Recent development of electrodes construction for HER in electrocatalytic water splitting.

Production of hydrogen (H2) fuel by using hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) through electrocatalysis of water splitting is inexpensive, has optimal performance, and has remarkable stability. The other key factor for innovation of good electrocatalysts with excellent stability and high efficiency is significant and still challenging from past decades for practical applications of HER. Hydrogen generation arises on the HER electrode due to the release of bubbles, proton diffusion, and the transfer of electrons. These considerations should be mindful of the construction and development of the electrode. This review offers a synopsis of recent advancements in various electrodes used for electrocatalysts as a base, such as nickel foam, titanium foil, copper foam, carbon foam, and others, also discusses their HER catalytic activity, with a priority on the release of bubbles, diffusion of ions, the structure of the electrode, and the formulation and preparation process. In conclusion, we provide an overview of ideas to further improve and address the significant issues in the manufacture of HER electrodes.

Recent Advances in Non-Ti MXenes: Synthesis, Properties, and Novel Applications.

One of the most fascinating 2D nanomaterials (NMs) ever found is various members of MXene family. Among them, the titanium-based MXenes, with more than 70% of publication-related investigations, are comparatively well studied, producing fundamental foundation for the 2D MXene family members with flexible properties, familiar with a variety of advanced novel technological applications. Nonetheless, there are still more candidates among transitional metals (TMs) that can function as MXene NMs in ways that go well beyond those that are now recognized. Systematized details of the preparations, characteristics, limitations, significant discoveries, and uses of the novel M-based MXenes (M-MXenes), where M stands for non-Ti TMs (M = Sc, V, Cr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W, and Lu), are given. The exceptional qualities of the 2D non-Ti MXene outperform standard Ti-MXene in several applications. There is many advancement in top-down as well as bottom-up production of MXenes family members, which allows for exact control of the M-characteristics MXene NMs to contain cutting-edge applications. This study offers a systematic evaluation of existing research, covering everything in producing complex M-MXenes from primary limitations to the characterization and selection of their applications in accordance with their novel features. The development of double metal combinations, extension of additional metal candidates beyond group-(III-VI)B family, and subsequent development of the 2D TM carbide/TMs nitride/TM carbonitrides to 2D metal boride family are also included in this overview. The possibilities and further recommendations for the way of non-Ti MXene NMs are in the synthesis of NMs will discuss in detail in this critical evaluation.

Development and characterization of pH-responsive Delonix regia/mucin co-poly (acrylate) hydrogel for controlled drug delivery of metformin HCl.

This study introduces a pH-responsive hydrogel developed from Delonix regia and mucin co-poly(acrylate) through free radical polymerization to enhance controlled drug delivery systems. Characterization using FTIR, DSC, TGA, SEM, PXRD, and EDX spectroscopy detailed the hydrogel's amorphous and crystalline structures, thermal stability, surface characteristics, and elemental composition. Tested at a pH of 7.4-mimicking intestinal conditions-the hydrogel demonstrated significant swelling, indicating its capability for targeted drug release. With Metformin HCl as a model drug, the hydrogel exhibited a promising sustained release profile, underscoring its potential for oral administration. Safety and biocompatibility were assessed through acute oral toxicity studies in albino rabbits, encompassing biochemical, hematological, and histopathological evaluations. X-ray imaging confirmed the hydrogel's navigability through the gastrointestinal tract, affirming its application in drug delivery. By potentially mitigating gastrointestinal side effects, enhancing patient compliance, and improving therapeutic efficacy, this Delonix regia/mucin co-poly(acrylate) hydrogel represents a step in pharmaceutical sciences, exploring innovative materials and methodologies for drug delivery.

Sustained release delivery of favipiravir through statistically optimized, chemically cross-linked, pH-sensitive, swellable hydrogel.

