Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity and variable hopping range mechanism on graphene oxide films.

The rapid development of optoelectronic applications for optical-to-electrical conversion has increased the interest in graphene oxide material. Here, graphene oxide films (GOF) were used as source material in an infrared photodetector configuration and the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity was studied. GOF were prepared by the double-thermal decomposition (DTD) method at 973 K, with a fixed carbonization temperature, in a pyrolysis system, under a controlled nitrogen atmosphere, over quartz substrates. Graphene oxide films were mechanically supported in a photodetector configuration on Bakelite substrates and electrically contacted with copper wires and high-purity silver paint. Morphological images from the GOF's surface were taken employing a scanning electron microscope and observed a homogeneous surface which favored the electrical contacts deposition. Vibrational characteristics were studied employing Raman spectroscopy and determined the typical graphene oxide bands. GOF were used to discuss the effect of temperature on the film's electrical conductivity. Current-voltage (I-V) curves were taken for several temperatures varying from 20 to 300 K and the electrical resistance values were obtained from 142.86 to 2.14 kΩ. The GOF electrical conductivity and bandgap energy (Eg) were calculated, and it was found that when increasing temperature, the electrical conductivity increased from 30.33 to 2023.97 S/m, similar to a semiconductor material, and Eg shows a nonlinear change from 0.33 to 0.12 eV, with the increasing temperature. Conduction mechanism was described mainly by three-dimensional variable range hopping (3D VRH). Additionally, measurements of voltage and electrical resistance, as a function of wavelength were considered, for a spectral range between 1300 and 3000 nm. It was evidenced that as the wavelength becomes longer, a greater number of free electrons are generated, which contributes to the electrical current. The external quantum efficiency (EQE) was determined for this proposed photodetector prototype, obtaining a value of 40%, similar to those reported for commercial semiconductor photodetectors. This study provides a groundwork for further development of graphene oxide films with high conductivity in large-scale preparation.

Cost-Analysis of Subcutaneous vs Intravenous Administration of Natalizumab Based on Patient Care Pathway in Multiple Sclerosis in Spain.

INTRODUCTION: A subcutaneous (SC) formulation of natalizumab has been recently authorised for multiple sclerosis patients. This study aimed to assess the implications of the new SC formulation, and to compare the annual treatment costs of SC versus intravenous (IV) natalizumab therapy from both the Spanish healthcare system (direct health cost) and the patient (indirect cost) perspectives. METHODS: A patient care pathway map and a cost-minimisation analysis were developed to estimate SC and IV natalizumab annual costs over a 2-year time horizon. Considering the patient care pathway and according to natalizumab experience (IV) or estimation (SC), a national expert panel involving neurologists, pharmacists, and nurses provided information/data regarding resource consumption for drug and patient preparation, administration, and documentation. One hour of observation was applied to the first six (SC) or 12 (IV) doses, and 5 min for successive doses. The Day hospital (infusion suite) facilities at a reference hospital were considered for IV administrations and the first six SC injections. For successive SC injections, either a reference hospital or regional hospital in a consulting room was considered. Productivity time associated with travel (56 min to reference hospital, 24 min to regional hospital) and waiting time pre- and post-treatment (SC 15 min, IV 25 min) were assessed for patients and caregivers (accompanying 20% of SC and 35% of IV administrations). National salaries for healthcare professionals were used for cost estimation (€, year 2021). RESULTS: At years 1 and 2, total time and cost savings (excluding drug acquisition cost) per patient, driven by saving on administration and patient and caregiver productivity for SC at a reference hospital versus IV at a reference hospital, were 116 h (a reduction of 54.6%) and €3682.82 (a reduction of 66.2%). In the case of natalizumab SC at a regional hospital, the total time and cost saving were 129 h (a reduction of 60.6%) and €3883.47 (a reduction of 69.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Besides the potential benefits of convenient administration and improving work-life balance, as suggested by the expert panel, natalizumab SC was associated with cost savings for the healthcare system by avoiding drug preparation, reducing administration time, and freeing up infusion suite capacity. Additional cost savings could be derived with regional hospital administration of natalizumab SC by reducing productivity loss.

