Sex differences in coronary plaque changes assessed by serial computed tomography angiography.

Long-term data on sex-differences in coronary plaque changes over time is lacking in a low-to-intermediate risk population of stable coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of sex on long-term plaque progression and evolution of plaque composition. Furthermore, the influence of menopause on plaque progression and composition was also evaluated. Patients that underwent a coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) were prospectively included to undergo a follow-up coronary CTA. Total and compositional plaque volumes were normalized using the vessel volume to calculate a percentage atheroma volume (PAV). To investigate the influence of menopause on plaque progression, patients were divided into two groups, under and over 55 years of age. In total, 211 patients were included in this analysis, 146 (69%) men. The mean interscan period between baseline and follow-up coronary CTA was 6.2 ± 1.4 years. Women were older, had higher HDL levels and presented more often with atypical chest pain. Men had 434 plaque sites and women 156. On a per-lesion analysis, women had less fibro-fatty PAV compared to men (ß -1.3 ± 0.4%; p < 0.001), with no other significant differences. When stratifying patients by 55 years age threshold, fibro-fatty PAV remained higher in men in both age groups (p < 0.05) whilst women younger than 55 years demonstrated more regression of fibrous (ß -0.8 ± 0.3% per year; p = 0.002) and non-calcified PAV (ß -0.7 ± 0.3% per year; p = 0.027). In a low-to-intermediate risk population of stable CAD patients, no significant sex differences in total PAV increase over time were observed. Fibro-fatty PAV was lower in women at any age and women under 55 years demonstrated significantly greater reduction in fibrous and non-calcified PAV over time compared to age-matched men. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04448691.).

Diagnostic and Prognostic Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Before Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator.

The use of cardiac magnetic resonance (cMR) to assess remodeling and tissue characterization in primitive and secondary cardiomyopathies has progressively increased, and it carries important prognostic informations. The aim of this study was to assess the overall clinical value of cMR before implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). All patients referred to our center for an ICD implantation and submitted to cMR (n = 134) were analyzed. All the cMR diagnostic findings and following clinical events were reviewed to assess clinical relevance in patients care. The use of cMR before ICD implantation has progressively increased during the decade studied (13% to 53%, p <0.001). Subjects who underwent cMR were younger, more often female, with lower NYHA class and higher ejection fraction (p <0.05 for all). Unexpected diagnostic findings were observed in 34 patients (25%), resulting in an immediate therapeutic strategy modification in 13%. A pattern of fibrosis leading to a change in the disease's etiology and thrombus detection were the most frequent cMR findings, followed by anatomical incidental findings. Any grade of fibrosis carried a higher annual incidence of combined death or ventricular arrhythmias (9.92% vs 1.83%, p = 0.02). Annual event rate was related to the extent of scarring. In conclusion, we observed a progressively increase of cMR utilization before ICD implantation during the last decade. This practice has yielded a significant increase of new diagnostic findings, carrying unique prognostic information linked to tissue characterization.

[Application of a shared interdisciplinary and multiprofessional cardio-oncology in-hospital pathway]. / Applicazione di un percorso diagnostico-terapeutico assistenziale di cardioncologia per la rilevazione e la gestione del danno cardiaco da trattamenti oncologici in ambito ospedaliero.

The burden of cardiac side effects in oncology patients will dramatically increase in the near future as a result of the widespread use of anticancer agents affecting the cardiovascular system, the general population aging, the heightened attention in the detection of cardiac toxicity and the absolute gain in terms of overall survival. The relationship between cardiologists and oncologists should therefore be closer leading to the definition of cardio-oncology. The increased number of such patients requires the creation of a dedicated patient assistance program in order to guarantee every patient the possibility of an interdisciplinary and multiprofessional approach. A dedicated care pathway needs a reorganization of internal resources to ensure high standards of care. The proposed pathway is actually active at our institution and has been implemented taking into account available facilities and planned work amount. Our patient cardio-oncology program could be adapted with minimal changes to different hospitals.

[Teamwork for cardiac imaging: coronary computed tomography angiography and low-dose radiation exposure: a cardiology center experience]. / Teamwork per l'imaging cardiaco: tomografia computerizzata coronarica e bassa dose di esposizione radiologica, esperienza di un centro cardiologico.

