Defining success after surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence.

BACKGROUND: A consensus standardized definition of success after stress urinary incontinence surgical treatment is lacking, which precludes comparisons between studies and affects patient counseling. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify optimal patient-centric definition(s) of success after stress urinary incontinence surgical treatment and to compare the identified "more accurate" treatment success definitions with a commonly used composite definition of success (ie, no reported urine leakage, negative cough stress test result, and no retreatment). STUDY DESIGN: We evaluated 51 distinct treatment success definitions for participants enrolled in a previously conducted randomized trial of stress urinary incontinence treatments concomitantly performed with sacrocolpopexy (NCT00934999). For each treatment success definition, we calculated the mean (SD) of participant-assessed symptom improvement and participant-assessed surgical success scores with an 11-point Likert scale among those achieving success and failure. The "more accurate" treatment success definition(s) were identified by measuring the magnitude of the mean difference of participant assessments with Hedges g values. The treatment success definitions with the highest Hedges g values were considered "more accurate" treatment success definitions and were then compared with the composite definition of success. RESULTS: The percentage of participants who had treatment success (6.4% to 97.3%) and Hedges g values (-4.85 to 1.25) varied greatly according to each treatment success definition. An International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form score ≤5, Urogenital Distress Inventory-6 score ≤33.3, and a no/mild stress urinary incontinence response on Urogenital Distress Inventory-6 question 3 had the highest Hedges g values and were considered the top 3 "more accurate" treatment success definitions. Paradoxically, treatment success definitions that required a negative cough stress test result or no persistent urinary leakage greatly reduced the ability to differentiate between participant-assessed symptom improvement and surgical success. When the "more accurate" treatment success definitions were compared with the composite definition, patients with failed treatment according to the composite definition had lower Urinary Impact Questionnaire-7 scores and a higher proportion of survey responses indicating complete satisfaction or some level of satisfaction and very good/perfect bladder condition. In addition, the composite definition had considerably fewer favorable outcomes for participants than did the top 3 "more accurate" treatment success definitions. CONCLUSION: Successful outcomes of stress urinary incontinence surgical treatments for women undergoing concurrent sacrocolpopexy varied greatly depending on the definition used. However, stringent definitions (requiring complete dryness) and objective testing (negative cough stress test result) had decreased, rather than increased, participant-assessed symptom improvement and surgical success scores. The "more accurate" treatment success definitions better differentiated between participant-assessed symptom improvement and surgical success than the composite definition. The composite definition disproportionately misidentified participants who reported minor symptoms or complete/partial satisfaction with their outcome as having treatment failures and yielded a considerably lower proportion of women who reported favorable outcomes than did the top 3 "more accurate" treatment success definitions.

Perioperative Outcomes of Vesicovaginal Fistula Repair by Surgical Approach.

IMPORTANCE: Data comparing perioperative outcomes between transvaginal, transabdominal, and laparoscopic/robotic vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) repair are limited but are important for surgical planning and patient counseling. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess perioperative morbidity of VVF repair performed via various approaches. STUDY DESIGN: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was used to identify women who underwent transvaginal, transabdominal, or laparoscopic/robotic VVF repair from 2009 to 2020. Associations of surgical approach with baseline characteristics, blood transfusion, prolonged hospitalization (>4 days), and 30-day outcomes (any major or minor complication or return to the operating room) were evaluated with χ 2 , Fisher exact, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed the adjusted association of approach with 30-day complications and prolonged hospitalization. RESULTS: Overall, 449 women underwent VVF repair, including 252 transvaginal (56.1%), 148 transabdominal (33.0%), and 49 laparoscopic/robotic procedures (10.9%). Abdominal repair was associated with a longer length of hospitalization (median, 3 days vs 1 day transvaginal and laparoscopic/robotic; P < 0.001), higher risk of prolonged length of stay (abdominal, 21.1%; transvaginal, 4.0%; laparoscopic/robotic, 2.0%; P < 0.001), major complications (abdominal, 4.7%; transvaginal, 0.8%; laparoscopic/robotic, 0.0%; P = 0.03), and perioperative transfusion (abdominal, 5.0%; transvaginal, 0.0%; laparoscopic/robotic, 2.1%; P = 0.01). On multivariable analysis, the abdominal approach was independently associated with an increased risk of prolonged hospitalization compared with laparoscopic/robotic (odds ratio, 12.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.63-93.21; P = 0.02) and transvaginal (odds ratio, 6.09; 95% confidence interval, 2.87-12.92; P < 0.001) but not with major/minor complications ( P = 0.76). CONCLUSION: Transvaginal and laparoscopic/robotic approaches to VVF repair are associated with lower rates of prolonged hospitalization, major complications, and readmission compared with a transabdominal approach.