Gestación ectópica ovárica con diagnóstico en segundo trimestre de embarazo en paciente portadora de DIU / Ectopic ovarian pregnancy diagnosed in the second trimester of pregnancy in a patient with an IUD

La localización ovárica primaria es una forma poco frecuente de la gestación ectópica. Según la literatura, la presencia de un dispositivo intrauterino es su principal factor de riesgo. Su diagnóstico preoperatorio es difícil y suele confirmarse durante la cirugía o mediante el estudio histológico posterior. La mayoría de los embarazos ováricos terminan en el primer trimestre de la gestación, siendo excepcional que alcancen el segundo trimestre sin que se produzca su rotura, como ocurre en el caso clínico que describimos a continuación. Ante su diagnóstico de sospecha se recomienda tratamiento quirúrgico urgente para evitar la rotura del mismo.

Primary ovarian location is a rare form of ectopic pregnancy. According to the existing literature, the presence of an intrauterine device is its main risk factor. Its preoperative diagnosis is difficult and is usually confirmed during surgery or through subsequent histological study. Most ovarian pregnancies end in the first trimester of gestation. Those reaching the second trimester without rupture -as in the clinical case that we describe below- remain an exception. In the case of a suspected diagnosis, urgent surgical treatment is recommended to prevent rupture of the ovarian ectopic pregnancy.

Combination anti-coronavirus therapies based on nonlinear mathematical models.

Using nonlinear mathematical models and experimental data from laboratory and clinical studies, we have designed new combination therapies against COVID-19.

Hydrogeological features affecting spatial distribution of glyphosate and AMPA in groundwater and surface water in an agroecosystem. Córdoba, Argentina.

The study area is located in the eastern slope of Las Peñas Mountain and its adjacent oriental fluvio-aeolian-plain. Agriculture is the main activity (soybean, maize, wheat, peanuts and alfalfa) with no-tillage farming and intensive use of agrochemicals (pesticides-fertilizers). Glyphosate (N-phosphono-methylglycine) is the most common used herbicide which suffers microbial biodegradation giving aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), its main metabolite. The objective of this work is to evaluate hydrogeological features which influence the presence of glyphosate and AMPA in waters. In the study area, the main flow direction of surface and groundwater is NW-SE. The unsaturated zone thickness decreases in the same direction from 60 to 0 m, so groundwater surges in low areas in the eastern sector. From the total water samples collected, glyphosate was detected in 66% of surface water samples (0.2 to 167.4 µg/L), in 15.8% of the groundwater samples (1.3 to 2 µg/L) and in the harvested precipitation sample (0.2 µg/L). AMPA was found in 33% of surface water and 15.8% of groundwater. The herbicide detection was related to areas with the shallowest water table (< 4 m), low hydraulic conductivity in the aquifer (K = 1.5 m/d), low hydraulic gradient (i = 0.16%) and very low flow velocity (0.02 m/d). The most outstanding result is that the groundwater presents higher values in comparison with the surface water samples, which can be explained by the greater dilution capacity of streams. The detection of glyphosate and AMPA in the unconfined aquifer shows that the application for decades under the prevailing agricultural model exceeds the degradation potential of the soil and the unsaturated zone, causing groundwater contamination.

Dioctophyme renale in a domestic cat (Felis catus): Renal location and nephrectomy.

Dioctophymosis is caused by Dioctophyme renale, nematode with indirect life cycle. Its intermediate host is a freshwater oligochaete and its definitive host is a wild or household carnivore. The adult nematode develops in the definite host, generally locating itself in the kidney. This article was meant to describe the first nephrectomy performed in a domestic cat due to renal dioctophymosis in Argentina. The subject showed a non-specific appearance of generally feeling ill, hematuria and mild diarrhea. It was diagnosed through abdominal ultrasound, followed by exploratory celiotomy and nephrectomy. After verifying absence of free specimens, the right kidney was removed. This organ was found to be enlarged in a spheroidal manner in contrast to the left kidney, with significant thickening of the renal capsule, excessive congestion of vessels and adhesions involving the caudal vena cava. An adult nematode was removed from the right kidney and identified as Dioctophyme renale. Reports of feline dioctophymosis are scarce being most of them necropsy findings. In this we are presenting a confirmed case of D. renale removed by surgery from a live cat. The results presented here reinforces the fact that cats are also appropriate definitive hosts for this parasite.

