Eccentric, but not concentric muscle contraction induce inflammation and impairs fibrinolysis in healthy young men.

Different types of muscle contraction can cause different damage to the musculature and differences in inflammatory responses. Acute increases in circulatory inflammation markers can influence the crosstalk between coagulation and fibrinolysis processes, increasing the risk of thrombus formation and detrimental cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of concentric and eccentric exercise on hemostasis markers, C-reactive protein (CRP), and the relationship between these variables. Eleven healthy subjects with a mean age of 25.4 ± 2.8, non-smokers, with no history of cardiovascular disease and blood type O, randomly performed an isokinetic exercise protocol consisting of 75 concentric (CP) or eccentric (EP) contractions of knee extension, divided into five sets of 15 repetitions combined with 30-s rest. Blood samples for analysis of FVIII, von Willebrand factor, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), and CRP were collected pre, post, 24 h, and 48 h after each protocol. Increased levels of CRP at 48 h in EP versus CP (p = 0.002), increased PAI-1 activity 48 h in EP versus CP (p = 0.044), and a reduction in t-PA at 48 h when compared with post-protocol in both protocols (p = 0.001). A correlation was found between CRP and PAI-1 at 48 h of PE (r2 = 0.69; p = 0.02). This study showed that both EP and CP increase the clotting process, albeit only the exercise performed eccentrically induces inhibition of fibrinolysis. This is possibly due to the increase in PAI-1 48 h after the protocol, which correlates with the increase in inflammation as demonstrated by the CRP levels.

Effects of Protein Supplementation Associated with Resistance Training on Body Composition and Muscle Strength in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews with Meta-analyses.

BACKGROUND: There are some controversial findings regarding the benefits of combining protein supplementation with resistance training in order to optimize adaptations to training in older adults. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review was to summarize the evidence from meta-analyses assessing the effects of protein supplementation combined with resistance training on body composition and muscle strength in the older population. METHODS: We included systematic reviews with meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials that examined the effects of protein and/or amino acid supplementation associated with resistance training compared with resistance training alone on lean body mass, muscle mass, and muscle strength in older people. The search was performed using the MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Google Scholar, and OpenGrey databases. Methodological quality was assessed using the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2 checklist, and the quality of evidence was determined using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. The pooled effect estimates were computed from the standardized mean difference and the 95% confidence interval achieved by each meta-analysis, using random effects models. RESULTS: Five reviews were included, all of moderate methodological quality. In the analyses, protein supplementation combined with resistance training was associated with greater increases in lean body mass and muscle mass when compared with resistance training alone. However, no differences were observed between the interventions on muscle strength increases. The quality of evidence ranged from moderate to very low. CONCLUSION: Protein supplementation associated with resistance training induces greater increases in lean body mass compared with resistance training alone. In addition, it is suggested that the use of protein supplementation enhances gains in muscle mass but does not promote greater increases in muscle strength.

Cardiometabolic effects of early v. delayed time-restricted eating plus energetic restriction in adults with overweight and obesity: an exploratory randomised clinical trial.

This exploratory study investigated the effects of early v. delayed time-restricted eating (TRE) plus caloric restriction (CR) on body weight, body composition and cardiometabolic parameters in adults with overweight and obesity. Adults (20-40 years) were randomised to one of three groups for 8 weeks: early time-restricted eating (eTRE; 08.00-16.00) plus CR, delayed time-restricted eating (dTRE; 12.00-20.00) plus CR or only CR (CR; 08.00-20.00). All groups were prescribed a 25 % energy deficit relative to daily energy requirements. Thirteen participants completed the study in the eTRE and CR groups and eleven in the dTRE group (n 37). After the interventions, there was no significant difference between the three groups for any of the outcomes. Compared with baseline, significant decreases were observed in the body weight (eTRE group: -4·2 kg; 95 % CI, -5·6, -2·7; dTRE group: -4·8 kg; 95 % CI, -5·9, -3·7; CR: -4·0 kg; 95 % CI, -5·9, -2·1), fat mass (eTRE group: -2·9 kg; 95 % CI, -3·9, -1·9; dTRE group: -3·6 kg; 95 % CI, -4·6, -2·5; CR: -3·1 kg; 95 % CI, -4·3, -1·8) and fasting glucose levels (eTRE group: -4 mg/dl; 95 % CI, -8, -1; dTRE group: -2 mg/dl; 95 % CI, -8, 3; CR: -3 mg/dl; 95 % CI, -8, 2). In a free-living setting, TRE with a energetic deficit, regardless of the time of day, promotes similar benefits in weight loss, body composition and cardiometabolic parameters. However, given the exploratory nature of our study, further investigation is needed to confirm these findings.