Postpartum urinary retention: an expert review.

Postpartum urinary retention is a relatively common condition that can have a marked impact on women in the immediate days following childbirth. If left untreated, postpartum urinary retention can lead to repetitive overdistention injury that may damage the detrusor muscle and the parasympathetic nerve fibers within the bladder wall. In rare circumstances, postpartum urinary retention may even lead to bladder rupture, which is a potentially life-threatening yet entirely preventable complication. Early diagnosis and timely intervention are necessary to decrease long-term consequences. There are 3 types of postpartum urinary retention: overt, covert, and persistent. Overt retention is associated with an inability to void, whereas covert retention is associated with incomplete bladder emptying. Persistent urinary retention continues beyond the third postpartum day and can persist for several weeks in rare cases. Recognition of risk factors and prompt diagnosis are important for proper management and prevention of negative sequelae. However, lack of knowledge by providers and patients alike creates barriers to accessing and receiving evidence-based care, and may further delay diagnosis for patients, especially those who experience covert postpartum urinary retention. Nationally accepted definitions and management algorithms for postpartum urinary retention are lacking, and development of such guidelines is essential for both patient care and research design. We propose intrapartum recommendations and a standardized postpartum bladder management protocol that will improve patient outcomes and contribute to the growing body of evidence-based practice in this field.

Perioperative opioid management for minimally invasive hysterectomy.

Given the high volume of hysterectomies performed, the contribution of gynecologists to the opioid crisis is potentially significant. Following a hysterectomy, most patients are over-prescribed opioids, are vulnerable to developing new persistent opioid use, and can be the source of misuse, diversion, or accidental exposure. People who misuse opioids are at risk of an overdose related death, which is now one of the leading causes of death in the United States and is rising in other countries. It is the physician's responsibility to reduce opioid use by making impactful practice changes, such as 1) using pre-emptive opioid sparing strategies, 2) optimizing multimodal nonopioid pain management, 3) restricting postoperative opioid prescribing, and 4) educating patients on proper disposal of unused opioids. These changes can be implemented with an enhanced recovery after surgery protocol, shared decision-making, and patient education strategies related to opioids.

Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Early Sling Loosening Versus Delayed Sling Lysis in the Management of Voiding Dysfunction After Midurethral Sling Placement.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing the management for ongoing voiding dysfunction after midurethral sling placement, including early sling loosening and delayed sling lysis. METHODS: A Markov model was created to compare the cost-effectiveness of early sling loosening (2 weeks) versus delayed sling lysis (6 weeks) for the management of persisting voiding dysfunction/retention after midurethral sling placement. A literature review provided rates of resolution of voiding dysfunction with conservative management, complications, recurrent stress urinary incontinence, or ongoing retention, as well as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Costs were based on 2020 Medicare reimbursement rates. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were compared using a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000/QALY. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: At 1 year, early sling loosening resulted in increased costs ($3,575 vs $1,836) and higher QALYs (0.948 vs 0.925) compared with delayed sling lysis. This translated to early sling loosening being the most cost-effective strategy, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $74,382/QALY. The model was sensitive to multiple variables on our 1-way sensitivity analysis. For example, delayed sling lysis became cost-effective if the rate of voiding dysfunction resolution with conservative management was greater than or equal to 57% or recurrent stress urinary incontinence after early loosening was greater than or equal to 9.6%. At a willingness-to-pay threshold of 100,000/QALY, early sling loosening was cost-effective in 82% of microsimulations in probabilistic sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Early sling loosening represents a more cost-effective management method in resolving ongoing voiding dysfunction after sling placement. These findings may favor early clinical management in patients with voiding dysfunction after midurethral sling placement.