Feasibility of a combined strategy of HPV vaccination and screening in Mexico: the FASTER-Tlalpan study experience.

There has been a noticeable shift in discussions about cervical cancer, moving from prevention to elimination. Interventions such as FASTER, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and HPV screening are innovative intervention strategies which can be utilized to begin a path to elimination. To explore the feasibility of the FASTER strategy, an evaluation was carried out in eight primary health-care centers within the Tlalpan Health-Jurisdiction of Mexico City between March 2017 and August 2018. A mixed methods approach was used to evaluate three components: infrastructure, patient acceptability, and health-care professionals' perceptions. This included checklists of requirements for the infrastructure rollout of FASTER and interviews with women and health-care professionals. Nearly all (93%) of the 3,474 women aged 25-45 years accepted HPV vaccination as part of a combined vaccination and screening program. The main reason for acceptance was prevention, while having doubts about the vaccine's benefits was the main reason for refusal. Most of the 24 health-care professionals had a positive opinion toward HPV vaccination and identified the need to increase dissemination, inform the population clearly and concisely and currently extend the age range for vaccination. The evaluation of eight primary health-care centers showed they had the necessary infrastructure for the development of a joint HPV prevention strategy, but many centers required improvements to become more efficient. Together these findings suggest that although HPV vaccine acceptance was high, there is the need to increase education and awareness among potential vaccine recipients and health-care professionals to implement the FASTER strategy.

Transcriptomic profile of two developmental stages of the cestode parasite Mesocestoides corti.

Cestode development involves complex morphological and physiological changes. Here, we performed a differential expression analysis of gene transcripts between two developmental stages of the model cestode Mesocestoides corti. A RNA-seq-based approach was used to compare the transcriptomes of the tetrathyridium (larval, TT) and strobilated worm (ST) stages of the parasite. We found 19,053 transcripts, from which ∼45% were complete matches to genes previously annotated in the available M. corti draft genome sequence, ∼24% were considered novel isoforms, and ∼24% were considered potential novel transcripts. Stage-specific transcripts were found for both TTs (66) and STs (136), along with shared transcripts significantly overrepresented in one stage (342 in TTs, and 559 in STs). Differential expression and Gene Ontology term enrichment analyzes provided evidence of upregulation of different sets of transcripts associated with 'cytoskeleton', 'metabolism' and 'oxidation-reduction' processes in each stage, suggesting functional involvement of the corresponding genes with stage-specific features. Transcripts and processes enriched in the TT reflect typical larval processes that occur with the parasite in the intermediate host, such as asexual reproduction and budding, as well as active migration from the peritoneum to the liver and vice versa. In STs, transcripts associated with 'development', 'cell growth', and 'morphogenesis' were enriched, along with processes related to sexual reproduction, represented by the upregulation of numerous transcription factors, protein kinases, and histones. Overall, our results contributed to significantly increase the knowledge on the M. corti gene repertoire and expression profile in two developmental stages. Functional implications for the biology of larval and adult cestode parasites and for host-parasite interactions are discussed.

Cohort study to evaluate efficacy, safety and acceptability of a two-rod contraceptive implant during third, fourth and fifth year of product use in China.

