36-Month Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluation of Preheated and Room Temperature Resin Composite.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effect of preheating resin composites (RCs) on the clinical performance of class I restorations during a 36-month period using a split-mouth, double-blinded randomized design. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 35 patients were selected. Every patient received one pair of class I nanofilled resin composite (RC, Filtek Z350 XT) posterior restorations (n=70). One side of the mouth received preheated composites; on the other side, the composite was placed in a nonheated state following the manufacturer's instructions. These restorations were evaluated at 1-week (baseline), 12-months, 24-months, and 36-months using the FDI World Dental Federation criteria. The statistical analyses were also performed using the Wilcoxon and Friedman tests with the level of significance set at 0.05. RESULTS: After 36 months, 33 patients attended the recall visits, and 66 restorations were evaluated. The Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests revealed insignificant differences between both groups (p>0.05) for all FDI parameters. However, a significant difference was detected for staining as a criterion at 36 months (p=0.01). Moreover, a significant difference in the staining was detected when the baseline and 36 months were compared in the nonheated RC group (p=0.001). For esthetic, functional, and biological properties, the nonheated composite exhibited 93.9%, 100%, and 100% of the clinically accepted scores, respectively, and the preheated group presented 100% for all properties. Four restorations had postoperative sensitivity at baseline for nonheated (11.4%) and five for preheated (14.2%), but the postoperative sensitivity scores were considered highly acceptable at 12-, 24-, and 36-months. CONCLUSIONS: After 36 months, preheated nanofilled RCs showed an acceptable clinical performance similar to that of the nonheated ones in class I restorations, but with better resistance to marginal staining.

Effect of CPP-ACP modified-GIC on prevention of demineralization in comparison to other fluoride-containing restorative materials.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the ability of a CPP-ACP-modified Glass-ionomer cement (GIC) to inhibit demineralization around the margins of cervical cavities in natural teeth in comparison with a Giomer and conventional GIC with and without coating. METHODS: Thirty-two sound human molars were used. Box-shaped cavities were prepared along the CEJ. Teeth were randomly divided into four groups and restored with Equia Forte Fil, Coated Equia Forte Fil, Fuji VII EP or Beautifil II. Teeth were subjected to pH cycling. Micromorphological and elemental analyses were done using SEM and EDX. Polarized light microscope analysis and microhardness tests were also performed. RESULTS: Microhardness tests on enamel showed a significant difference between the coated Equia group, Equia and Beautifil II groups (P < 0.05). Dentine results showed significant differences between the coated Equia group and all other groups (P < 0.05). Elemental analysis showed significant differences in calcium weight percentage among the first and second observation levels in all groups (P < 0.05). A significant difference was found between the coated Equia group and the other three groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: All tested materials showed some ability to resist demineralization at the restoration margins. The coated GIC restoration showed better outcomes compared with the other tested materials.

The Future of Neurocritical Care Research: Proceedings and Recommendations from the Fifth Neurocritical Care Research Network Conference.

The Fifth Neurocritical Care Research Network (NCRN) Conference held in Boca Raton, Florida, in September of 2018 was devoted to challenging the current status quo and examining the role of the Neurocritical Care Society (NCS) in driving the science and research of neurocritical care. The aim of this in-person meeting was to set the agenda for the NCS's Neurocritical Care Research Central, which is the overall research arm of the society. Prior to the meeting, all 103 participants received educational content (book and seminar) on the 'Blue Ocean Strategy®,' a concept from the business world which aims to identify undiscovered and uncontested market space, and to brainstorm innovative ideas and methods with which to address current challenges in neurocritical care research. Three five-member working groups met at least four times by teleconference prior to the in-person meeting to prepare answers to a set of questions using the Blue Ocean Strategy concept as a platform. At the Fifth NCRN Conference, these groups presented to a five-member jury and all attendees for open discussion. The jury then developed a set of recommendations for NCS to consider in order to move neurocritical care research forward. We have summarized the topics discussed at the conference and put forward recommendations for the future direction of the NCRN and neurocritical care research in general.

Clinical performance of ormocer, nanofilled, and nanoceramic resin composites in Class I and Class II restorations: a three-year evaluation.