Vaginal symptoms in women who are affected by gynecologic cancer.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Pelvic floor disorders are common among gynecologic cancer survivors. With improvements in survivorship, quality of life conditions in these women need greater attention and care. This review focuses specifically on vulvovaginal symptoms, which are common and have a negative impact on sexual health and quality of life in women affected by gynecologic cancer. RECENT FINDINGS: We review publications on treatment-specific sexual health outcomes, screening and treatment of vulvovaginal symptoms and sexual pain, and surgical management options. Recent evidence regarding the safety of concomitant prolapse repair at the time of surgery for gynecologic malignancies and CO2 laser therapy is discussed and areas needing further research and innovation are highlighted. SUMMARY: Pelvic floor disorders, including vaginal and sexual health concerns, are common in women affected by gynecologic cancer due to both common risk factors and as a side effects of cancer treatment. Gynecologists play a critical role in screening, treatment, and collaboration with other specialists to provide comprehensive care for these women throughout their lifetime.

Recognition and Management of Pelvic Floor Disorders in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period.

Often considered a condition of aging women, pelvic floor disorders may initially present in pregnancy and postpartum, having a negative impact on quality of life during this important time in a woman's life. This review outlines the clinical approach to implementing pelvic health into obstetric care through education and promotion of pelvic health in pregnancy, screening for pelvic floor disorders routinely, and providing support through resources, treatment, and referrals if pelvic floor disorders develop during pregnancy and postpartum.

Peer-Centered Versus Standard Physician-Centered Video Counseling for Midurethral Sling Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVES: Peer counseling may improve upon provider counseling and enhance patient preparedness for midurethral sling (MUS) surgery. We aimed to compare the impact of peer-centered versus standard preoperative video counseling by assessing patient preparedness for MUS surgery. METHODS: Women undergoing MUS were randomized to view either a peer-centered (PEER) or standard physician preoperative counseling video (PHYS). The PEER video featured a woman who had undergone MUS surgery and included the standard risks and benefits as well as additional information identified in prior work as important to patients. The PHYS video featured a surgeon discussing risks and benefits. Patients viewed either video at their preoperative visit and completed the Patient Preparedness Questionnaire (PPQ), Surgical Decision Satisfaction, Decisional Regret Scale, and the Urogenital Distress Inventory Short Form. Patients then underwent standard in-person surgeon counseling. Sessions were timed and compared with historical timed sessions. Our primary outcome was between-group differences in 6-week postoperative PPQ scores. RESULTS: Patient Preparedness Questionnaire scores did not differ between groups (postoperative PPQ scores: median [interquartile range], 95 [84, 100] vs 92 [80, 100]; P=0.50). The PEER group reported higher decisional regret (15 [0, 28.75] vs 0 [0, 10], P=0.02) and less symptom improvement on Urogenital Distress Inventory Short Form change scores compared with the PHYS group (47.2 [37.2, 62.5] vs 36.1 [16.5, 50], P=0.03); secondary outcomes were not different between groups. In-person counseling times decreased after watching either video compared with the institution's historical standard (8:27 minutes [08:56, 17:14] vs 11:34 minutes [5:22, 13:07]; P < 0.005). CONCLUSION: Patient preparedness did not differ between groups. Decision regret did not differ between groups once adjusted for urinary symptoms.

Perioperative peer support and surgical preparedness in women undergoing reconstructive pelvic surgery.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The benefits of peer support for pelvic floor disorders are unclear. We hypothesize that perioperative peer support might be associated with greater preoperative preparedness compared with usual care in women undergoing pelvic reconstruction. METHODS: A multicenter prospective cohort study of women undergoing pelvic reconstruction compared peer support (group or one-to-one) with usual care. The primary outcome was preparedness, measured by a Preoperative Preparedness Questionnaire at baseline and before surgery. Assuming 48% preparedness in usual care preoperatively, 44 women per group (Group, One-to-One, or Usual care) would detect a 30% difference in preparedness (alpha = 0.05, 80% power). Chi-squared or Fisher's exact test compared categorical variables, t test and analysis of variance compared continuous variables, independent sample tests compared changes in mean or composite scores, and multiple logistic regression estimated the effect. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-eight patients were included (113 with peer support, 55 undergoing usual care). A greater proportion of women in peer support had college or higher education versus usual care (78 vs 58%, P = 0.02). After the intervention, the proportion of women feeling prepared was not different between groups (66 vs 63%, P = 0.9). However, a greater proportion in peer support reported improved preparedness from baseline compared with usual care (71 vs 44%, P = 0.001). Peer support was associated with improved preparedness on multiple regression adjusting for age, study site, education, and surgery type (OR 4.14, 95% CI 1.69, 10.14). CONCLUSION: Peer support was associated with improved preoperative preparedness compared with usual care, but did not result in a greater proportion of women feeling prepared before surgery.

