On the optimization of the interconnection of photovoltaic modules integrated in vehicles.

The design of photovoltaic modules for vehicle-integrated photovoltaics (VIPVs) must consider specific operating conditions like partial shading. Module cell interconnection topology must demonstrate resilience to such conditions to maximize energy generation without compromising shadow-free performance, manufacturing complexity, or cost. This study presents a modeling tool for VIPV, calculating effective irradiance on the VIPV surface using Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) point clouds to estimate the direct component and sky images for the diffuse irradiance. Subsequently, energy generated by the VIPV module is computed using circuit simulation software. Different module topologies regarding cell number, size, interconnections, and bypass diodes have been analysed. Results show significant daily energy production variations under partial shading conditions for different configurations (up to 41%). While integrating a large number of bypass diodes (160) offers optimal performance, this configuration may be impractical due to manufacturing complexity. However, similar results are achievable with appropriate configurations containing parallel branches and only 8 bypass diodes.

Implementation of Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions classification in patients with cardiogenic shock secondary to acute myocardial infarction in a spanish university hospital.

BACKGROUND: Killip-Kimball classification has been used for estimating death risk in patients suffering acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Killip-Kimball stage IV corresponds to cardiogenic shock. However, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) classification provides a more precise tool to classify patients according to shock severity. The aim of this study was to apply this classification to a cohort of Killip IV patients and to analyze the differences in death risk estimation between the two classifications. METHODS: A single-center retrospective cohort study of 100 consecutive patients hospitalized for "Killip IV AMI" between 2016 and 2023 was performed to reclassify patients according to SCAI stage. RESULTS: Distribution of patients according to SCAI stages was B=4%, C=53%, D=27%, E=16%. Thirty-day mortality increased progressively according to these stages (B=0%, C=11.88%, D=55.56%, E=87.50%; P<0.001). The exclusive use of Killip IV stage overestimated death risk compared to SCAI C (35% vs. 11.88%, P=0.002) and underestimated it compared to SCAI D and E stages (35% vs. 55.56% and 87.50%, P=0.03 and P<0.001, respectively). Age >69 years, creatinine >1.15 mg/dl and advanced SCAI stages (SCAI D and E) were independent predictors of 30-day mortality. Mechanical circulatory support use showed an almost significant benefit in advanced SCAI stages (D and E hazard ratio, 0.45; 95% confidence interval, 0.19-1.06; P=0.058). CONCLUSIONS: SCAI classification showed superior death risk estimation compared to Killip IV. Age, creatinine levels and advanced SCAI stages were independent predictors of 30-day mortality. Mechanical circulatory support could play a beneficial role in advanced SCAI stages.

SrTiO3-SrVO3 Ceramics for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anodes: A Route from Oxidized Precursors.

Perovskite-type Sr(Ti,V)O3-δ ceramics are promising anode materials for natural gas- and biogas-fueled solid oxide fuel cells, but the instability of these phases under oxidizing conditions complicates their practical application. The present work explores approaches to the fabrication of strontium titanate-vanadate electrodes from oxidized precursors. Porous ceramics with the nominal composition SrTi1-yVyOz (y = 0.1-0.3) were prepared in air via a solid state reaction route. Thermal processing at temperatures not exceeding 1100 °C yielded composite ceramics comprising perovskite-type SrTiO3, pyrovanadate Sr2V2O7 and orthovanadate Sr3(VO4)2 phases, while increasing firing temperatures to 1250-1440 °C enabled the formation of SrTi1-yVyO3 perovskites. Vanadium was found to substitute into the titanium sublattice predominantly as V4+, even under oxidizing conditions at elevated temperatures. Both perovskite and composite oxidized ceramics exhibit moderate thermal expansion coefficients in air, 11.1-12.1 ppm/K at 30-1000 °C, and insignificant dimensional changes induced by reduction in a 10%H2-N2 atmosphere. The electrical conductivity of reduced perovskite samples remains comparatively low, ~10-1 S/cm at 900 °C, whereas the transformation of oxidized vanadate phases into high-conducting SrVO3-δ perovskites upon reduction results in enhancement in conductivity, which reaches ~3 S/cm at 900 °C in porous composite ceramics with nominal composition SrTi0.7V0.3Oz. The electrical performance of the composite is expected to be further improved by optimization of the processing route and microstructure to facilitate the reduction of the oxidized precursor and attain better percolation of the SrVO3 phase.