BACKGROUND: Multidetector coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is increasingly used for noninvasive imaging of the coronary arteries. Radiation exposure, however, is a potential limitation to a more extensive use of this imaging modality. We aimed to demonstrate that a professional teamwork approach, including a cardiologist and a radiologist in performing CCTA, may allow to obtain best quality exams with very low radiation doses. METHODS: A total of 998 consecutive patients underwent CCTA in accordance with the most recent guidelines. The following procedures were undertaken to reduce the radiation dose: (a) preliminary cardiological evaluation to check for CCTA eligibility; (b) optimized heart rate control with beta-blockers and/or ivabradine; and (c) the use of nonstandardized computed tomography protocols and algorithms for dose reduction. RESULTS: All the patients underwent a preliminary cardiological evaluation; 89% of them were pretreated with oral or intravenous beta-blockers and/or ivabradine; 806 patients (81%) were scanned by means of prospective gating, which allowed a radiation dose exposure of 161 ± 68.64 mGy; 192 patients (19%) underwent a retrospective gating protocol, with a radiation dose exposure of 1135.15 ± 485.87 mGy. In 13 patients (1%) CCTA was uninterpretable because of artifacts. Exam quality was not affected by the use of low-dose computed tomography scanning. Coronary calcium score and/or left ventricular functional analysis were never performed. CONCLUSIONS: The preliminary selection and preparation of patients and optimized scanner utilization allow a substantial reduction in radiation dose for most of the patients submitted to CCTA without affecting image quality. In our experience, a team approach was necessary to allow a "low-dose learning curve" and a progressive reduction in radiation doses administered to patients by means of the prospective gating protocol.

[Prevalence of cardiac and extracardiac incidental findings in the evaluation of coronary artery disease by multidetector computed tomography]. / Prevalenza di reperti occasionali cardiaci ed extracardiaci nella valutazione delle coronarie con tomografia computerizzata multidetettore.

BACKGROUND: With the widespread use of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) coronary angiography, cardiac and extracardiac incidental findings in cardiac imaging might be detected. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cardiac and extracardiac incidental findings in a population of consecutive patients undergoing coronary MDCT. METHODS: A total of 840 consecutive patients with known or suspected heart disease underwent cardiac MDCT. All patients were assessed with 64-slice MDCT; the examination was performed by limiting the anatomical region examined between the bifurcation of the trachea and the cardiac apex with the aim of obtaining excellent image quality and low cardiac radiological exposure. RESULTS: Overall, 81 incidental findings in 72 patients (9%) were identified, of which 18 were cardiac (2%) and 63 extracardiac (7%). Extracardiac incidental findings were mainly represented by pulmonary nodules (19%). CONCLUSIONS: A significant number of cardiac and extracardiac incidental findings were observed at cardiac MDCT, with the prevalence depending on technical aspects of image acquisition and patient characteristics. Incidental findings should be carefully searched for and reported because they may have an impact on clinical follow-up indications that is not without cost and risk.

A cardio-oncology experience in Italy: results of a Tuscany regional-based survey.

AIMS: Anti-cancer agents with cardiovascular side effects multiply, often interfering with effective oncology treatments, and thus the relationship between cardiologists and oncologists should be closer. We carried out a regional-based survey on behalf of Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri to analyse the status of cardio-oncology in Tuscany. METHODS: A short questionnaire was sent out to all cardiology divisions across Tuscany (n = 36). The questionnaire was made up of 13 questions divided into four blocks: cardio-oncology census and inner organization; multidisciplinary team and specific training; oncology-related workload; need for and availability of cardiac MRI. RESULTS: Twenty-five centres out of 36 sent back the completed questionnaire and so were included in the survey. An inadequacy of cardio-oncology services surfaced, with only 20% of institutions offering a cardio-oncology service and 28% possessing a trained cardiology team. The majority of cardiologists regarded as useful a specific training (72%), and the foundation of a distinct service (55%), and 68% assumed cooperation with oncologists as a way to improve performance. The majority of the workload involves ECGs and echocardiograms with a mean monthly number of requests ranging between 10 and 40. Cardiac MRI and computed tomography scans are used in selected cases, but all cardiologists consider them useful. CONCLUSION: To date, cardio-oncology in Tuscany can be considered as an unmet need. We should improve dedicated services by means of specific training and multidisciplinary teams. The definition of a regional task force and appointed centres with known expertise could also help. To make this upgrade possible, a financial effort is vital.