OBJECTIVE: Sino-implant (II) is a contraceptive implant approved for 4 years of use in China. We evaluated the contraceptive efficacy during the third, fourth and fifth year, and assessed additional pharmacokinetics (PK), safety, and acceptability endpoints. STUDY DESIGN: We enrolled a cohort of 255 current Sino-Implant (II) users entering their third year and a second cohort of 243 users entering their fourth year. We followed these two cohorts for 12 and 24 months, respectively. To characterize PK endpoints (i.e. levonorgestrel (LNG), sex hormone binding globulin and free LNG index) over 5 years, we collected blood samples in a subset of 50 participants we followed during the third, fourth and fifth year. We also enrolled small cohorts (n = 20) of Sino-implant (II) users entering their sixth month and second year and followed them each for up to 6 months. Our primary efficacy measures were the pregnancy Pearl Indices during Year 3 and 4. Secondary objectives included assessments of PK, safety, acceptability and efficacy in the fifth year. RESULTS: We recorded four pregnancies, with a higher pregnancy rate during Year 3 [1.34 (95% CI: 0.28-3.93)] than Year 4 [0.44 (95% CI: 0.01-2.47)] or Year 5 [0.00 (95% CI: 0.00-2.02)]. The overall pregnancy rate for the third, fourth and fifth years of product use was 0.63 per 100 WY; 95% CI: (0.17-1.62). Mean LNG concentrations remained well above 200 pg/mL (Year 3 = 280.9; Year 4 = 233.6; Year 5 = 270.6). Most participants (93.7%) described their bleeding pattern as acceptable. CONCLUSION: Sino-implant (II) is a highly effective contraceptive method in this population of Chinese women over 5 years. IMPLICATIONS: Sino-implant (II) is a highly effective contraceptive method with an estimated Pearl Index of less than 1% over the third, fourth and fifth years of use in a population of Chinese women of reproductive age.

Efecto del uso intraoperatorio de corticoides en dosis bajas en pacientes sometidos a resección hepática mayor con maniobra de Pringle / Effects of low dose corticosteroids in patients undergoing major hepatic resection with Pringle maneuver

Introducción: Las resecciones hepáticas mayores pueden presentar una alta morbimortalidad en relación al sangrado intraoperatorio. La utilización de la maniobra de Pringle permite disminuir esta complicación a costa de un daño por isquemia-reperfusión. Una estrategia para minimizarla es el uso de corticoides perioperatorios. Objetivo: Evaluar el uso de metilprednisolona en dosis bajas (< 500 mg) en pacientes sometidos a resección hepática mayor con maniobra de Pringle en la incidencia de daño por isquemiareperfusión, morbilidad y mortalidad perioperatoria. Material y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo utilizando la base de datos de hepatectomías entre los años 2000 y 2015. De un total de 171 resecciones hepáticas mayores, 62 utilizaron clampeo vascular. Se establecieron dos grupos: (A) aquellos que recibieron metilprednisolona inmediatamente previo al clampeo (n = 27) y (B) pacientes sin metilprednisolona (n = 35). Se evaluó el daño por isquemia-reperfusión por alteración de las pruebas hepáticas en los días 1, 3 y 5. Resultados: Los pacientes del grupo A tuvieron mayor tiempo de isquemia (43 + 3,3 vs 27 + 2,1 min, p < 0,05) que el grupo B, con una significativamente menor elevación de las fosfatasas alcalinas y bilirrubina en los días 1 y 5 poshepatectomía. No se observó diferencias en la magnitud del sangrado y no hubo diferencias en morbimortalidad. Conclusiones: La utilización de dosis bajas de metilprednisolona parece disminuir el impacto del DIR relacionado a la resección hepática bajo clampeo vascular, evitando los efectos adversos de la administración de esteroides en dosis altas.

Introduction: Liver resections may be associated with high morbidity and mortality due to intraoperative bleeding. Pringle maneuver reduces this complication at the expense of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Current strategies to minimize reperfusion injury include the use of perioperative corticosteroids. Objective: To assess the use of methylprednisolone in low doses (< 500 mg) in patients submitted to major hepatic resection under Pringle maneuver in the incidence of ischemia-reperfusion injury, peri-operative morbidity, and mortality. Material and Methods: Retrospective study from the liver resections database undertaken between the years 2000-2015 in our center. One hundred and seventy-one major liver resections were done, in 62 under Pringle maneuver. Two groups were established: (A) Patients administered methylprednisolone immediately before Pringle maneuver (n = 27) and (B) those without steroid (n = 35). We assessed ischemia-reperfusion injury by measuring liver tests on days 1, 3 and 5. Results: Patients in group A had longer ischemia time (43 ± 3.3 vs. 27 ± 2.1 min, p < 0.05) than those of group B, and significantly lower elevation of serum phosphatase alkaline and bilirubin on days 1 and five post-hepatectomy. We did not observe any difference in bleeding magnitude, and there were no differences in morbidity or mortality. Conclusions: The use of low doses of methylprednisolone seems to diminish the impact of ischemia-reperfusion injury related to major hepatic resection under Pringle maneuver avoiding the adverse side effects of high dose steroid.