Chronic aerobic exercise prevents high-fructose diet-induced impairment in blood pressure in healthy young adults: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial.

The purpose of the study was to verify the effect of 4 weeks of a high-fructose diet (HFD) associated with aerobic training on the risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. Twenty-one young adults were randomised into three groups: HFD (HFD: 1 g/kg body weight of fructose/day), high-glucose diet (HGD: 1 g/kg body weight of glucose/day) and high-fructose diet and exercise (HFDE: 1 g/kg body weight of fructose/day + 3 weekly 60-minute sessions of aerobic exercise). Before and after the 4 weeks of the intervention, blood samples were taken and flow-mediated dilatation, insulin resistance index, pancreatic beta cell functional capacity index, insulin sensitivity index and 24-h blood pressure were evaluated. HFD showed an increase in uric acid concentrations (P = 0·040), and HGD and HFDE groups showed no changes in this outcome between pre- and post-intervention; however, the HFDE group showed increased uric acid concentrations from the middle to the end of the intervention (P = 0·013). In addition, the HFD group showed increases in nocturnal systolic blood pressure (SBP) (P = 0·022) and nocturnal diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P = 0·009). The HGD group exhibited decreases in nocturnal SBP (P = 0·028) and nocturnal DBP (P = 0·031), and the HFDE group showed a decrease in 24-h SBP (P = 0·018). The consumption of 1 g/kg of fructose per day may increase uric acid concentrations and blood pressure in adults. Additionally, aerobic exercises along with fructose consumption attenuate changes in uric acid concentrations and prevent impairment in nocturnal blood pressure.

Fasted exercise does not improve postprandial lipemia responses to different meals in lean and obese subjects: A crossover, randomized clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Persistent episodes of postprandial hyperlipemia (PPL) and hyperglycemia (PPG) are considered risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) and premature death; whereas physical exercise improves lipid profile and glucose tolerance thus decreasing cardiovascular risks. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of low-intensity fasted aerobic exercise on the magnitude of the PPL and PPG responses to meals with different energy content, in normal and obese subjects. METHODS: The study used a randomized crossover design. Twenty-one male (Lean: n = 9, BMI: 24.3 ± 2.2; and obese: n = 12, BMI 32.31 ± 2.1) volunteers aged 20-30 years, performed three interventions, separated by 7 days each: (i) 45 min at rest and isocaloric high-fat meal (60% lipids, 30% carbohydrates and 10% protein); (ii) fasted low-intensity aerobic exercise (50% VO2max) for 45 min followed by an isocaloric or (iii) calorie deficit high-fat meal. Subjects were serially assessed for blood triglycerides, and glucose levels. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Low-intensity fasted aerobic exercise had no acute effect on PPL in lean and obese subjects. Glucose concentrations were reduced only in lean subjects. There is a significant difference in PPL values when comparing lean to obese subjects, implying that the nutritional status influences lipid and carbohydrate after fasted low-intensity aerobic exercise. Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT00929890.

Time-restricted eating and circadian rhythms: the biological clock is ticking.