Left ventricular rotation and twist assessed by four-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in healthy subjects and pathological remodeling: a single center experience.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular (LV) twist represents a main aspect of ejection. It is defined as the difference between the apical and basal rotation and can be assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography (STE). Twist may be underestimated when assessed by two-dimensional-echocardiography due to the difficulty of identifying the real apex. Aim of this study was to evaluate the LV twist by means of three-dimensional (3D)-STE and verify if the inclusion of the apex can modify the assessment of the global twist. METHODS: LV volume acquisition with a fully sampled matrix array transducer was performed in 30 healthy subjects and 79 patients with cardiomyopathy secondary to different etiologies. Thirty-nine patients had a LV ejection fraction (EF) ≥50% (Group A), 16 showed an EF between 40 and 50% (Group B), and 24 patients had an EF ≤40%(Group C). LV rotation was assessed by 3D-STE at basal, medium, apical, and apical-cap levels. Twist was computed considering the apex either at the apical level (Twist(Api) ) or at the apical-cap level (Twist(AC) ). RESULTS: LV rotation resulted to be progressively higher from base to apical-cap (P < 0.0001) with a significant difference between the apex and the apical-cap level (6.20 ± 3.90° vs. 10.23 ± 7.52°; P < 0.001). Such a difference was constantly found in all Groups (P < 0.01 for Group A, P < 0.05 for Group B and C). Twist(Api) was also significantly lower than Twist(AC) both in the overall population (6.2 ± 3.89° vs. 10.23 ± 7.51°; P < 0.001) and in the different subgroups ( CONTROLS: 9.61 ± 3.39° vs. 13.75 ± 6.51°; Group A: 10.49 ± 4.77° vs. 16.37 ± 8.49°; Group B: 6.67 ± 3.44° vs. 9.14 ± 5.55°; Group C: 33 ± 2.62° vs. 5.26 ± 3.74°; P < 0.05 for all the comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: Identification and inclusion of apical-cap is relevant for twist assessment and can be carried out efficiently by 3D-STE. The inclusion of the true apex in the calculation significantly affects the analysis of twist both in normal individuals and patients with different myocardial diseases.

[Role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the differential diagnosis of cardiomyopathies]. / Ruolo della risonanza magnetica cardiaca nella diagnosi differenziale delle cardiomiopatie.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is a unique diagnostic imaging tool for the assessment of cardiomyopathies, allowing a non-invasive detection of the most common diseases of the heart muscle. In the real world, patients with suspected cardiomyopathies who show signs and symptoms of heart failure should undergo a thorough diagnostic evaluation. Besides clinical and echocardiographic assessment, coronary angiography is the most important and common examination performed to detect or rule out coronary artery disease. This approach is relevant for the clinical decision-making, as it may obviate the need for further diagnostic evaluation of the heart structure and muscle function. CMR can reliably detect a variety of heart muscle diseases without requiring bioptic confirmation of the diagnosis. In addition, CMR provides anatomo-functional information that possesses incremental and independent prognostic value. This represents a new paradigm shift as it moves the attention from the coronary arteries to the heart muscle. CMR is useful in establishing the correct diagnosis of several clinical conditions and cardiomyopathies, thus guiding therapeutic strategies and influencing patient prognosis.

Evaluation of Brugada syndrome by cardiac magnetic resonance.