Nomofobia. Enfermedades del siglo XXI / Nomophobia: Disorder of the 21st Century

No disponible

Natural history of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis in 35 Hispanic patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: good short-term functional outcome and paradoxical increase in long-term mortality.

Background and objective Acute transverse myelitis (TM) is an infrequent neurological complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Short-term outcome varies widely between cohorts. Little is known about the epidemiology and long-term functional outcome of TM associated to SLE. Methods Patients with SLE and acute TM were identified during hospital admission, visits to the Emergency Room or the Neurology Outpatient Clinic. We evaluated ambispectively those patients with SLE presenting with clinical myelopathy and corroborated with spinal MRI. Cases were divided as partial (non-paralyzing) or complete (paralyzing). We determined long-term functional outcome as well as mortality in those patients with follow-up periods of at least five years. Results We identified 35 patients (partial, n = 15; complete, n = 20) in which complete clinical and imaging data were available (26 with follow-up ≥ 5 years). Patients with complete TM were significantly older than those with partial forms. Positive antiphospholipid antibodies were observed in 80% of patients, suggesting a possible mechanistical role. Surprisingly, functional recovery at one year was in general good; however, we observed a five-year mortality of 31% because of sepsis (in 10 cases) or pulmonary embolism (in one case). Conclusions Short-term outcome of SLE-related TM is generally good, and recurrence rate is low. However, we observed a long-term fatality rate of 31% for reasons unrelated to TM, suggesting that TM is a manifestation of severe immune dysregulation and a predictor of severity and mortality in patients with SLE.

Tos ineficaz y técnicas mecánicas de aclaramiento mucociliar / Ineffective cough and mechanical mucociliary clearance techniques

La tos es un mecanismo de defensa fundamental para mantener la vía respiratoria libre de elementos extraños. Cuando la tos es ineficaz, por debilidad muscular o por alteración del normal funcionamiento del sistema mucociliar, se puede dar lugar a situaciones que pongan en riesgo la vida. Cuando un paciente no es capaz de producir tos eficaz es cuando está indicada la aplicación de técnicas que, o bien potencien la tos del paciente, o bien la sustituyan. Actualmente el uso de sistemas mecánicos facilitadores o sustitutivos de la tos es creciente en las unidades de cuidados intensivos, donde con relativa frecuencia encontramos pacientes en esta situación por diversas causas clínicas. Esta revisión se centra en las recomendaciones de práctica clínica actuales con respecto a la indicación y aplicación de la tos asistida mecánica y de la ventilación percutora intrapulmonar (AU)

Cough is a fundamental defense mechanism for keeping the airway free of foreign elements. Life-threatening situations may arise when cough proves ineffective as a result of muscle weakness or altered mucociliary function. When a patient is unable to cough effectively, techniques are required to either reinforce or replace cough capacity. The use of mechanical systems that facilitate or substitute cough function is increasingly common in Intensive Care Units, where it is relatively frequent to find situations of ineffective cough due to different clinical causes. This review examines the current clinical practice recommendations referred to the indication and use of mechanical cough assist and intrapulmonary percussive ventilation systems (AU)