PURPOSE: This prospective long-term clinical trial evaluated and compared the three-year clinical performance of an ormocer, a nanofilled, and a nanoceramic resin composite with that of a microhybrid composite placed in Class I and Class II cavities. METHODS: Forty patients, each with four Class I and II restorations under occlusion, were enrolled in this study. A total of 160 restorations were placed, 25% for each material, as follows: an ormocer-based composite, Admira; a nanofilled resin composite, Filtek Supreme XT; a nanoceramic resin composite, Ceram X; and a microhybrid resin composite, Tetric Ceram. A single operator placed all restorations according to the manufacturers' instructions. Immediately after placement the restorations were finished/polished. Clinical evaluation was performed at baseline and at yearly intervals after placement by two other independent examiners using modified US Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. The changes in the USPHS parameters during the three-year period were analyzed with the Friedman test. Comparison of the baseline scores with those at the recall visits was made using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: All materials showed only minor changes, and no differences were detected between their performance at baseline and after three years. Only two ormocer, one nanofilled, and one microhybrid restorations in molars failed because of loss of retention. Regarding the clinical performance, there were no statistically significant differences among the materials used (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The ormocer, nanofilled, and nanoceramic composites provided acceptable clinical performance over a three-year period.

Retentiveness of metal coping luted to teeth of uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis using five different luting cements.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the retention of metal copings luted to uremic teeth with five different luting agents. METHODS: A total of 35 sound natural molars was collected from uremic patients and randomly assigned into five groups (n=7). The teeth were prepared for metal copings using diamond tips and water coolant. Metal copings with a loop on the occlusal surface were fabricated using base metal alloy (Rexillium III). The copings were luted using Fuji I, glass ionomer (GI); Fuji Plus, resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI); Panavia F 2.0, resin cement; Rely X Unicem, self-adhesive cement (SA); and Adhesor, zinc phosphate cement (ZPh). All specimens were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, conditioned in artificial saliva for 7 days, and then thermocycled for 5000 cycles (5°C-55°C). The dislodging force was measured using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. The mode of failure of the loaded adhesive copings was evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test. RESULTS: GI and SA cements had the highest and the lowest mean retentive strength, respectively (580.90±17.3, 406.6±12.7). There was no significant difference between ZPh, SA, and resin cements. These cements were inferior to GI and RMGI cements (p<0.05), which showed statistically similar retentive strengths. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study support the use of glass ionomer and resin-modified glass ionomer cements for luting of metal copings to uremic teeth with retentive preparations.

Preparation of C-(2-deoxyhex/pent-1-enopyranosyl)heterocycles.

Acetylated 1-cyanoglycals (2,6-anhydro-3-deoxyhept/hex-2-enononitriles) were prepared by direct elimination of acetic acid from the appropriate acetylated 2,6-anhydrohept/hexononitriles with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) in aprotic solvents. Heterocyclisation of the cyano group of acetylated 1-cyano-D-galactal with 2-aminothiophenol led to 2-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-D-lyxo-hex-1-enopyranosyl)benz othiazole. Several 2-(per-O-acetylhexo/pentopyranosyl)benzothiazoles also gave 2-(per-O-acetyl-2-deoxyhex/pent-1-enopyranosyl)benzothiazole s with DBU. 3-(Per-O-acetylhexo/pentopyranosyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a] pyrimidines rearranged with DBU to the corresponding acetylated 2-glycosyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. By the reaction of 1-cyano-D-galactal with ammonium azide, 2-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-D-lyxo-hex-1-enopyranosyl)tetr azole was prepared and then transformed with carboxylic acid derivatives into 2-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-D-lyxo-hex-1-enopyranosyl)-5-s ubstituted-1,3,4- oxadiazoles.

Inheritance and mapping of isoenzymes in pea (Pisum sativum L.).

Three isoenzyme systems (amylase, esterase and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase) were examined in seeds of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and shown to give clear variation in their band patterns on gel electrophoresis between different lines. The inheritance of these isoenzyme systems, and the location of their genes on the pea genome was investigated. Reciprocal crosses were made between lines, F2 seeds were analysed for segregation in the band patterns of the isoenzymes, and F2 plants were investigated to find linkage between the genes for these isoenzymes and genes for selected morphological markers. The results obtained showed that each of the investigated isoenzyme systems is genetically controlled by co-dominant alleles at a single locus. The gene for amylase was found to be on chromosome 2, linked to the loci k and wb (wb ... 9 ... k ... 25 ... Amy). The gene for esterase was found to be linked with the gene Br (chromosome 4) but the exact location is uncertain because of the lack of the morphological markers involved in the cross. The gene for glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase was found to be on chromosome 1 and linked with the loci a and d (a... 24... Got... 41 ... d).