Tranexamic acid-associated fatal status epilepticus in a paediatric non-cardiac surgery: A case report and literature review.

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is widely utilized to control perioperative bleeding. TXA is considered a safe drug with few serious adverse effects, but many studies report TXA-associated seizures, especially with cardiac surgeries. Usually, TXA-associated seizures persist for a few minutes with no progression into status epilepticus. Here, we report, for the first time, a case of refractory status epilepticus after IV injection of TXA in a paediatric non-cardiac surgery. This case report and literature review aim to increase awareness about TXA-associated seizures and to provide mechanistic-based prevention and treatment recommendations. During adenotonsillectomy for a 4-year-old male child, TXA infusion started after induction of anaesthesia for surgical bleeding prophylaxis. During recovery from anaesthesia, the patient developed tonic-clonic convulsions which did not improve after two IV doses of midazolam but showed an improvement after a dose of propofol. The patient did not regain consciousness and was transferred to the ICU. He had recurrent treatment-resistant attacks of tonic-clonic convulsions. The patient developed acute kidney injury and died after 18 hours. In high-risk patients, using the lowest effective dose with early termination of TXA infusion and prolongation of administration of anaesthetics may prevent seizures. General anaesthetics (propofol and halogenated inhaled anaesthetics) are considered the first line for prevention/treatment of TXA-associated seizures.

COVID-19-Related Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Presenting With New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes in Severe Ketoacidosis: A Case Series.

OBJECTIVE: To report and describe cases of children presenting with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) with new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This prospective observational study was conducted to characterize children with COVID-19-related MIS-C and new-onset T1DM who were in DKA. MIS-C was diagnosed if Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization criteria were fulfilled. RESULTS: Six cases were identified. The patients were critically ill and in nonfluid responsive shock (combined hypovolemic and cardiogenic or distributive shock). All had cardiac involvement. One patient had a Kawasaki shock-like presentation. All needed aggressive treatment with careful monitoring of fluid balance (because of associated cardiac dysfunction), early institution of vasoactive/inotropic supports, and use of methylprednisolone and intravenous immunoglobulins. The latter are better administered after DKA resolution to avoid undue volume overload and fluid shifts while the patients are in DKA. CONCLUSIONS: Awareness of MIS-C coexistence with DKA at T1DM onset is crucial for rapid proper management.