In the current work, favipiravir (an antiviral drug) loaded pH-responsive polymeric hydrogels were developed by the free redical polymerization technique. Box-Behnken design method via Design Expert version 11 was employed to furnish the composition of all hydrogel formulations. Here, polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been utilized as a polymer, acrylic acid (AA) as a monomer, and potassium persulfate (KPS) and methylene-bisacrylamide (MBA) as initiator and cross-linker, respectively. All networks were evaluated for in-vitro drug release (%), sol-gel fraction (%), swelling studies (%), porosity (%), percentage entrapment efficiency, and chemical compatibilities. According to findings, the swelling was pH sensitive and was shown to be greatest at a pH of 6.8 (2500%). The optimum gel fraction offered was 97.8%. A sufficient porosity allows the hydrogel to load a substantial amount of favipiravir despite its hydrophobic behavior. Hydrogels exhibited maximum entrapment efficiency of favipiravir upto 98%. The in-vitro release studies of drug-formulated hydrogel revealed that the drug release from hydrogel was between 85 to 110% within 24 h. Drug-release kinetic results showed that the Korsmeyer Peppas model was followed by most of the developed formulations based on the R2 value. In conclusion, the hydrogel-based technology proved to be an excellent option for creating the sustained-release dosage form of the antiviral drug favipiravir.

Development and evaluation of a pH-responsive Mimosa pudica seed mucilage/ß- cyclodextrin-co-poly(methacrylate) hydrogel for controlled drug delivery: In vitro and in vivo assessment.

In this comprehensive investigation, a novel pH-responsive hydrogel system comprising mimosa seed mucilage (MSM), ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD), and methacrylic acid (MAA) was developed via free radical polymerization technique to promote controlled drug delivery. The hydrogel synthesis involved strategic variations in polymer, monomer, and crosslinker content in fine-tuning its drug-release properties. The resultant hydrogel exhibited remarkable pH sensitivity, selectively liberating the model drug (Capecitabine = CAP) under basic conditions while significantly reducing release in an acidic environment. Morphological, thermal, and structural analyses proved that CAP has a porous texture, high stability, and an amorphous nature. In vitro drug release experiments showcased a sustained and controlled release profile. Optimum release (85.33 %) results were recorded over 24 h at pH 7.4 in the case of MMB9. Pharmacokinetic evaluation in healthy male rabbits confirmed bioavailability enhancement and sustained release capabilities. Furthermore, rigorous toxicity evaluations and histopathological analyses ensured the safety and biocompatibility of the hydrogel. This pH-triggered drug delivery system can be a promising carrier system for drugs involving frequent administrations.

CO2-Free Ethylene Oxide Production via Liquid-Phase Epoxidation with Fe2O3/MSM Catalyst.

In this study, we present an approach for ethylene oxide (EO) production that addresses environmental concerns by eliminating greenhouse gas emissions. Our catalyst, Fe2O3/MSM, was synthesized using a hydrothermal method, incorporating Fe2O3 nanoparticles into a well-structured mesoporous silica matrix (MSM). We selected peracetic acid as the oxidant, enabling CO2-free EO production while yielding valuable by-products such as acetic acid, monoethylene glycol, and diethylene glycol. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X- ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses confirmed the heteroatom structure of the catalysts and porosity, while Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis provided insights into its morphology. Then, the synthesized catalyst was used in the liquid-phase epoxidation of ethylene for EO production. Our systematic experiments involved varying critical parameters such as temperature, ethylene to oxidant ratio, catalyst dosage, and solvent to optimize EO selectivity and ethylene conversion. The results of this study demonstrated an 80.2 % ethylene conversion to EO with an EO selectivity of 87.6 %. The production process yielded valuable by-products without CO2 emissions, highlighting its environmental friendliness.

Preparation, In Vitro Characterization, and Evaluation of Polymeric pH-Responsive Hydrogels for Controlled Drug Release.

