Polyparasitism and zoonotic parasites in dogs from a rural area of the Argentine Chaco.

Dogs play an important role as reservoirs and hosts of multiple pathogens shared with humans and wildlife, which contribute significantly to the global burden of disease. Here, we assessed the occurrence of a broad range of zoonotic and non-zoonotic parasites in dogs from a rural area in the humid Chaco; determined the occurrence of polyparasitism; and explored its association with selected risk factors. In total, 212 dogs were examined serologically to determine Trypanosoma cruzi infection and 152 of them also were examined for Ehrlichia canis, Borrelia bugderfori, Anaplasma phagocitophylum, Dirofilaria immitis and Toxoplasma gondii. Fecal samples from 85 dogs were examined for intestinal parasites. Seventeen parasite species were seen, 77% of which are zoonotic. The most prevalent parasites were Ancylostoma caninum (68.2%), T. gondii (55.3%, first report for dogs in Argentina), Giardia sp. (25.9%), Cryptosporidium sp. (20.0%), T. cruzi (16.5%), trematodes (15.3%) and Toxocara canis (14.1%). Polyparasitism was found in 96% of the dogs, with up to six parasite species in a single dog, and was significantly associated with age of dog but not with host body condition or sex. The most frequent pair of parasites found together were T. gondii-A. caninum (46%), A. caninum-T. cruzi (34%) and T. gondii-T. cruzi (27%). The prevalence of anemia and leukocytosis was significantly higher in dogs showing the worst body condition. Our findings likely reflect structural poverty, poor sanitation and lack of a safe water supply. Importantly, many of the prevalent parasites seen are threats to human health. 243 words.

Is the infectiousness of dogs naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi associated with poly-parasitism?

Interactions among different species of parasites co-infecting the same host could be synergistic or antagonistic. These interactions may modify both the frequency of infected hosts and their infectiousness, and therefore impact on transmission dynamics. This study determined the infectiousness of Trypanosoma cruzi-seropositive dogs (using xenodiagnosis) and their parasite load (quantified by qPCR), and tested the association between both variables and the presence of concomitant endoparasites. A cross-sectional serosurvey conducted in eight rural villages from Pampa del Indio and neighboring municipalities (northeastern Argentina) detected 32 T. cruzi-seropositive dogs out of 217 individuals examined for infection. Both the infectiousness to the vector Triatoma infestans and parasite load of T. cruzi-seropositive dogs examined were heterogeneous. A statistically significant, nine-fold higher mean infectiousness was registered in T. cruzi-seropositive dogs co-infected with Ancylostoma caninum and a trematode than in T. cruzi-seropositive dogs without these infections. The median parasite load of T. cruzi was also significantly higher in dogs co-infected with these helminths. An opposite trend was observed in T. cruzi-seropositive dogs that were serologically positive to Toxoplasma gondii or Neospora caninum relative to dogs seronegative for these parasites. Using multiple logistic regression analysis with random effects, we found a positive and significant association between the infectiousness of T. cruzi-seropositive dogs and co-infections with A. caninum and a trematode. Our results suggest that co-infections may be a modifier of host infectiousness in dogs naturally infected with T. cruzi.