Meal timing may be a critical modulator of health outcomes due to complex interactions between circadian biology, nutrition and human metabolism. As such, approaches that aim to align food consumption with endogenous circadian rhythms are emerging in recent years. Time-restricted eating (TRE) consists of limiting daily nutrient consumption to a period of 4 to 12 hours in order to extend the time spent in the fasted state. TRE can induce positive effects on the health of individuals with overweight and obesity, including sustained weight loss, improvement in sleep patterns, reduction in blood pressure and oxidative stress markers and increased insulin sensitivity. However, it is not fully clear whether positive effects of TRE are due to reduced energy intake, body weight or the truncation of the daily eating window. In addition, null effects of TRE in some populations and on some parameters of cardiometabolic health have been documented. Some evidence indicates that greater promotion of health via TRE may be achieved if the nutrient intake period occurs earlier in the day. Despite some promise of this dietary strategy, the effects of performing TRE at different times of the day on human cardiometabolic health, as well as the safety and efficacy of this dietary approach in individuals with cardiometabolic impairments, need to be evaluated in additional controlled and long-term studies.

Effects of dietary supplementation in sport and exercise: a review of evidence on milk proteins and amino acids.

Dietary supplements, especially protein, are used by athletes to achieve the exercise and training daily demands, and have been receiving research focus on their role regarding recovery and performance. Protein supplements are preferred over traditional protein sources because of their ease of availability and use. In addition to consuming a complete protein supplement, such as whey protein, the ingestion of a supplement containing only amino acids has been of interest for promoting skeletal muscle anabolism and high-quality weight loss. The aim of this study was to review the existing evidence on the effects of protein and amino acid supplementation on exercise. The preponderance of evidence suggests that protein supplementation, especially milk proteins, potentiate muscle protein synthesis, lean mass and exercise recovery. Unlike proteins, amino acids supplementation (branched-chain amino acids, glutamine or leucine) results from research are equivocal and are not warranted.

Aerobic exercise improves postprandial inflammatory and hemostatic markers after a high-fat meal: a randomized crossover study.

Exercise intensity modulates postprandial lipemia. However, its effect on hemostatic and pro- and anti-inflammatory markers in the postprandial state is still unknown. Eleven young males performed a 2-day trial on different conditions: (i) REST: rest for 45 min; (ii) MIE: moderate-intensity exercise; and (iii) HIE: heavy-intensity exercise. Experimental conditions were performed in the evening. On the following morning, blood samples were taken in the fasted state (0 h) and at 1, 3, and 5 h after the consumption of a high-fat meal (HFM). Interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels were higher in the HIE vs. MIE trial at 0 and 1 h (p < 0.033) and IL-10 incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was greater in the MIE (p = 0.027) and HIE (p = 0.045) trials vs. REST. Lower levels of anti-coagulation factor VII (FVII) were observed at 1 h in the MIE condition vs. REST (p = 0.043). In comparison with REST, MIE improved hemostatic (FVII) and anti-inflammatory markers (IL-10 iAUC) whereas HIE enhanced IL-10 in the postprandial state. Regardless of the exercise intensity, aerobic exercise mitigates the deleterious consequences of an HFM. Novelty: Prior aerobic exercise at moderate-intensity attenuates next day's postprandial FVII and IL-10 levels whereas exercise performed at heavy-intensity increases IL-10 levels. Moderate-intensity exercise may be more beneficial to improve hemostatic (FVII) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) responses while heavy-intensity exercise may improve anti-inflammatory (IL-10) levels only.

Effects of a Single Session of High- and Moderate-Intensity Resistance Exercise on Endothelial Function of Middle-Aged Sedentary Men.

