Epidemiologia e desfecho dos pacientes de alto risco cirúrgico admitidos em unidades de terapia intensiva no Brasil / Epidemiology and outcome of high-surgical-risk patients admitted to an intensive care unit in Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: Definir o perfil epidemiológico e os principais determinantes de morbimortalidade dos pacientes cirúrgicos não cardíacos de alto risco no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, observacional e multicêntrico. Todos os pacientes cirúrgicos não cardíacos admitidos nas unidades de terapia intensiva, ou seja, considerados de alto risco, no período de 1 mês, foram avaliados e acompanhados diariamente por, no máximo, 7 dias na unidade de terapia intensiva, para determinação de complicações. As taxas de mortalidade em 28 dias de pós-operatório, na unidade de terapia intensiva e hospitalar foram avaliadas. Resultados: Participaram 29 unidades de terapia intensiva onde foram realizadas cirurgias em 25.500 pacientes, dos quais 904 (3,5%) de alto risco (intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 3,3% - 3,8%), tendo sido incluídos no estudo. Dos pacientes envolvidos, 48,3% eram de unidades de terapia intensiva privadas e 51,7% de públicas. O tempo de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva foi de 2,0 (1,0 - 4,0) dias e hospitalar de 9,5 (5,4 - 18,6) dias. As taxas de complicações foram 29,9% (IC95% 26,4 - 33,7) e mortalidade em 28 dias pós-cirurgia 9,6% (IC95% 7,4 - 12,1). Os fatores independentes de risco para complicações foram Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 (SAPS 3; razão de chance − RC = 1,02; IC95% 1,01 - 1,03) e Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score (SOFA) da admissão na unidade de terapia intensiva (RC =1,17; IC95% 1,09 - 1,25), tempo de cirurgia (RC = 1,001; IC95% 1,000 - 1,002) e cirurgias de emergências (RC = 1,93; IC95% 1,10 - 3,38). Em adição, foram associados com mortalidade em 28 dias idade (RC = 1,032; IC95% 1,011 - 1,052) SAPS 3 (RC = 1,041; IC95% 1,107 - 1,279), SOFA (RC = 1,175; IC95% 1,069 - 1,292) e cirurgias emergenciais (RC = 2,509; IC95% 1,040 - 6,051). Conclusão: Pacientes com escores prognósticos mais elevados, idosos, tempo cirúrgico e cirurgias emergenciais estiveram fortemente associados a maior mortalidade em 28 dias e mais complicações durante permanência em unidade de terapia intensiva.

ABSTRACT Objective: To define the epidemiological profile and the main determinants of morbidity and mortality in noncardiac high surgical risk patients in Brazil. Methods: This was a prospective, observational and multicenter study. All noncardiac surgical patients admitted to intensive care units, i.e., those considered high risk, within a 1-month period were evaluated and monitored daily for a maximum of 7 days in the intensive care unit to determine complications. The 28-day postoperative, intensive care unit and hospital mortality rates were evaluated. Results: Twenty-nine intensive care units participated in the study. Surgeries were performed in 25,500 patients, of whom 904 (3.5%) were high-risk (95% confidence interval - 95%CI 3.3% - 3.8%) and were included in the study. Of the participating patients, 48.3% were from private intensive care units, and 51.7% were from public intensive care units. The length of stay in the intensive care unit was 2.0 (1.0 - 4.0) days, and the length of hospital stay was 9.5 (5.4 - 18.6) days. The complication rate was 29.9% (95%CI 26.4 - 33.7), and the 28-day postoperative mortality rate was 9.6% (95%CI 7.4 - 12.1). The independent risk factors for complications were the Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 (SAPS 3; odds ratio - OR = 1.02; 95%CI 1.01 - 1.03) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score (SOFA) on admission to the intensive care unit (OR = 1.17; 95%CI 1.09 - 1.25), surgical time (OR = 1.001, 95%CI 1.000 - 1.002) and emergency surgeries (OR = 1.93, 95%CI, 1.10 - 3.38). In addition, there were associations with 28-day mortality (OR = 1.032; 95%CI 1.011 - 1.052), SAPS 3 (OR = 1.041; 95%CI 1.107 - 1.279), SOFA (OR = 1.175, 95%CI 1.069 - 1.292) and emergency surgeries (OR = 2.509; 95%CI 1.040 - 6.051). Conclusion: Higher prognostic scores, elderly patients, longer surgical times and emergency surgeries were strongly associated with higher 28-day mortality and more complications during the intensive care unit stay.