Application of an Improved 2-Dimensional High-Throughput Soybean Root Phenotyping Platform to Identify Novel Genetic Variants Regulating Root Architecture Traits.

Nutrient-efficient root system architecture (RSA) is becoming an important breeding objective for generating crop varieties with improved nutrient and water acquisition efficiency. Genetic variants shaping soybean RSA is key in improving nutrient and water acquisition. Here, we report on the use of an improved 2-dimensional high-throughput root phenotyping platform that minimizes background noise by imaging pouch-grown root systems submerged in water. We also developed a background image cleaning Python pipeline that computationally removes images of small pieces of debris and filter paper fibers, which can be erroneously quantified as root tips. This platform was used to phenotype root traits in 286 soybean lines genotyped with 5.4 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms. There was a substantially higher correlation in manually counted number of root tips with computationally quantified root tips (95% correlation), when the background was cleaned of nonroot materials compared to root images without the background corrected (79%). Improvements in our RSA phenotyping pipeline significantly reduced overestimation of the root traits influenced by the number of root tips. Genome-wide association studies conducted on the root phenotypic data and quantitative gene expression analysis of candidate genes resulted in the identification of 3 putative positive regulators of root system depth, total root length and surface area, and root system volume and surface area of thicker roots (DOF1-like zinc finger transcription factor, protein of unknown function, and C2H2 zinc finger protein). We also identified a putative negative regulator (gibberellin 20 oxidase 3) of the total number of lateral roots.

Estimation of solar resource for vehicle-integrated photovoltaics in urban environments using image-based shade detection.

Vehicle-Integrated Photovoltaics (VIPV) in urban environments face challenges in accurately estimating solar resource due to dynamic shading effects. This research presents a methodology for evaluating VIPV solar resource by analyzing imagery and detecting shade conditions along driving routes. Street image mapping services and obstacle detection algorithms are utilized to determine the shaded or sunny condition of the vehicle at each point. The approach enables the calculation of solar irradiance, considering direct and diffuse components, and identifies energetically optimal driving routes. The methodology provides valuable insights for optimizing MPPT algorithms and assessing VIPV performance in urban settings. It offers a practical tool for sustainable mobility and renewable energy integration.

The transcription factors, STOP1 and TCP20, are required for root system architecture alterations in response to nitrate deficiency.

Nitrate distribution in soils is often heterogeneous. Plants have adapted to this by modifying their root system architecture (RSA). Previous studies showed that NITRATE-TRANSPORTER1.1 (NRT1.1), which also transports auxin, helps inhibit lateral root primordia (LRP) emergence in nitrate-poor patches, by preferentially transporting auxin away from the LRP. In this study, we identified the regulatory system for this response involving the transcription factor (TF), SENSITIVE-TO-PROTON-RHIZOTOXICITY1 (STOP1), which is accumulated in the nuclei of LRP cells under nitrate deficiency and directly regulates Arabidopsis NRT1.1 expression. Mutations in STOP1 mimic the root phenotype of the loss-of-function NRT1.1 mutant under nitrate deficiency, compared to wild-type plants, including increased LR growth and higher DR5promoter activity (i.e., higher LRP auxin signaling/activity). Nitrate deficiency-induced LR growth inhibition was almost completely reversed when STOP1 and the TF, TEOSINTE-BRANCHED1,-CYCLOIDEA,-PCF-DOMAIN-FAMILY-PROTEIN20 (TCP20), a known activator of NRT1.1 expression, were both mutated. Thus, the STOP1-TCP20 system is required for activation of NRT1.1 expression under nitrate deficiency, leading to reduced LR growth in nitrate-poor regions. We found this STOP1-mediated system is more active as growth media becomes more acidic, which correlates with reductions in soil nitrate as the soil pH becomes more acidic. STOP1 has been shown to be involved in RSA modifications in response to phosphate deficiency and increased potassium uptake, hence, our findings indicate that root growth regulation in response to low availability of the major fertilizer nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, all involve STOP1, which may allow plants to maintain appropriate root growth under the complex and varying soil distribution of nutrients.