The purpose of the current research is to formulate a smart drug delivery system for solubility enhancement and sustained release of hydrophobic drugs. Drug solubility-related challenges constitute a significant concern for formulation scientists. To address this issue, a recent study focused on developing PEG-g-poly(MAA) copolymeric nanogels to enhance the solubility of olmesartan, a poorly soluble drug. The researchers employed a free radical polymerization technique to formulate these nanogels. Nine formulations were formulated. The newly formulated nanogels underwent comprehensive tests, including physicochemical assessments, dissolution studies, solubility evaluations, toxicity investigations, and stability examinations. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) investigations confirmed the successful encapsulation of olmesartan within the nanogels, while thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies verified their thermal stability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed the presence of pores on the surface of the nanogels, facilitating water penetration and promoting rapid drug release. Moreover, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) studies indicated that the prepared nanogels exhibited an amorphous structure. The nanogel carrier system led to a significant enhancement in olmesartan's solubility, achieving a remarkable 12.3-fold increase at pH 1.2 and 13.29-fold rise in phosphate buffer of pH 6.8 (NGP3). Significant swelling was observed at pH 6.8 compared to pH 1.2. Moreover, the formulated nexus is nontoxic and biocompatible and depicts considerable potential for delivery of drugs and protein as well as heat-sensitive active moieties.

Correction: Development of a chromium oxide loaded mesoporous silica as an efficient catalyst for carbon dioxide-free production of ethylene oxide.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/D3RA05858A.].

Protein-polysaccharide based double network microbeads improves stability of Bifidobacterium infantis ATCC 15697 in a gastro-Intestinal tract model (TIM-1).

Microencapsulation of probiotics is a main technique employed to improve cell survival in gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The present study investigated the impact of utilizing proteins i.e. Whey Protein Isolates (WPI), Pea Protein Isolates (PPI) or (WPI + PPI) complex based microbeads as encapsulating agents on the encapsulation efficiency (EE), diameter, morphology along with the survival and viability of Bifidobacterium infantis ATCC 15697. Results revealed that WPI + PPI combination had the highest EE% of the probiotics up to 94.09 % and the smoothest surface with less visible holes. WPI based beads revealed lower EE% and smaller size than PPI based ones. In addition, WPI based beads showed rough surface with visible signs of cracks, while PPI beads showed dense surfaces with pores and depressions. In contrast, the combination of the two proteins resulted in compact and smooth beads with less visible pores/wrinkles. The survival in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) was observed through TNO in-vitro gastrointestinal model (TIM-1) and results illustrated that all microbeads shrank in gastric phase while swelled in intestinal phase. In addition, in-vitro survival rate of free cells was very low in gastric phase (18.2 %) and intestinal phase (27.5 %). The free cells lost their viability after 28 days of storage (2.66 CFU/mL) with a maximum log reduction of 6.76, while all the encapsulated probiotic showed more than 106-7 log CFU/g viable cell. It was concluded that encapsulation improved the viability of probiotics in GIT and utilization of WPI + PPI in combination provided better protection to probiotics.

Zinc-Bromine Batteries: Challenges, Prospective Solutions, and Future.

Zinc-bromine batteries (ZBBs) have recently gained significant attention as inexpensive and safer alternatives to potentially flammable lithium-ion batteries. Zn metal is relatively stable in aqueous electrolytes, making ZBBs safer and easier to handle. However, Zn metal anodes are still affected by several issues, including dendrite growth, Zn dissolution, and the crossover of Br species from cathodes to corrode anodes, resulting in self-discharge and fast performance fading. Similarly, Br2 undergoes sluggish redox reactions on cathodes, which brings several issues such as poor reaction kinetics, the highly corrosive nature of Br species leading to corrosion of separators and poisoning of anodes, and the volatile nature of Br species causing increased internal pressures, etc. These issues are compounded in flowless ZBB configuration as no fresh electrolyte is available to provide extra/fresh reaction species. In this review, the factors controlling the performance of ZBBs in flow and flowless configurations are thoroughly reviewed, along with the status of ZBBs in the commercial sector. The review also summarizes various novel methodologies to mitigate these challenges and presents research areas for future studies. In summary, this review will offer a perspective on the historical evolution, recent advancements, and prospects of ZBBs.