Regular resistance exercise is associated with metabolic, neuromuscular and cardiovascular adaptations which improve quality of life and health. However, sedentary subjects have shown acute impairments in endothelial function after high-intensity resistance exercise. The aim of this study was to evaluate endothelial function in sedentary middle-aged men after a single session of resistance exercise at different intensities. Eleven sedentary middle-aged men (40.1 ± 3.9 years; 27.3 ± 1.4 kg/m2) underwent three different conditions of assessment: (1) single knee extension exercise at moderate intensity (MI) [4 sets of 12 repetitions at 50% of one repetition maximum (1RM) for each leg], (2) single knee extension exercise at high intensity (HI) (4 sets of 8 repetitions at 80% of 1RM for each leg), (3) resting for the control condition (CON). Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was assessed before, 30 and 60 min after exercise. Plasma concentrations of endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitrites and nitrates (NOx) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured before, immediately after and 60 min after exercise. Blood pressure (BP) was measured prior to the experimental protocols, and in the following times: immediately following, and 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min after exertion. There was a significant improvement in FMD 30 min after MI condition (12.5 ± 4.10 vs. 17.2 ± 3.9%; p = 0.016). NOx levels were significantly higher immediately after MI (6.8 ± 3.3 vs. 12.6 ± 4.2 µM; p = 0.007) and there was a significant increase in the concentration of ET-1 immediately after HI (20.02 ± 2.2 vs. 25.4 ± 2.1 pg/mL; p = 0.004). However, there was no significant difference for BP (MI vs. HI) and TBARS among the experimental conditions. Resistance exercise performed at moderate intensity improved vasodilatation via increases on NOx levels and FMD in sedentary middle-aged men.

Acute glycemic responses along 10-week high-intensity training protocols in type 1 diabetes patients.

Glycemic fluctuations were compared throughout 10-week high-intensity training protocols in T1DM patients. Differences were compared using the rate of change in glycaemia during exercise (RoCE). HIIT sessions led to lower RoCE in most weeks than other training protocols. The occurrence of level 1 hypoglycemia along sessions were similar among interventions.

Acute and residual effects of aerobic exercise on fructose-induced postprandial lipemia on lean male subjects.

PURPOSE: The addition of fructose to one or more meals daily may lead to increased postprandial lipemia (PPL). Aerobic exercise has been successful in preventing those increases; however, the duration of exercise effects is still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and residual effects of aerobic exercise and fructose ingestion on PPL. METHODS: Twelve young and sedentary men completed a crossover blinded randomized trial. On day 0, they performed 45 min of aerobic exercise at 60% of VO2peak, or 45 min of resting. On day 1, they received a high-fat meal together with one of the following conditions: (a) a fructose-rich beverage (FRUCT), or (b) exercise performed 13 h before the fructose-rich beverage ingestion (FRUCTEX), or (c) a dextrose-based beverage (DEX). On day 2, all subjects received a high-fat meal plus dextrose. Five blood samples were taken on days 1 and 2, to measure triglycerides (TG), HDL cholesterol, VLDL, total cholesterol (TC), glucose and insulin. RESULTS: On day 1, the delta of the TG peak was higher for FRUCT compared to DEX condition (+ 73.7%; p = 0.019). Total area under the curve (AUC) of TG was lower on the condition FRUCTEX compared to FRUCT (+ 30%; p = 0.001). There was no effect of the beverages or the exercise on VLDL, TC, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol (p > 0.05). There were no differences found in any of the parameters assessed on day 2 (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Fructose consumption (0.5 g/kg) severely increased postprandial TG on day 1, but not on day 2. Previous exercise performance could lead to ~ 30% reduction on the AUC of postprandial TG in 13 h, but not after 37 h followed by fructose consumption. The regularity of physical exercise practice seems to be essential to promote a constant hypolipemic effect.