Perforated Jejunal Adenocarcinoma in a COVID-19-Positive Patient* / Adenocarcinoma jejunal perfurado em paciente positivo para covid-19

Abstract Jejunal adenocarcinoma is a rare type of primary small bowelmalignancy. It is generally diagnosed at late stages and as a surgical finding, with abdominal pain or discomfort being the main associated symptom. Cases presenting with perforation are even rarer, especially without disseminated disease. The relationship between cancer and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still being studied, as well as the postsurgical evolution of COVID-19 patients and its possible causality of intestinal perforation. We present the case of a perforated jejunal adenocarcinoma in a COVID-19-positive patient, in whom the symptomatology secondary to the perforation led to an early diagnosis, treatment and adequate postsurgical evolution, despite the concomitant condition.

Resumo O adenocarcinoma jejunal é um tipo raro de malignidade primária do intestino delgado, o qual geralmente é diagnosticado em estágios tardios e como achado cirúrgico, sendo a dor ou o desconforto abdominal o principal sintoma associado. Casos que apresentam perfuração são ainda mais raros, principalmente sem doença disseminada. A relação entre câncer e a cornonavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) ainda está sendo estudada, assim como a evolução pós-cirúrgica de pacientes com covid-19 e sua possível causalidade de perfuração intestinal. Apresentamos o caso de um adenocarcinoma jejunal perfurado em um paciente positivo para covid-19, em que a sintomatologia secundária à perfuração levou a um diagnóstico precoce, tratamento e evolução pós-cirúrgica adequada, apesar da condição concomitante.

Developmental and genomic architecture of plant embryogenesis: from model plant to crops.

Embryonic development represents an important reproductive phase of sexually reproducing plant species. The fusion of egg and sperm produces the plant zygote, a totipotent cell that, through cell division and cell identity specification in early embryogenesis, establishes the major cell lineages and tissues of the adult plant. The subsequent morphogenesis phase produces the full-sized embryo, while the late embryogenesis maturation process prepares the seed for dormancy and subsequent germination, ensuring continuation of the plant life cycle. In this review on embryogenesis, we compare the model eudicot Arabidopsis thaliana with monocot crops, focusing on genome activation, paternal and maternal regulation of early zygote development, and key organizers of patterning, such as auxin and WOX transcription factors. While the early stages of embryo development are apparently conserved among plant species, embryo maturation programs have diversified between eudicots and monocots. This diversification in crop species reflects the likely effects of domestication on seed quality traits that are determined during embryo maturation, and also assures seed germination in different environmental conditions. This review describes the most important features of embryonic development in plants, and the scope and applications of genomics in plant embryo studies.

High affinity promoter binding of STOP1 is essential for early expression of novel aluminum-induced resistance genes GDH1 and GDH2 in Arabidopsis.

Malate efflux from roots, which is regulated by the transcription factor STOP1 (SENSITIVE-TO-PROTON-RHIZOTOXICITY1) and mediates aluminum-induced expression of ALUMINUM-ACTIVATED-MALATE-TRANSPORTER1 (AtALMT1), is critical for aluminum resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Several studies showed that AtALMT1 expression in roots is rapidly observed in response to aluminum; this early induction is an important mechanism to immediately protect roots from aluminum toxicity. Identifying the molecular mechanisms that underlie rapid aluminum resistance responses should lead to a better understanding of plant aluminum sensing and signal transduction mechanisms. In this study, we observed that GFP-tagged STOP1 proteins accumulated in the nucleus soon after aluminum treatment. The rapid aluminum-induced STOP1-nuclear localization and AtALMT1 induction were detected in the presence of a protein synthesis inhibitor, suggesting that post-translational regulation is involved in these events. STOP1 also regulated rapid aluminum-induced expression for other genes that carry a functional/high-affinity STOP1-binding site in their promoter, including STOP2, GLUTAMATE-DEHYDROGENASE1 and 2 (GDH1 and 2). However STOP1 did not regulate Al resistance genes which have no functional STOP1-binding site such as ALUMINUM-SENSITIVE3, suggesting that the binding of STOP1 in the promoter is essential for early induction. Finally, we report that GDH1 and 2 which are targets of STOP1, are novel aluminum-resistance genes in Arabidopsis.

Ablative options for prostate cancer management.