Historic transvaginal meshes and procedures: what did my patient have done?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Transvaginal mesh kits were widely used to treat pelvic organ prolapse for over a 10-year period in the early 2000s. Due to safety concerns and FDA regulations, these mesh kits are no longer available for use. Thus, current Obstetricians and Gynecologists are likely to encounter these meshes, but may have no previous experience or exposure to the devices making it difficult to adequately monitor, counsel, and care for patients that underwent these types of procedures. This review highlights the most commonly used transvaginal mesh kit types, provides insight into signs and symptoms related to transvaginal mesh complications, and provides guidance for management of mesh complications. RECENT FINDINGS: Not all transvaginal mesh will give rise to a complication. If complications do occur, treatment options range from conservative observation to total mesh excision. Management must be customized to an individual patient's needs and goals. SUMMARY: Transvaginal mesh kits promised increased durability of surgical repair for pelvic organ prolapse. Safety concerns over time caused these kits to no longer be available for use. Practicing Obstetricians and Gynecologists should be aware of the history of transvaginal mesh and the signs and symptoms of mesh complications.

Opioid Knowledge and Prescribing Practices Among Obstetrician-Gynecologists.

OBJECTIVE: To describe obstetrician-gynecologists' (ob-gyns) knowledge and prescribing practices regarding opioid analgesics. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of a national sample of American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Fellows and Junior Fellows who are part of the Collaborative Ambulatory Research Network. We used a sequential mixed-method approach. We collected data on opioid knowledge and typical prescribing practices, including number, type, and indication for prescriptions. We determined adherence to four recommended practices: 1) screening for dependence, 2) prescribing the smallest amount required, 3) tailoring prescriptions, and 4) counseling on proper disposal. We also explored variables associated with prescribing practices. RESULTS: Sixty percent (179/300) of sampled members responded. Respondents reported prescribing a median of 26 (5-80) pills per patient across all indications combined. Ninety-eight percent prescribed opioids after surgery and a smaller proportion for nonsurgical indications: vaginal birth (22%), ovarian cysts (30%), endometriosis (24%), and chronic pelvic pain of unknown cause (18%). The number prescribed varied only by indication for the prescription. Nineteen percent reported adherence to three or more (of four) recommended practices. There was no significant difference in the median number of pills prescribed between those who reported adherence to at least one compared with those who did not adhere to any recommended practices (25 [interquartile range 25-30] vs 28 [interquartile range 20-30], P=.58). Regarding knowledge, 81% incorrectly identified the main source of misused opioids, which is through diversion from a friend or family member, and 44% did not know how to properly dispose of unused prescription opioids. CONCLUSION: Obstetrician-gynecologists reported prescribing a median of 26 opioid pills across all indications combined. Amount prescribed varied widely by indication but not by reported adherence to recommended prescribing practices. This study highlights an urgent need for increased efforts to improve ob-gyns' knowledge of opioid use, misuse, disposal, and best prescribing practices.

Trends in Hysteropexy and Apical Support for Uterovaginal Prolapse in the United States from 2002 to 2012.

OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to describe trends in hysteropexy and apical support for uterovaginal prolapse (UVP) from 2002 to 2012 in the United States. We identified patient and hospital variables associated with hysteropexy and apical support. METHODS: We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes to identify a population of women 18 years or older with UVP undergoing pelvic organ prolapse surgery from January 1, 2002, to December 31, 2012. Procedures were categorized as (1) hysteropexy, (2) obliterative with uterine preservation, (3) hysterectomy with apical support, (4) hysterectomy without apical support, and (5) other reconstruction without apical support. Categories were dichotomized into those with and without apical support. We used survey weights to obtain nationally representative estimates; χ and linear and logistic regression compared procedure groups. RESULTS: An estimated 815,184 hospital discharges of pelvic organ prolapse procedures for UVP occurred from 2002 to 2012. During this time, hysteropexies increased from 1.81% to 5.00% (P < 0.0001). From 2002 to 2012, hysterectomies with apical support increased (10.07% to 32.51%, P < 0.0001), hysterectomy without apical support decreased (27.14% to 17.12%, P < 0.0001), and reconstruction without apical support decreased (59.07% to 40.48%, P < 0.0001). In most recent years 2011 to 2012, 60% of women with UVP underwent inpatient surgery without an apical procedure. Age 52 years or older, Medicare payment, Northeast region, and urban teaching hospitals were associated with increased odds of apical support for UVP (P < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS: Hysteropexy significantly increased in the United States from 2002 to 2012, although the overall proportion remains low. While hysterectomy without apical support is decreasing, approximately 60% of inpatient procedures performed for UVP do not address the apex.