Effects of dancing compared to walking on cardiovascular risk and functional capacity of older women: A randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Aging is characterized by reductions in lean mass simultaneously to increases in visceral adipose tissue, elevating cardiovascular risk (CVR) and physical dependence. Dancing has been recommended for improving fall-risk and CVR, however, comparisons with traditional exercises are limited. This study aimed to compare the effects of dancing with walking on CVR and functionality of older women. METHODS: Thirty sedentary women (65 ±â€¯5 years, BMI 27 ±â€¯4 kg/m2) were randomized into three groups (n = 10/group): dancing, walking or stretching (active control). All interventions lasted 8 weeks (60 min sessions): dancing/walking 3×/week, stretching 1×/week. Dancing: several styles, no partner. Walking: treadmill, 60% peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). Stretching: large muscle groups, no discomfort. Before and after interventions assessments: VO2peak (primary outcome), total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, glucose, insulin, CRP, TNF-α, waist and hip circumferences, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), muscle thickness, maximal muscle strength/power, static and dynamic balance, gait ability, flexibility, chair-raise and level of physical activity (PA). STATISTICS: generalized estimating equations, post-hoc LSD (p < 0.05), SPSS 22.0. RESULTS: (Mean-CI): (before vs after): group vs time interaction showed increases in VO2peak (mL·kg-1·min-1) for dancing 23.3 (20.8-25.8) vs 25.6 (23.4-27.8), and walking 23.4 (21.3-25.5) vs 27.0 (25.4-28.6), with no differences for stretching 23.5 (21.3-25.7) vs 23.0 (21.0-24.9). Lower body muscle power and static balance also improved for dancing and walking, but not for stretching. Main time effect showed improvements in CRP, TNF-α, LDL-C, HDL-C, VAT, waist, hip, chair raise, flexibility and level of daily PA for all groups. CONCLUSION: Dancing induced similar increases in VO2peak, lower body muscle power and static balance as walking, while the stretching group remained unchanged. Pooled effects showed improvements in body composition, lipid and inflammatory profile, which are supported by increased PA levels. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03262714.

Effects of aerobic exercise performed in fasted v. fed state on fat and carbohydrate metabolism in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This study aimed to verify the effect of aerobic exercise performed in the fasted v. fed states on fat and carbohydrate metabolism in adults. Searches were conducted in March 2015, and updated in July 2016, using PubMed®, Scopus and Cochrane databases (terms: 'fasting', 'exercise', 'aerobic exercise', 'substrate', 'energy metabolism', 'fat', 'glucose', 'insulin' and 'adult') and references from selected studies. Trials that compared the metabolic effects of aerobic exercise (duration ≤120 min) performed in the fasted v. fed states in adults were accepted. The outcomes evaluated were fat oxidation during exercise and the plasma concentrations of insulin, glucose and NEFA before and immediately after exercise; two independent reviewers extracted the data (A. F. V. and L. C.). The results were presented as weighted mean differences between treatments, with 95 % CI. Of 10 405 articles identified, twenty-seven studies - with a total of 273 participants - were included. There was a significant increase in fat oxidation during exercise performed in the fasted, compared with fed, state (-3·08 g; 95 % CI -5·38, -0·79; I 2 39·1 %). The weighted mean difference of NEFA concentrations was not significantly different between states (0·00 mmol/l; 95 % CI -0·07, 0·08; I 2 72·7 %). However, the weighted mean differences of glucose (0·78 mmol/l; 95 % CI 0·43, 1·14; I 2 90·8 %) and insulin concentrations (104·5 pmol/l; 95 % CI 70·8, 138·2; I 2 94·5 %) were significantly higher for exercise performed in the fed state. We conclude that aerobic exercise performed in the fasted state induces higher fat oxidation than exercise performed in the fed state.