Chitosan-based intelligent polymeric networks for site-specific colon medication delivery: A comprehensive study on controlled release of diloxanide furoate and network formation dynamics.

Oral medications are prone to gastric degradation and enzymatic inactivation, diminishing their efficacy. This study investigates a solution by developing intelligent polymeric networks, incorporating chitosan, methacrylic acid, N, N, methylene bisacrylamide, and montmorillonite clay, to enable the controlled release of Diloxanide Furoate (DF), an anti-protozoal drug. Employing a swelling-assisted diffusion technique, drug loading percentages varied from 63.96 % to 76.82 % among different formulations. Increased chitosan and methacrylic acid content enhanced drug loading, while N, N, methylene bisacrylamide and montmorillonite clay demonstrated an inverse relationship affecting diffusion and swelling. Equilibrium swelling studies unveiled formulation-dependent behaviors, with chitosan reducing swelling and methacrylic acid promoting it. Higher N, N, methylene bisacrylamide concentrations decreased swelling, indicating a denser cross-linked structure, while montmorillonite clay reduced hydrophilicity and swelling capacity. Further analyses confirmed successful gel formation, particularly in formulations with higher chitosan, methacrylic acid, and N, N, methylene bisacrylamide content, while montmorillonite clay limited gel fraction due to restricted polymer chain mobility. Techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry, and thermal gravimetric analyses supported network development, enhancing thermal stability and cross-linking density. This research underscores the flexibility of polymeric networks for precise drug delivery, offering potential advancements in targeted therapies for various medical conditions.

First principles investigation of halide based Rb2NaGaZ6 (Z = Br, I) double perovskites for energy harvesting applications.

Extensive investigations have been conducted on the thermoelectric and optoelectronic characteristics of double perovskite compounds using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) approach. Here we investigated Rb2NaGaZ6 (Z = Br, I) to explore its band structure, and electronic, optical and transport properties. Born's stability criteria have confirmed the mechanical stability of these compounds. Analysis of the elastic properties reveals their ductile nature, as indicated by a Poisson coefficient (υ) greater than 0.26 and a Pugh ratio exceeding 1.75 for Rb2NaGaZ6 (Z = Br, I). Computation of the bandgap values shows that both compositions possess a direct bandgap nature, with respective values of 2.90 eV and 1.25 eV. This suggests that substituting Br with I brings the band edges closer together, resulting in a decrease in the bandgap value. The optical properties are assessed based on the absorption coefficient, reflectivity, and dielectric constants. The thermoelectric properties, including thermal and electrical conductivities, power factor (PF), and figure of merit (ZT), are determined using the BoltzTrap code. The ZT values indicate that both compositions exhibit promising potential for various transportation applications.

Sarcopenia is a risk factor for post-transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt hepatic encephalopathy and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is a commonly performed procedure in patients with liver cirrhosis to treat portal hypertension-related conditions, including variceal bleeding and refractory ascites. However, while the increased risk of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) after TIPS is important to consider when determining whether a patient is a good candidate for TIPS, currently there is no widely used method to predict the development of post-TIPS HE, although the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score is used to predict post-TIPS mortality. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate sarcopenia as a risk factor for HE and mortality in patients undergoing TIPS. METHODS: A comprehensive search strategy was used to identify reports of post-TIPS HE and mortality in sarcopenia vs. non-sarcopenia patients with liver cirrhosis who received TIPS in March 2023. Open Meta Analyst was used to compute the results. RESULTS: Twelve studies with 2056 patients met inclusion criteria and were included in the final meta-analysis. Sarcopenia was associated with a significantly higher post-TIPS HE rate than non-sarcopenia (risk ratio [RR]: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.48-1.92, p < 0.00001, I2 = 65%), as well as a significantly higher post-TIPS mortality rate (RR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.14-2.64, p < 0.00001, I2 = 87%). CONCLUSION: Patients with sarcopenia have a significantly increased risk of post-TIPS HE and mortality. Presence of sarcopenia should be considered when weighing the risks and benefits of performing TIPS in patients with cirrhosis. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical utility of important risk factors such as sarcopenia on post-TIPS outcomes.