Brugada syndrome (BrS) has been originally considered to occur in structural normal hearts. However recent pathological and imaging data suggest that structural and functional changes may be present in this syndrome. This study was designed to elucidate whether any macroscopic heart abnormality is detectable in patients with BrS. For this purpose we used cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Twenty-nine patients displaying the BrS type-1 ECG pattern and 29 healthy controls underwent CMR (1.5 Tesla). Left (LV) and right ventricular (RV) dimensions, function and regional contractility were evaluated. Late-gadolinium-enhancement (LGE) imaging was obtained in 24 patients. We found no difference between BrS patients and controls regarding LV and RV dimensions and ejection fraction. RV wall motion abnormalities (WMA) were detected in 19 patients (65.5%) and in 22 control subjects (75.9%). The majority of these WMA were attributable to areas of hypokinesia and found in the RV inferior wall. None of the patients showed LGE. No differences were detected between controls and the different subgroups of BrS patients according to symptoms, family history and spontaneous type-1 ECG pattern. BrS patients do not differ from normal subjects with regard to dimensions and global function of both LV and RV. BrS patients may show RV-WMA, however similar changes are also present in healthy subjects and may therefore represent a physiological behaviour of RV. The lack of LGE further confirms the absence of myocardial structural damage. Our results indicate that BrS seems to occur in individuals with structurally and functionally normal heart.

Three-dimensional simultaneous strain-volume analysis describes left ventricular remodelling and its progression: a pilot study.

AIMS: Three-dimensional (3D)-echocardiography speckle imaging allows the evaluation of frame-by-frame strain and volume changes simultaneously. The aim of the present investigation was to describe the strain-volume combined assessment in different patterns of cardiac remodelling. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty patients received a 3D acquisition. Patients were classified as follows: healthy subjects (CNT), previous AMI, and normal ejection fraction (EF; group A); ischaemic cardiomyopathy with reduced EF (group B); hypertrophic/infiltrative cardiomyopathy (group C). Values of 3D strain were plotted vs. volume for each frame to build a strain-volume curve for each case. Peak of radial, longitudinal, and circumferential systolic strain (Rεp, Lεp, and Cεp, respectively), slopes of the curves (RεSl, LεSl, CεSl), and strain to end-diastolic volume (EDV) ratio (Rε/V, Lε/V, Cε/V) were computed for the analysis. Strain-volume curves of the CNT group were steep and clustered, whereas, due to progressive dilatation and reduction of strains, progressive flattening could be demonstrated in groups A and B. Quantitative data supported visual assessment with progressive lower slopes (P< 0.05 for RεSl, CεSl, P= 0.06 for LεSl) and significantly lower ratios (P< 0.01 for Rε/V, Lε/V, and Cε/V). Group C showed an opposite behaviour with slopes and ratios close to those of normal subjects. Correlation coefficients between EDV and slopes of the curves were significant for all the directions of strain (CεSl: r = 0.891; RєSl: r = 0.704; LєSl: r = 0.833; P< 0.0001 for all). CONCLUSION: We measured left ventricular volumes and strain by 3D-echo and obtained strain-volume curve to evaluate their behaviour in remodelling. A distinctive and progressive pattern consistent with pathophysiology was observed. The analysis here shown could represent a new non-invasive method to assess myocardial mechanics and its relationship with volumes.

[Right ventricular involvement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A case report and brief review of the literature]. / Coinvolgimento del ventricolo destro nella cardiomiopatia ipertrofica. Presentazione di un caso clinico e breve revisione della letteratura.

A clinical case of non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with involvement of the right ventricle is reported. The patient was a 42-year-old male with symptoms suggesting an effort angina of recent onset. The diagnosis was established by echocardiography, which showed asymmetric hypertrophy of the interventricular septum (20 mm), hypertrophy of the right ventricular free wall, and severe hypertrophy of the septal papillary muscle of the tricuspid valve. The patient underwent a complete diagnostic evaluation, including exercise stress test, Holter monitoring, magnetic resonance, myocardial tomoscintigraphy and complete hemodynamic assessment. Medical treatment with atenolol 50 mg day was started; at 1-year follow-up the patient's clinical conditions are good, with decrease of anginal episodes. The literature review elicits the paucity of information about this condition, despite a frequent involvement of both ventricles in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. The case reported shows two atypical aspects: a) the involvement of the right ventricle in non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is anecdotal; b) this pattern of hypertrophy (right ventricular free wall/septal papillary muscle) has never been previously reported. Right ventricular involvement in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy must be carefully investigated, because it may be more frequent than conventionally deemed.