This review provides an overview of the available ablative options for prostate cancer (PCa) management. It contemplates the ablative concepts and the role of prostate ablation in different settings, from primary treatment to repeat ablation, and as an alternative to radiorecurrent disease. Improvements in prostate imaging have allowed us to ablate prostate lesions through thermal, mechanical, and vascular-targeted sources of energy. Partial gland ablation (PGA) has an emerging role in the management of localized PCa because toxicity outcomes have been proven less harmful compared with whole-gland treatments. Although long-term oncological outcomes are yet to be consolidated in comparative studies, recent large series and prospective studies in PGA have reported encouraging results. A second ablation after disease recurrence has demonstrated low toxicity, and future studies must define its potential to avoid radical treatments. PGA is an attractive option for PCa management in different scenarios because of its low-toxicity profile. As expected, recurrence rates are higher than those seen in whole-gland procedures. Long-term oncological outcomes of primary and salvage options are required to endorse it among the standard treatments.

MEDIATOR16 orchestrates local and systemic responses to phosphate scarcity in Arabidopsis roots.

Phosphate (Pi ) is a critical macronutrient for the biochemical and molecular functions of cells. Under phosphate limitation, plants manifest adaptative strategies to increase phosphate scavenging. However, how low phosphate sensing links to the transcriptional machinery remains unknown. The role of the MEDIATOR (MED) transcriptional co-activator, through its MED16 subunit in Arabidopsis root system architecture remodeling in response to phosphate limitation was assessed. Its critical function acting over the SENSITIVE TO PROTON RHIZOTOXICITY1 (STOP1)-ALUMINUM-ACTIVATED MALATE TRANSPORT1 (ALMT1) signaling module was tested through a combination of genetic, biochemical, and genome-wide transcriptomic approaches. Root system configuration in response to phosphate scarcity involved MED16 functioning, which modulates the expression of a large set of low-phosphate-induced genes that respond to local and systemic signals in the Arabidopsis root tip, including those directly activated by STOP1. Biomolecular fluorescence complementation analysis suggests that MED16 is required for the transcriptional activation of STOP1 targets, including the membrane permease ALMT1, to increase malate exudation in response to low phosphate. Our results unveil the function of a critical transcriptional component, MED16, in the root adaptive responses to a scarce plant macronutrient, which helps understanding how plant cells orchestrate root morphogenesis to gene expression with the STOP1-ALMT1 module.

Compromising Between Phase Stability and Electrical Performance: SrVO3 -SrTiO3 Solid Solutions as Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode Components.

The applicability of perovskite-type SrVO3-δ in high-temperature electrochemical energy conversion technology is hampered by the limited stability domain of the perovskite phase. The aim of the present work was to find a compromise between the phase stability and electrical performance by designing solid solutions in the SrVO3 -SrTiO3 system. Increasing titanium content in SrV1-y Tiy O3-δ (y=0-0.9) perovskites is demonstrated to result in a gradual shift of the upper-p(O2 ) phase stability boundary toward oxidizing conditions: from ≈10-15  bar at 900 °C for undoped SrVO3-δ to ≈10-11 -10-5  bar for y=0.3-0.5. Although the improvement in the phase stability is accompanied by a decrease in electrical conductivity, the conductivities of SrV0.7 Ti0.3 O3-δ and SrV0.5 Ti0.5 O3-δ at 900 °C remain as high as 80 and 20 S cm-1 , respectively, and is essentially independent of p(O2 ) within the phase-stability domain. Combined XRD, thermogravimetric analysis, and electrical studies revealed very sluggish kinetics of oxidation of SrV0.5 Ti0.5 O3-δ ceramics under inert gas conditions and a nearly reversible behavior after exposure to an inert atmosphere at elevated temperatures. Substitution by titanium in the SrV1-y Tiy O3-δ system results also in a decrease of oxygen deficiency in perovskite lattice and a favorable suppression of thermochemical expansion. Variations of oxygen nonstoichiometry and electrical properties in the SrV1-y Tiy O3-δ series are discussed in combination with the simulated defect chemistry of solid solutions.