Development of a chromium oxide loaded mesoporous silica as an efficient catalyst for carbon dioxide-free production of ethylene oxide.

Ethylene oxide (EO) is a significant raw material used in many commodities for consumers, particularly ethoxylates, polymers, and certain other glycol derivatives. We synthesized a catalyst by incorporation of chromium oxide into a mesoporous silica material (Cr/MSM) via the hydrothermal method, an effective catalyst for partial ethylene oxidation for producing carbon dioxide (CO2) free EO. Subsequently, XRD, BET, XPS, and TEM were used to analyse the structural characteristics of the Cr/MSM catalyst. The catalytic performance of the synthesized catalyst was assessed in the liquid-phase epoxidation (LPE) of ethylene, utilizing peracetic acid (PAA) as an oxidant. This approach not only circumvented the generation of CO2 but also mitigated the risk of metal leaching. Confirmation of the successful production of EO was achieved through GC chromatography, where the presence of a peak with a retention time (RT) of 8.91 minutes served as conclusive evidence. We systematically explored a range of reaction parameters, including temperature, catalyst concentration, the molar ratio of ethylene to PAA, and solvent effect. This comprehensive investigation aimed to fine-tune the reaction conditions, ultimately improving ethylene conversion and enhancing the selectivity of the catalyst for EO production. This approach can effectively resolve the issues of greenhouse gas emissions and metal leaching that had been associated with previously reported catalysts.

Statistically Optimized Polymeric Buccal Films of Eletriptan Hydrobromide and Itopride Hydrochloride: An In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Study.

A migraine is a condition of severe headaches, causing a disturbance in the daily life of the patient. The current studies were designed to develop immediate-release polymeric buccal films of Eletriptan Hydrobromide (EHBR) and Itopride Hydrochloride (ITHC) to improve their bioavailability and, hence, improve compliance with the patients of migraines and its associated symptoms. The prepared films were evaluated for various in vitro parameters, including surface morphology, mechanical strength, disintegration test (DT), total dissolving time (TDT), drug release and drug permeation, etc., and in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters, such as area under curve (AUC), mean residence time (MRT), half-life (t1/2), time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax), and time to reach maximum concentration (Cmax). The outcomes have indicated the successful preparation of the films, as SEM has confirmed the smooth surface and uniform distribution of drugs throughout the polymer matrix. The films were found to be mechanically stable as indicated by folding endurance studies. Furthermore, the optimized formulations showed a DT of 13 ± 1 s and TDT of 42.6 ± 0.75 s, indicating prompt disintegration as well as the dissolution of the films. Albino rabbits were used for in vivo pharmacokinetics, and the outcomes were evident of improved pharmacokinetics. The drug was found to rapidly permeate across the buccal mucosa, leading to increased bioavailability of the drug: Cmax of 130 and 119 ng/mL of ITHC and EHBR, respectively, as compared to 96 (ITHC) and 90 ng/mL (EHBR) of oral solution. The conclusion can be drawn that possible reasons for the enhanced bioavailability could be the increased surface area in the form of buccal films, its rapid disintegration, and faster dissolution, which led toward the rapid absorption of the drug into the blood stream.

Fast dissolving microneedle patch for pronounced systemic delivery of an antihyperlipidemic drug.