A cohort study comparing a single-incision sling with a retropubic midurethral sling.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Despite established comparable efficacy between retropubic midurethral (RMUS) and transobturator slings, there are conflicting data regarding single-incision mini-slings (SIMS). This study tests the null hypothesis that the MiniArc® Single-Incision Sling is equivalent to the ALIGN® Urethral Support System for treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS: Women who underwent a sling for SUI from 1 January 2008 through 31 December 2009 were identified (N = 324). A follow-up survey was mailed. Primary outcomes were treatment failure, defined as International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ) score >0 or additional anti-incontinence procedure, and stress-specific incontinence (SSI). Secondary outcomes included Patient Global Impression of Severity and Improvement (PGI-SI), satisfaction, de novo urge, and complications. RESULTS: The study included 202 women who returned the survey. The SIMS group had higher body mass index (BMI) (30.7 ± 6.5 vs 28.9 ± 6.0 kg/m(2), P = 0.052) and shorter follow-up (18.6 ± 11.5 vs 22.9 ± 14.6 months, P = 0.019). Treatment failure was higher in SIMS compared with RMUS (76.3 % vs 64.2 %) with adjusted odds ratio of 1.84 (95 % CI, 1.0, 3.5). The SIMS group was more likely to have postoperative SSI, with adjusted OR of 2.4 (95 % CI; 1.3-4.5). The RMUS group reported more improvement and satisfaction. Incidence of de novo urge and complications were similar between groups. Reoperation for mesh erosion was more likely in the RMUS group, while the SIMS had a higher reoperation rate for SUI. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with retropubic ALIGN® Slings, MiniArc® Single-Incision Slings are less effective, with more postoperative incontinence, less patient-reported improvement, satisfaction, and higher reoperation rates for SUI.

Foreign students' experience during a time of war.

BACKGROUND: Due to the war in Gaza in 2009, Ben-Gurion University's Medical School for International Health with a student body of 165 international multicultural students canceled a week of classes. Third-year students continued clerkships voluntarily and fourth-year students returned to Israel before departing for electives in a developing country. A debriefing session was held for the entire school. OBJECTIVES: To assess the academic and psychological effects of political conflict on students. METHODS: We asked all students to fill out an anonymous Google electronic survey describing their experience during the war and evaluating the debriefing. A team of students and administrators reviewed the responses. RESULTS: Sixty-six students (40% of the school) responded (first year 26%, second year 39%, third year 24%, fourth year 8%, taking time off 3%, age 23-40 years old). Eighty-three percent were in Israel for some portion of the war and 34% attended the debriefing. Factors that influenced individuals' decision to return/stay in the war zone were primarily of an academic and financial nature. Other factors included family pressure, information from peers and information from the administration. Many reported psychological difficulties during the war rather than physical danger, describing it as "draining" and that it was difficult to concentrate while studying. As foreigners, many felt their role was undefined. Although there is wide variation in the war's effect on daily activities and emotional well-being during that time, the majority (73%) reported minimal residual effects. CONCLUSIONS: This study lends insight to the way students cope during conflict and highlights academic issues during a war. Open and frequent communication and emphasis on the school as a community were most important to students.

Endometrial ablation for the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding in obese women.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of endometrial ablation (EA) among obese versus non-obese women. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of 666 women who underwent EA at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA, between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2005, was conducted. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) of 30 or above. Outcome measures included treatment failure and amenorrhea. Regression models were used to compare outcomes and adjust for known confounders. RESULTS: The mean BMI was 29.6±7.7; 263 women (39.5%) were classified as obese. No difference was observed in treatment failure at 5 years between the obese and non-obese cohorts (11.6% vs 9.7%) with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.96 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-1.53; P=0.878). The crude 12-month amenorrhea rate was higher among non-obese than obese women (24.3% vs 17.5%); however, this difference was not significant after adjusting for known predictors of amenorrhea. The odds ratio was 1.28 (95% CI, 0.75-2.19; P=0.366). Adverse events were rare and comparable between the cohorts. CONCLUSION: The use of EA is a safe and effective option for women with obesity.