Influence of tissue perfusion on the outcome of surgical patients who need blood transfusion.

PURPOSE: The aim this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of patients needing intra-operative blood transfusion by tissue perfusion markers. METHODS: A prospective single center cohort study. Adult patients needing blood transfusion during the intra-operative period were recruited. RESULTS: This study included 61 patients. At the time of blood transfusion the hemoglobin level was 8.4+/-1.8 g/dL. Scv02 has been the best tissue perfusion marker to determine mortality, compared with hematemetric values and other tissue perfusion markers, with a cut-off point at ROC curve equal to 80% (AUC=0.75; sensitivity=80%; specificity=65.2%). Patients who received blood transfusion and had Scv02 80% (N=32), had lower mortality rates (12.5% vs. 47.1%; p=0.008) and lower incidence of postoperative complications (58.9% vs. 72.9%; p=0.06). Blood transfusion with a Scv02 80%, are associated with worse clinical outcomes.

Transfusão sangüínea no intra-operatório, complicações e prognóstico / Transfusión sanguínea en el intraoperatorio, complicaciones y pronóstico / Complications and prognosis of intraoperative blood transfusion

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Transfusões sangüíneas no intra-operatório estão associadas a aumento de complicações no pós-operatório e custos hospitalares. Portanto, este estudo avaliou as características, complicações e possíveis fatores de riscos para morte em pacientes cirúrgicos que necessitaram de transfusões sangüíneas no intra-operatório. MÉTODO: Coorte prospectiva, durante período de um ano, no centro cirúrgico de hospital terciário. Incluíram-se pacientes com idade acima de 18 anos que necessitaram de transfusões sangüíneas no intra-operatório. Testemunhas de Jeová, pacientes que receberam transfusões prévias, falência coronariana e lesão encefálica aguda foram excluídos. RESULTADOS: O estudo envolveu 80 pacientes, com idade média de 68,4 ± 14,1 anos. Os pacientes ASA II foram prevalentes com 69,6 por cento dos casos, os escores APACHE II e POSSUM foram em média, respectivamente, 13,6 ± 4,4 e 37,5 ± 11,4. A hemoglobina média no momento da transfusão era 8,2 ± 1,8 g.dL-1 e 19 por cento dos pacientes apresentavam hemoglobina maior que 10 g.dL-1. Os pacientes receberam em média 2,2 ± 0,9 UI de concentrados de hemácias. A mortalidade hospitalar foi 26,3 por cento. As complicações pós-transfusões totalizaram 57,5 por cento dos casos no pós-operatório e a mais freqüente foi infecção. Foram fatores independentes de morte na regressão logística os escores APACHE II (OR = 1,34; IC 95 por cento 1,102 - 1,622), POSSUM (OR = 1,08; IC 95 por cento 1,008 - 1,150) e número de unidades de concentrados de hemácias recebidas (OR = 2,22; IC 95 por cento 1,100 - 4,463). Quanto maior o número de transfusões sangüíneas, maiores as incidências de complicações e mortalidade. CONCLUSÕES: O valor de hemoglobina e o número de unidades de concentrados de hemácias utilizados foram elevados comparados com os estudos que preconizam estratégias restritivas. Foi encontrada nesta amostra alta incidência...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Intraoperative blood transfusions are associated with an increase in postoperative complications and hospital costs. Thus, this study evaluated the characteristics, complications, and probable risk factors for death in surgical patients who needed intraoperative blood transfusions. METHODS: This is a prospective study that spanned a one-year period, undertaken at the surgical suite of a tertiary hospital. Patients older than 18 years who needed intraoperative blood transfusions were included in this study. Jehovah witnesses, patients with a history of prior blood transfusions, coronary failure, and acute brain lesions were excluded. RESULTS: Eighty patients with mean age of 68.4 ± 14.1 years participated in the study. Most patients were ASA II, representing 69.6 percent of the study group; APACHE and POSSUM scores were 13.6 ± 4.4 and 37.5 ± 11.4, respectively. Mean hemoglobin at the time of transfusion was 8.2 ±1.8 g.dL-1 and 19 percent of the patients had hemoglobin levels higher than 10 g.dL-1. Patients received an average of 2.2 ± 0.9 IU of packed red blood cells. Hospital mortality was 26.3 percent. Post-transfusion complications totaled 57.5 percent of the cases in the postoperative period, and most of them were due to infections. In the logistic regression, independent factors for death included APACHE II (OR = 1.34; 95 percent CI 1.102-1.622), POSSUM (OR = 1.08; 95 percent CI 1.008-1.150) and the number of packed red blood cells received (OR = 2.22; 95 percent CI 1.100-4.463). Thus, the higher the number of transfusions, the greater the incidence of complications and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Hemoglobin level, and the number of packed red blood cells used were elevated when compared with studies that suggest restrictive strategies. This sample presented a high incidence of complications, especially infections, and complications. APACHE II and POSSUM scores and the number of transfusions were independent...

