstructive Lung Disease e aqueles que apresentavam pelo menos três respostas positivas submetiam-se a espirometria. RESULTADOS: Um total de 134 indivíduos respondeu positivamente a três questões e realizou espirometria. Destes, 59 foram excluídos: 45 por serem não fumantes e 14 pelo fato de seus exames não obedecerem aos critérios da American Thoracic Society para espirometria de qualidade. O número de resultados abaixo de 70 por cento foi similar para VEF1/CVF e para VEF1/VEF6. A sensibilidade de VEF1/VEF6 para o diagnóstico de obstrução de vias aéreas definida por VEF1/CVF abaixo de 70 por cento foi de 92 por cento e a especificidade foi de 99 por cento. O valor preditivo positivo foi de 100 por cento e o valor preditivo negativo foi de 98 por cento. O teste de correlação de Kendall mostrou r = 0,99 (p < 0,0001). O teste t para amostras pareadas mostrou correlação negativa: t = -5,93 (p < 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: A relação VEF1/VEF6 se mostrou eficaz para uso na triagem diagnóstica da DPOC. Existe uma forte relação entre VEF1/CVF e VEF1/VEF6.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of using forced expiratory volume in six seconds (FEV6) as a surrogate for forced vital capacity (FVC) in the diagnostic screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by comparing FEV1/FVC ratios with FEV1/FEV6 ratios. METHODS: In November of 2003, on World COPD Day, we conducted a campaign of diagnostic screening for COPD. The participants completed the clinical questionnaire of the Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease, and those who responded affirmatively to at least three questions underwent spirometry. RESULTS: A total of 134 individuals responded to three questions affirmatively and underwent spirometry. Of those, 59 were excluded: 45 for being non-smokers and 14 due to the fact that their tests did not meet the American Thoracic Society criteria for satisfactory spirometry. The number of tests in which the FEV1/FEV6 ratio was below 70 percent was similar to that found for the FEV1/FVC ratio. The sensitivity of FEV1/FEV6 in diagnosing airway obstruction (defined as FEV1/FVC below 70 percent) was 92 percent, and its specificity was 99 percent. The positive predictive value was 100 percent, and the negative predictive value was 98 percent. The Kendall correlation test revealed r = 0.99 (p < 0.0001). The t-test for paired samples revealed a negative correlation: t = -5.93 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The FEV1/FEV6 proved efficient for use in the diagnostic screening for COPD. There is a strong correlation between FEV1/FVC and FEV1/FEV6.