ABSTRACT
The effects of manganese (Mn) preconditioning, 96 h post-hatch followed by the replacement of inorganic Mn with different levels of organic Mn (5 to 21 D), on growth, tissue excreta Mn content, gene expression, and enzyme activity were evaluated. A total of 420 day-old male Cobb 500 broilers were divided into 2 groups. One group was fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet containing 17 mg of Mn/kg (preconditioning diet, MnPD); the second group was fed the non-preconditioning diet (NPCD), which was the MnPD supplemented with 60 mg of Mn/kg from manganese sulfate (MnSO4). On day 5, each group was divided into 5 subgroups and were randomly assigned to dietary treatments consisting of MnPD alone or MnPD supplemented with 12 or 60 mg Mn/kg Mn as MnSO4 or Mn proteinate (6 replicate cages of 6 birds). Broiler chicks that were fed the MnPD had lower (P ≤ 0.05) body weight gain (BWG) and G:F ratio when compared to those that were fed the NPCD for 4 D. Birds that were fed MnPD (1 to 4 D) and switched to MnPD supplemented with 60 mg/kg Mn (5 to 21 D) had lower (P ≤ 0.05) BWG compared to those that were fed NPCD (1 to 4 D) and switched to MnPD supplemented with 60 mg/kg Mn for 21 D. Excreta, tibia ash, liver, and heart Mn levels were increased (P ≤ 0.05) by supplemental Mn. The expression of jejunum divalent metal transporter-1 mRNA levels, as well as activities of plasma total super oxide dismutase and liver alanine transaminase, was not affected by MnPD or Mn source and levels. These results confirmed that feeding marginally deficient Mn diets to broiler chicks post-hatch does affect growth rate and tissue Mn concentration.
Subject(s)
Chickens/physiology , Manganese Compounds/metabolism , Sulfates/metabolism , Animal Feed/analysis , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Animals , Chickens/growth & development , Diet/veterinary , Dietary Supplements/analysis , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Gene Expression , Male , Manganese Compounds/administration & dosage , Random Allocation , Sulfates/administration & dosage , Tissue DistributionABSTRACT
The goal of this study was to determine the effects of feeding a zinc (Zn) deficient diet to broiler chicks for 96 h post-hatch followed by feeding diets with different Zn sources and supplemental levels (5 to 21 d) on the growth performance, tissue, and excreta Zn content. At the start of the study, four hundred 20-day-old male broiler chicks were divided into two groups. One group was fed a corn soybean meal based diet containing 25 mg of Zn/kg (imprinting diet, ID). The second group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 40 mg of Zn/kg from Zn oxide (ZnO) (non-imprinting diet, NID). Both groups were fed these diets for 96 h. At d 5, chicks from each group were randomly assigned to the dietary treatments consisting of the basal diet alone or the basal diet supplemented with 8 or 40 mg/kg Zn as ZnO or Zn proteinate. Main effects of post-hatch Zn ID were observed on feed intake and G:F. ID decreased (P < 0.05) feed intake and improved (P < 0.05) the gain to feed ratio (G:F) of 14 and 21 d old chicks compared to G:F of chicks fed NID. Additionally, G:F for 14 and 21 d was improved (P < 0.05) by interaction of Zn source × level. Furthermore, at d 21 chicks fed the ID had a lower (P < 0.05) Zn content in the tibia ash and excreta, and a higher (P < 0.05) Zn content in the pancreas tissue compared to chicks fed NID. These results suggest that Zn imprinting can affect body Zn stores and early performance.
Subject(s)
Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Chickens/growth & development , Chickens/metabolism , Dietary Supplements , Zinc Oxide/metabolism , Zinc/metabolism , Animal Feed/analysis , Animals , Diet/veterinary , Dietary Supplements/analysis , Feces/chemistry , Inorganic Chemicals/administration & dosage , Inorganic Chemicals/metabolism , Male , Organic Chemicals/administration & dosage , Organic Chemicals/metabolism , Random Allocation , Zinc/administration & dosage , Zinc/deficiency , Zinc Oxide/administration & dosageABSTRACT
SETTING: Prior treatment has been associated with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in many settings. The Philippines ranks fifth among 27 priority countries for MDR-TB. OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of MDR-TB among previously treated patients referred for MDR screening and management. DESIGN: Descriptive study of the rate of MDR-TB among 4705 previously treated patients screened from 2003 to 2008. RESULTS: MDR-TB was present in 76% of 2438 screened patients who had positive cultures. The proportion of patients with MDR-TB was the same among patients referred from public or DOTS facilities and private or non-DOTS facilities. MDR-TB occurred most frequently among patients who failed treatment with the Category 2 regimen (97%), those who did not demonstrate culture conversion after 3 months of Category 2 treatment (91%), and Category 1 failures (83%). MDR-TB rates were respectively 78% and 57% for Category 2 relapse and return after default (RAD), and respectively 33% and 22% for Category 1 relapse and RAD. CONCLUSION: MDR-TB is frequent among previously treated patients in the Philippines. Screening with culture and drug susceptibility testing should be considered for these patients.