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Transfusiones sanguíneas en el intraoperatorio están asociadas al aumento de complicaciones en el postoperatorio y costes hospitalarios. Por tanto, este estudio evaluó las características, complicaciones y los posibles factores de riesgos para muerte en pacientes quirúrgicos que necesitaron transfusiones sanguíneas en el intraoperatorio. MÉTODO: Categoría prospectiva, durante el período de un año, en el centro quirúrgico de hospital terciario. Se incluyeron pacientes con edad por encima de los 18 años que necesitaron transfusiones sanguíneas en el intraoperatorio. Testigos de Jeová, pacientes que recibieron transfusiones previas, fracaso coronario y lesión encefálica aguda quedaron excluidos del estudio. RESULTADOS: El estudio involucró a 80 pacientes, con una edad promedio entre los 68,4 ± 14,1 años. Los pacientes ASA II eran prevalecientes con 69,6 por ciento de los casos, las puntuaciones APACHE II y POSSUM fueron, como promedio respectivamente de 13,6 ± 4,4 y 37,5 ± 11,4. La hemoglobina promedio al momento de la transfusión era de 8,2 ± 1,8 g.dL-1 y un 19 por ciento de los pacientes tuvieron hemoglobina por encima de 10 g.dL-1. Los pacientes recibieron como promedio 2,2 ± 0,9 UI de concentrados de hematíes. La mortalidad hospitalaria fue de un 26,3 por ciento. Las complicaciones postransfusiones totalizaron un 57,5 por ciento de los casos en el postoperatorio y la más frecuente fue la infección. Fueron factores independientes de muerte en la regresión logística las puntuaciones APACHE II (OR = 1,34; IC 95 por ciento 1,102-1,622), POSSUM (OR = 1,08; IC 95 por ciento 1,008 - 1,150) y número de unidades de concentrados de hematíes recibidos (OR = 2,22; IC 95 por ciento 1,100 - 4,463). Mientras mayor es el número de transfusiones sanguíneas, mayores son las incidencias de las complicaciones y de la mortalidad. CONCLUSIONES: El valor de la hemoglobina y el número de unidades de concentrados de hematíes utilizados...

Complications and prognosis of intraoperative blood transfusion.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Intraoperative blood transfusions are associated with an increase in postoperative complications and hospital costs. Thus, this study evaluated the characteristics, complications, and probable risk factors for death in surgical patients who needed intraoperative blood transfusions. METHODS: This is a prospective study that spanned a one-year period, undertaken at the surgical suite of a tertiary hospital. Patients older than 18 years who needed intraoperative blood transfusions were included in this study Jehovah witnesses, patients with a history of prior blood transfusions, coronary failure, and acute brain lesions were excluded. RESULTS: Eighty patients with mean age of 68.4 +/- 14.1 years participated in the study. Most patients were ASA II, representing 69.6% of the study group; APACHE and POSSUM scores were 13.6 +/- 4.4 and 37.5 +/- 11.4, respectively. Mean hemoglobin at the time of transfusion was 8.2 +/-1.8 g x dL(-1) and 19% of the patients had hemoglobin levels higher than 10 g x dL(-1). Patients received an average of 2.2 +/- 0.9 IU of packed red blood cells. Hospital mortality was 26.3%. Post-transfusion complications totaled 57.5% of the cases in the postoperative period, and most of them were due to infections. In the logistic regression, independent factors for death included APACHE II (OR = 1.34; 95% CI 1.102-1.622), POSSUM (OR = 1.08; 95% CI 1.008-1.150) and the number of packed red blood cells received (OR = 2.22; 95% CI 1.100-4.463). Thus, the higher the number of transfusions, the greater the incidence of complications and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Hemoglobin level, and the number of packed red blood cells used were elevated when compared with studies that suggest restrictive strategies. This sample presented a high incidence of complications, especially infections, and complications. APACHE II and POSSUM scores and the number of transfusions were independent risk factors for a worse postoperative prognosis.