High-volume resistance training reduces postprandial lipaemia in postmenopausal women.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 11 weeks of low-volume resistance training (LVRT) and high-volume resistance training (HVRT) on muscle strength, muscle thickness (MT), and postprandial lipaemia (PPL) in postmenopausal women. Thirty-six healthy and untrained postmenopausal women (age, 58.9 ± 5.8 years; 68.6 ± 10.3 kg; and BMI, 26.9 ± 4.8 kg · m(-2)) participated in resistance training 3× per week for 11 weeks (HVRT = 12; LVRT = 13; and control group = 11). Biochemical variables, both pretraining and post-training, were evaluated 16 h after the administration of an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) and metabolic variable during [energy expenditure (EE)] and after training session [excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)]. Muscle strength (1 RM) and MT were also calculated, and no significant differences were observed between the groups for PPL (mmol · L(-1) per 5 h) as measured by glucose, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol. EE total (EE + EPOC; 6.12 ± 1.21 MJ vs. 2.26 ± 0.85 MJ), resting fat oxidation (5.52 ± 1.69 g · h(-1) vs. 4.11 ± 1.12 g · h(-1)); MT (vastus medialis, 21.4 ± 1.8 mm vs. 18.4 ± 1.2 mm and vastus lateralis 22.3 ± 1.2 mm vs. 20.8 ± 1.3 mm); triacylglycerol (TAG) 0, 1, 2, 4; and 5 h after OFTT, TAG area under the curve (AUC) (5.79 ± 0.42 vs. 7.78 ± 0.68), and incremental AUC (-46.21 ± 14.42% vs. 7.78 ± 4.68%) were all significantly different post-training for HVRT versus LVRT, respectively (P < 0.05). The results of this investigation suggest that HVRT reduces PPL in postmenopausal women.

Validation of predictive equations for basal metabolic rate in eutrophic and obese subjects / Validação de equações de predição da taxa metabólica basal em sujeitos eutróficos e obesos

Prediction equations for basal metabolic rate (BMR) continue to be the most common clinical tool for diet prescription; however, the values estimated may differ from those measured by indirect calorimetry (IC), especially in obese subjects. The objective of this study was to determine the BMR of obese and eutrophic subjects by IC, and to compare the results obtained with those estimated by prediction equations in order to identify whether differences exist between predicted values and those measured by IC. Forty men aged 18 to 30 years were evaluated; of these, 20 were grade 1 obese and 20 were eutrophic. The agreement between the prediction equations and IC was evaluated using Bland-Altman (1986) plots. The results showed a variation between the prediction equations and IC of -19.6% to -91% in obese subjects and of 4.2% to 4.4% in eutrophic subjects. In both groups, the Mifflin-St. Jeor equation (1990) was the most accurate, with a difference of -9.1% compared to IC in obese subjects and of 0.9% in eutrophic subjects. This study indicates the Mifflin-St. Jeor equation to be the most adequate to estimate BMR. However, it is important to measure the BMR of obese subjects more accurately and safely in order to establish the best intervention based on physical exercise and healthy eating.

Equações de predição para taxa metabólica basal (TMB) são amplamente utilizadas para prescrição dietética, porém podem apresentar valores diferentes daqueles medidos por calorimetria indireta (CI), principalmente, em indivíduos obesos. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os valores de TMB por meio da CI em indivíduos obesos de grau I e eutróficos e comparar com os resultados obtidos pelas equações de predição, a fim de identificar se existe discrepância nos valores obtidos entre o medido pela CI e o estimado pelas equações. O estudo avaliou 40 homens entre 18 e 30 anos, sendo 20 eutróficos e 20 obesos grau I. Foi verificado o grau de concordância entre as equações e CI por meio da metodologia sugerida por Bland e Altman (1986). Os resultados mostram a variação entre os métodos de predição de -19,6% a -9,1%, quando comparadas a CI nos sujeitos obesos, e de -4,2% a 4,4% nos eutróficos. Em ambos os grupos, a equação que mais se aproxima da estimativa real é a de Miflin St. Jeor (1990), com -9,1% de diferença da CI nos sujeitos obesos e 0,9% nos eutróficos. Desta forma, o presente estudo indica a utilização da equação de Mifflin St. Jeor (1990) para estimar a TMB. Entretanto, é fundamental que se consiga medir a TMB de sujeitos obesos de maneira mais precisa e segura, para melhor conduzir a intervenção baseada em exercícios físicos e boa alimentação.