Mindfulness and psychotic experiences in college students / Mindfulness y experiencias psicóticas en estudiantes universitarios

The study of the relation between psychotic experiences and mindfulness in the general population is linked to research into factors of risk and protection against the development of a psychotic disorder. This study looks into the presence of psychotic experiences in a sample of university students and whether there is any variation according to gender. It also analyzes the predictive and discriminant relation of mindfulness with these experiences. The sample consisted of 526 university students (72.8% women) with a mean age of 21.39 years (SD = 3.53). The results showed the presence of psychotic experiences with differing levels of intensity, with variations according to gender, and an inverse relationship between mindfulness and psychotic experiences. Results indicated that students with high scores in psychotic experiences had lower scores in mindfulness. Our findings imply that mindfulness may be a factor of protection against psychotic experiences and its training may have a role to play in the development and implementation of preventive and early intervention programs in risk groups in the general and clinical population

El estudio de la relación entre experiencias psicóticas y mindfulness en la población general se asocia con la investigación de factores de riesgo y protección frente al desarrollo de un trastorno psicótico. Con este estudio se pretende examinar la presencia de experiencias psicóticas en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios y sus diferencias según el sexo, así como analizar la relación predictiva y discriminante de mindfulness con estas experiencias. Los participantes fueron 526 estudiantes universitarios (72.8% mujeres) con una media de edad de 21.39 años (DT = 3.53). Los resultados mostraron la presencia de experiencias psicóticas con diferentes niveles de intensidad, diferencias según el sexo en las mismas, y una relación inversa entre mindfulness y las experiencias psicóticas, y se encontró que las personas con altas puntuaciones en experiencias psicóticas contaron con menores puntuaciones en mindfulness. Estos resultados suponen que mindfulness puede ser un factor de protección en la experimentación de experiencias psicóticas y su entrenamiento puede ser útil para implementación y desarrollo de programas preventivos y de intervención precoz en grupos de riesgo en población general y clínica

Phosphate Starvation-Dependent Iron Mobilization Induces CLE14 Expression to Trigger Root Meristem Differentiation through CLV2/PEPR2 Signaling.

Low inorganic phosphate (Pi) availability causes terminal differentiation of the root apical meristem (RAM), a phenomenon known as root meristem exhaustion or determined growth. Here, we report that the CLE14 peptide acts as a key player in this process. Low Pi stress induces iron mobilization in the RAM through the action of LPR1/LPR2, causing expression of CLE14 in the proximal meristem region. CLV2 and PEPR2 receptors perceive CLE14 and trigger RAM differentiation, with concomitant downregulation of SHR/SCR and PIN/AUXIN pathway. Our results reveal multiple steps of the molecular mechanism of one of the most physiologically important root nutrient responses.

Malate-dependent Fe accumulation is a critical checkpoint in the root developmental response to low phosphate.

Low phosphate (Pi) availability constrains plant development and seed production in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. When Pi is scarce, modifications of root system architecture (RSA) enhance the soil exploration ability of the plant and lead to an increase in Pi uptake. In Arabidopsis, an iron-dependent mechanism reprograms primary root growth in response to low Pi availability. This program is activated upon contact of the root tip with low-Pi media and induces premature cell differentiation and the arrest of mitotic activity in the root apical meristem, resulting in a short-root phenotype. However, the mechanisms that regulate the primary root response to Pi-limiting conditions remain largely unknown. Here we report on the isolation and characterization of two low-Pi insensitive mutants (lpi5 and lpi6), which have a long-root phenotype when grown in low-Pi media. Cellular, genomic, and transcriptomic analysis of low-Pi insensitive mutants revealed that the genes previously shown to underlie Arabidopsis Al tolerance via root malate exudation, known as SENSITIVE TO PROTON RHIZOTOXICITY (STOP1) and ALUMINUM ACTIVATED MALATE TRANSPORTER 1 (ALMT1), represent a critical checkpoint in the root developmental response to Pi starvation in Arabidopsis thaliana Our results also show that exogenous malate can rescue the long-root phenotype of lpi5 and lpi6 Malate exudation is required for the accumulation of Fe in the apoplast of meristematic cells, triggering the differentiation of meristematic cells in response to Pi deprivation.

Antagonism or synergism between papaya ringspot virus and papaya mosaic virus in Carica papaya is determined by their order of infection.