Fast dissolving microneedles (F-dMN) are quite a novel approach delivering specific drug molecules directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the first-pass effect. The present study reported an F-dMN patch to enhance systemic delivery of simvastatin in a patient-friendly manner. The F-dMN patch was developed using polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyvinyl alcohol and characterized using light microscopy, SEM, XRD, FTIR, mechanical strength, drug content (%), an ex-vivo penetration study, an ex-vivo drug release study, a skin irritation test, and a pharmacokinetics study. The optimized F-dMN patch exhibited excellent elongation of 35.17%, good tensile strength of 9.68 MPa, an appropriate moisture content of 5.65%, and good penetrability up to 560 µm. Moreover, it showed 93.4% of the drug content within the needles and 81.75% in-vitro release. Histopathological findings and a skin irritation study proved that the F-dMN patch was biocompatible and did not cause any sort of irritation on animal skin. Pharmacokinetic parameters of F-dMN patches were improved (Cmax 6.974 µg/ml, tmax 1 hr and AUC 19. 518 µg.h/ml) as compared to tablet Simva 20 mg solution (Cmax 2.485 µg/ml, tmax 1.4 hr and AUC 11.199 µg.h/ml), thus confirming bioavailability enhancement. Moreover, stability studies confirmed the stability of the developed F-dMN patch, as investigated by axial needle fracture force and drug content.

Optimized Crystal Framework by Asymmetric Core Isomerization in Selenium-Substituted Acceptor for Efficient Binary Organic Solar Cells.

Both the regional isomerization and selenium-substitution of the small molecular acceptors (SMAs) play significant roles in developing efficient organic solar cells (OSCs), while their synergistic effects remain elusive. Herein, we developed three isomeric SMAs (S-CSeF, A-ISeF, and A-OSeF) via subtly manipulating the mono-selenium substituted position (central, inner, or outer) and type of heteroaromatic ring on the central core by synergistic strategies for efficient OSCs, respectively. Crystallography of asymmetric A-OSeF presents a closer intermolecular π-π stacking and more ordered 3-dimensional network packing and efficient charge-hopping pathways. With the successive out-shift of the mono-selenium substituted position, the neat films give a slightly wider band gap and gradually higher crystallinity and electron mobility. The PM1 : A-OSeF afford favourable fibrous phase separation morphology with more ordered molecular packing and efficient charge transportation compared to the other two counterparts. Consequently, the A-OSeF-based devices achieve a champion efficiency of 18.5 %, which represents the record value for the reported selenium-containing SMAs in binary OSCs. Our developed precise molecular engineering of the position and type of selenium-based heteroaromatic ring of SMAs provides a promising synergistic approach to optimizing crystal stacking and boosting top-ranked selenium-containing SMAs-based OSCs.

Significance of heat transfer rate in water-based nanoparticles with magnetic and shape factors effects: Tiwari and Das model.

Nanofluids are implementable in a variety of applications, such as heat exchangers, the healthcare sector, the cooling of various devices, hybrid-powered machines, microelectronics, power plants, chemical processes, astronomical technology, cancer treatment, etc. Nanofluids also have enhanced heat transmission and thermal efficiency. The heat radiation of nanoparticles and the natural-convective flow of electrically conducting nanofluids over the rotating disk using Darcy Forchheimer's porous media, thermal radiation is investigated in this paper. The nanoparticles titanium dioxide and single-walled carbon nanotubes are taken into account with base fluid water. The main goal of this investigation is to enhance heat transfer in nanofluids. The mathematical solution for the model has been obtained through the utilization of cylindrical coordinates. The flow model, which forms the basis of the investigation, is constructed around partial differential equations (PDEs). To address the inherent nonlinearity of these PDEs, physical similarities are employed to transform them into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Subsequently, the fourth-order Runge-Kutta technique is employed via Matlab to solve these ODEs. The graphical examination of the velocities and temperature with various parameters is an exquisite display of scientific artistry. The magnetic field component is anticipated to exhibit an inverse correlation with velocities, while the temperature profile is expected to surge with the rise of the nonlinear mixed convection parameter. Additionally, the skin friction and Nusselt number are meticulously computed and presented in a tabular format, adding a touch of elegance to the already breathtaking analysis. By boosting the radiation parameter, the Nusselt value declined. Moreover, it is observed that the nanofluids having a laminar nanoparticle shape have a greater heat transfer rate.