Inflammatory markers, endothelial function and cardiovascular risk / Marcadores inflamatórios, função endotelial e riscos cardiovasculares

The need to study cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has become more and more relevant as their prevalence has increased over the years. An intact endothelial wall is essential to vascular health. Certain factors are responsible for maintaining this tissue intact, including nitric oxide (NO), which provokes dilation of blood vessels in response to shear stress. Expression of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) enzyme, which produces nitric oxide in response to increases in blood flow, is of fundamental importance to maintenance of the vascular system. When this enzyme is inhibited, nitric oxide production is reduced, causing endothelial dysfunction. Since C-reactive protein inhibits production of nitric oxide by the eNOS enzyme, it is one of the causes of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular events. The objective of the present study was to review scientific articles in the literature related to the subject 'inflammatory markers and endothelial function'. A wide-ranging review of the current literature was conducted, using systematic analysis of bibliographic references indexed in PubMed, Scielo, Medline and LILACS database, for the years 1992 to 2013. The studies reviewed show that increases in inflammation causes reductions in NO and increases in cardiovascular events. Increased inflammation is associated with higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases...

A necessidade de estudo das Doenças Cardiovasculares (DCV) vem à tona pelo aumento da sua prevalência ao longo dos anos. Uma parede endotelial íntegra é essencial para a saúde vascular. Alguns fatores são responsáveis pela integridade deste tecido, como o óxido nítrico (NO), que provoca a dilatação do vaso sanguíneo em resposta ao estresse de cisalhamento. A expressão da enzima óxido nítrico sintase endotelial (eNOS), que produz óxido nítrico em resposta ao incremento do fluxo sanguíneo, é fundamental para a manutenção do sistema vascular. Quando há inibição desta enzima, ocorre diminuição da produção de óxido nítrico, causando disfunção endotelial. A PCR inibe a produção de óxido nítrico pela enzima eNOS, sendo então uma causadora de disfunção endotelial e eventos cardiovasculares. O presente artigo tem como objetivo revisar artigos científicos na literatura relacionados ao tema 'marcadores inflamatórios e função endotelial'. Foi realizada uma ampla revisão de literatura atual, utilizando-se análise sistemática das referências bibliográficas nas bases de dados PubMed, Scielo, Medline e Lilacs, no período de 1992 a 2013. Os estudos revisados mostram que o aumento da inflamação causa uma diminuição de NO e aumento de eventos cardiovasculares. O aumento da inflamação está associado ao aumento da incidência de doenças cardiovasculares...

Postprandial lipemia and cardiovascular diseases: the beneficial role of strength exercise / Lipemia pós-prandial e doenças cardiovasculares: o papel benéfico dos exercícios de força

Development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has been linked with changes to the lipid profile that can be observed during the postprandial period, a phenomenon known as postprandial lipemia (PL). Physical exercise is currently the number one non-pharmacological intervention employed for prevention and reduction of risk factors for the development of CVD. This in turn has created a growing interest in the effects of physical exercise on regulation and equilibrium of lipid metabolism. In this review we compare the results of studies that have investigated the beneficial effects of strength training on PL. We analyzed articles identified in the PubMed, Scopus and EBSCO databases published from 1975 to 2013 in international journals. Studies were selected for review if they covered at least two of four keywords. The results of these studies lead to the conclusion that strength training is effective for reduction of postprandial lipemia because it increases baseline energy expenditure. This type of training can be prescribed as an important element in strategies to treat chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis...

O desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) tem sido associado a alterações no perfil lipídico encontradas no período pós-prandial, fenômeno conhecido como lipemia pós-prandial (PL). O exercício fisico é atualmente a principal intervenção não farmacológica utilizada na prevenção e na redução de fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de DCV. Por esta razão, há um interesse crescente acerca dos efeitos do exercício físico sobre a regulação e o equilíbrio do metabolismo lipídico. Nesta revisão, procuramos comparar os resultados de artigos que abordaram os efeitos benéficos do treinamento de força sobre a PL. Utilizamos artigos que foram selecionados nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus e EBSCO, no período entre os anos 1975 e 2013, e publicados em revistas internacionais. Os estudos selecionados foram aqueles que contemplassem pelo menos duas das quatro palavras-chave do estudo. Com base nos estudos selecionados, conclui-se que o treinamento de força revela-se eficaz na redução da lipemia pós-prandial por induzir uma melhoria da demanda de energia basal. Este tipo de treinamento pode ser indicado como uma estratégia importante para o tratamento de doenças crônicas, como a aterosclerose...

Resistance exercise at variable volume does not reduce postprandial lipemia in postmenopausal women.

The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of resistance exercise sessions (RESs) performed at different levels of high-volume resistance exercise (HVRE) and low-volume resistance exercise (LVRE) on postprandial lipemia (PPL) in postmenopausal women. Thirty-nine healthy unconditioned postmenopausal women (59.5 ± 4.8 years of age, body mass 69.6 ± 9.1 kg, height 157.9 ± 7.2 cm, BMI 27.6 ± 4.1 kg m(-2), waist circumference 76.1 ± 9.7 cm, VO2max 18.7 ± 1.4 mL kg(-1) min(-1)) were assigned to a LVRE (n = 12), HVRE (n = 14), and control group (CG, n = 13). Experimental groups performed one RES involving eight exercises. The HVRE group performed three sets with a maximum of 15 repetitions, and the LVRE group performed one set with a maximum of 15 repetitions. Approximately 16 h after a RES, all of the groups were given an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT). During the RES, we evaluated the energy expenditure (EE) of the resistance session and excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC); following the RES and the OFTT, we evaluated lipid profiles (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides). While the study groups did not demonstrate significant differences in lipid profiles, the total energy expenditure (EE + EPOC) of the session exercise treatments was significantly higher for HVRE than for LVRE (0.60 ± 0.12 and 0.31 ± 0.11 MJ, respectively, p < 0.001). Different levels of resistance exercise do not lower basal triglyceride concentration and postprandial lipid profile parameters at approximately 16 h following resistance exercise in untrained postmenopausal women.

Combined effects of aerobic exercise and high-carbohydrate meal on plasma acylated ghrelin and levels of hunger.

The present study investigated the effect of an aerobic exercise bout associated with a high-carbohydrate (CHO) meal on plasma levels of acylated ghrelin and hunger sensation. Eight healthy males performed an exercise (ET) and a control (CT) trial. In ET, participants performed a 60-min cycling exercise (∼70% of maximal oxygen uptake) after consuming a high-CHO meal. In the CT, participants remained at rest throughout the whole period after consuming the high-CHO meal. Hunger sensation was assessed and blood samples were taken to determine the levels of acylated ghrelin, glucose, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG). There was suppression of hunger after consuming the meal in ET and CT (p = 0.028 and p = 0.011, respectively). Hunger increased in CT in the period correspondent to the exercise session (p = 0.017) and remained suppressed in the ET. The area under the curve for acylated ghrelin showed that its levels were lower in the ET compared with CT in the period of the exercise plus the immediate period (1 h) postexercise (60.7 vs. 96.75 pg·mL(-1)·2 h(-1), respectively; p = 0.04). Inverse correlations between acylated ghrelin levels and insulin, TC, and TG levels at different time points were observed. In conclusion, these findings suggest that 1 bout of aerobic exercise maintains the meal-induced suppression of hunger. The mechanism underlying this effect may involve the exercise-induced suppression of acylated ghrelin. These results implicate that the combination of a high-CHO meal and aerobic exercise may effectively improve appetite control and body weight management.