Antagonism between unrelated plant viruses has not been thoroughly described. Our studies show that two unrelated viruses, papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) and papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) produce different symptomatic outcomes during mixed infection depending on the inoculation order. Synergism occurs in plants infected first with PRSV or in plants infected simultaneously with PRSV and PapMV, and antagonism occurs in plants infected first with PapMV and later inoculated with PRSV. During antagonism, elevated pathogenesis-related (PR-1) gene expression and increased reactive oxygen species production indicated the establishment of a host defense resulting in the reduction in PRSV titers. Polyribosomal fractioning showed that PRSV affects translation of cellular eEF1α, PR-1, ß-tubulin, and PapMV RNAs in planta, suggesting that its infection could be related to an imbalance in the translation machinery. Our data suggest that primary PapMV infection activates a defense response against PRSV and establishes a protective relationship with the papaya host.

The other self: psychopathology and literature.

The figure of the "double" or the other self is an important topic in the history of literature. Many centuries before Jean Paul Richter coined the term, "doppelgänger," at the beginning of the Romantic Movement in the year 1796, it is possible to find the figure of the double in myths and legends. The issue of the double emphaszses the contradictory character of the human being and invokes a sinister dimension of the psychological world, what has been called in German as "umheimlich." However, does multiciplicity always involve pathology? Related to this figure in literary history, a new perspective from clinical psychology called "dialogical self" defines the self as a multi-voice reality. Along the same line, postmodernist psychology considers the self a discursive construction. From these perspectives, the "self" is situated a long way away from the classical essential conception of the self. In this paper, we review briefly some important landmarks of the figure of the double in the literature, and we compare the coincidences of the "double" experiencies described in literature with the experiences of our patients. Finally, we discuss how this literary tradition can help us to understand new psychological perspectives.

¿Cómo acercarse a historias traumáticas en contextos de rehabilitación psicosocial?: un estudio de caso de un paciente de esquizofrenia paranoide / How can we approach to traumatic stories in psychosocial rehabilitation contexts?: a case study of a patient of paranoid schizophrenia

Las historias que construimos sobre nuestras vidas han sido postuladas como uno de los instrumentos esenciales para la construcción de la identidad social. Sin embargo, la psicología y las ciencias sociales han prestado poca atención a la elaboración de narrativas de vida de pacientes esquizofrénicos en proceso de rehabilitación, especialmente a los pacientes que viven en residencias o "casas hogares" específicas de carácter social. El presente artículo describe una experiencia de acercamiento a una historia personal de carácter traumático de un paciente de esquizofrenia paranoide en el marco de un centro residencial de carácter social. Se exponen los fundamentos teóricos de la psicología narrativa y se defiende la necesidad de una narrativa de vida coherente y compartible para la completa recuperación del paciente. Se discute la necesidad de que los centros de carácter social de atención a personas con trastornos mentales graves, apoyen la construcción de narrativas de vida coherentes. El autor propone el término de "acompañamiento narrativo" para referirse a los procesos de reelaboración de la historia personal en contextos no clínicos.

The stories, which we construct about our own lives, have been postulated as one of the essential instruments for the construction of the social identity. Nevertheless, Psychology and Social Sciences have paid little attention to the elaboration of life narratives of schizophrenic patients in rehabilitation process, especially patients who live in residences or "supported houses" of a specific social character. This article describes an experience of approach to a personal traumatic story which belongs to a patient of paranoid schizophrenia in the setting of a social residential center. The theoretical essentials elements of the narrative psychology are showed in the present work and it's supported the need for a coherent and shareable life narrative in order to achieve completely the patients' recovery. Moreover, the necessity is discussed that supported houses assisting people with serious mental disorders support the construction of coherent life narratives. The author proposes the term of "narrative accompaniment" to refer to the life narrative reelaboration processes of the personal history in non clinical contexts.

[Neuroendocrine tumor in a horseshoe kidney: relative risk of association of two related entities]. / Tumor neuroendocrino en el riñón en herradura: riesgo relativo de asociacion de dos entidades relacionadas.

OBJECTIVE: Primary renal neuroendocrine tumor (NET) is a very rare neoplasia with a higher frequency of appearance in horseshoe kidney (HK). From 1966, when Resnick published the first case, approximately 2 of each 10 new cases appear in kidneys with this malformation. From the diagnosis of a case of primary NET in a HK, we calculated the relative risk of their presentation as associated entities. METHODS: 63-year-old male with the incidental diagnosis of an 8 cm solid renal mass in the isthmus of a HK. At the time of diagnosis there were no signs of local-regional extension of the primary neoplasia neither metastasis. The patient underwent nephrectomy and pathologic study confirmed the diagnosis of NET. After a systematic review using multiple search platforms (Blackwell, Ovid, Proquest, PubMed, Science Direct, and Wiley) our case is No. 11 of NET in HK from a total of 57 renal NET. RESULTS: Despite its very low frequency 19.3% of NET present in HK. Using 1/400 as the incidence of HK in general population, the calculated relative risk in HK is 77 times greater than that of a normal kidney CONCLUSIONS: The relative risk of presentation of NET in HK is enormously superior than that of general population. This diagnosis must be suspected in patients with HK, mainly if the tumor is located in the renal isthmus. Due to its potentially aggressive clinical course and poor response to other therapies, measures for improvement of surgical treatment must be considered priority.

Tumor neuroendocrino en el riñón en herradura: riesgo relativo de asociación de dos entidades relacionadas / Neuroendocrine tumor in a horseshoe kidney: relative risk of association of two related entities

Objetivo: El tumor neuroendocrino (TNE) renal primario es una neoplasia muy rara aunque con una mayor frecuencia de aparición en el riñón en herradura (RH). Desde que en 1966 Resnik publicó el primer caso, aproximadamente 2 de cada 10 nuevos diagnósticos aparecen en riñones con esta malformación. A partir del diagnóstico de un caso de TNE primario en RH, calculamos su riesgo relativo de presentación como entidades asociadas Métodos: Varón de 63 años al que descubrimos incidentalmente una masa sólida de 8 cm. ubicada en el istmo de un RH. En el momento del diagnóstico no se evidenciaron signos de extensión locoregional, sospecha de otra neoplasia primaria extrarrenal. El paciente fue sometido a heminefrectomía y el estudio histológico confirmó el diagnóstico de TNE. Tras una revisión sistemática de la literatura utilizando múltiples plataformas (Blackwell, Ovid, Proquest, PubMed, Science Direct y Wiley), el nuestro, representa el caso decimoprimero de TNE en RH de un total de 57 TNE originados en riñón. Resultados: Pese a su escasa frecuencia, un 19.3% de los TNE se presentan en un RH. Utilizando una incidencia de RH en la población general de 1/400, el riesgo relativo calculado de TNE en RH respecto al de un riñón normal es 77 veces mayor. Conclusiones: El riesgo relativo de presentación de un TNE en el RH es enormemente superior al de la población general. Este diagnóstico debe sospechase en pacientes con RH, sobre todo si el tumor asienta en el istmo renal. Dado su potencial curso clínico agresivo y pobre respuesta a otras terapias, las medidas encaminadas a mejorar el tratamiento quirúrgico deben ser consideradas prioritarias (AU)

Objective: Primary renal neuroendocrine tumor (NET) is a very rare neoplasia with a higher frequency of appearance in horseshoe kidney (HK). From 1966, when Resnick published the first case, approximately 2 of each 10 new cases appear in kidneys with this malformation. From the diagnosis of a case of primary NET in a HK, we calculated the relative risk of their presentation as associated entities. Methods: 63-year-old male with the incidental diagnosis of an 8 cm solid renal mass in the isthmus of a HK. At the time of diagnosis there were no signs of local-regional extension of the primary neoplasia neither metastasis. The patient underwent nephrectomy and pathologic study confirmed the diagnosis of NET. After a systematic review using multiple search platforms (Blackwell, Ovid, Proquest, PubMed, Science Direct, and Wiley) our case is No. 11 of NET in HK from a total of 57 renal NET. Results: Despite its very low frequency, 19.3% of NET present in HK. Using I/400 as the incidence of HK in general population, the calculated relative risk in HK is 77 times greater than that of a normal kidney. Conclusions: The relative risk of presentation of NET in HK is enormously superior than that of general population. This diagnosis must be suspected in patients with HK, mainly if the tumor is located in the renal isthmus. Due to its potentially aggressive clinical course and poor response to other therapies, measures for improvement of surgical treatment must be considered priority (AU)