Income, egalitarianism and attitudes towards healthcare policy: a study on public attitudes in 29 countries.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between income and egalitarian values and attitudes towards healthcare policy. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional and cross-national study. METHODS: Data for 29 countries from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) 2011 were used. The dependent variables are a general attitude towards government involvement in healthcare provision and two attitudes regarding specific policies (taxes and public funding). Income and egalitarianism were also measured by using ISSP. Data were analysed using regression models that account for individual and country-level characteristics, and country-fixed effects. RESULTS: The effect of income is small and non-significant for attitudes towards government involvement and public funding. For willingness to pay (WTP) taxes to improve healthcare services, we find a positive association with income. Results for egalitarianism suggest a positive association with government involvement in healthcare provision and significant interactions with WTP taxes. CONCLUSIONS: The distinction of dimensions and mechanisms underlying policy attitudes appears as relevant. Citizens across socioeconomic groups are motivated to support state-funded healthcare, favouring the design of non-selfish policies. These findings suggest that there is space for policymakers who seek to increase healthcare spending encouraging either policies for specific groups or broader institutional changes.

Ineffective cough and mechanical mucociliary clearance techniques. / Tos ineficaz y técnicas mecánicas de aclaramiento mucociliar.

Cough is a fundamental defense mechanism for keeping the airway free of foreign elements. Life-threatening situations may arise when cough proves ineffective as a result of muscle weakness or altered mucociliary function. When a patient is unable to cough effectively, techniques are required to either reinforce or replace cough capacity. The use of mechanical systems that facilitate or substitute cough function is increasingly common in Intensive Care Units, where it is relatively frequent to find situations of ineffective cough due to different clinical causes. This review examines the current clinical practice recommendations referred to the indication and use of mechanical cough assist and intrapulmonary percussive ventilation systems.

Comparison of gene expression in post-smolt Atlantic salmon challenged by LF-89-like and EM-90-like Piscirickettsia salmonis isolates reveals differences in the immune response associated with pathogenicity.

Piscirickettsiosis is the main bacterial disease affecting the Chilean salmon farming industry and is responsible for high economic losses. The aim of this study was to describe and comparatively quantify the immune response of post-smolt Atlantic salmon infected by cohabitation with fish bearing LF-89-like and EM-90-like Piscirickettsia salmonis. The expression of 17 genes related to the immune response was studied in head kidney from cohabitant fish by RT-qPCR. Our results at the transcriptomic level suggest that P. salmonis is able to manipulate the kinetics of cytokine production in a way that might constitute a virulence mechanism that promotes intracellular bacterial replication in cells of Atlantic salmon. This strategy involves the creation of an ideal environment for the microorganism based on induction of the inflammatory and IFN-mediated response, modulation of Th1 polarization, reduced antigen processing and presentation, modulation of the evasion of the immune response mediated by CD8+ T cells and promotion of the CD4+ T-cell response during the late stage of infection as a mechanism to escape host defences. This response was significantly exacerbated in fish infected by PS-EM-90 compared with fish infected by PS-LF-89, a finding that is probably associated with the higher pathogenicity of PS-EM-90.

Experiencias del hombre ante la hospitalización por complicaciones obstétricas de su esposa / Experiences of the man before hospitalization due to obstetric complications of his wife / Experiências do homem antes da internação por complicações obstétricas de sua esposa

Introducción: Al presentarse una complicación obstétrica, donde no solo interactúan factores fisiológicos, sino culturales, sociales, religiosos y económicos que ponen en riesgo la vida del binomio madre-hijo, durante la hospitalización de su esposa la vida del hombre se ve afectada debido a las expectativas sociales de su entorno, es decir, de él se espera fortaleza, valentía, control emocional e independencia, entre otras muchas. Integrar al esposo durante esta situación permite dirigir la atención para comprender cómo el trinomio madre-padre-hijo vive este proceso y así implementar estrategias orientadas a la práctica de enfermería en su cuidado integral, ya que la literatura es escasa referente al fenómeno de estudio y en México no hay información al respecto. Objetivo: Describir las experiencias del Hombre ante la hospitalización de su esposa por complicaciones obstétricas en un hospital de segundo nivel. Metodología: Diseño cualitativo fenomenológico-hermenéutico. Los participantes fueron 6 informantes hombres que experimentaron junto a su esposa durante la hospitalización por presentar alguna complicación obstétrica durante el embarazo y/o el parto; los datos se recolectaron a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas. El número de informantes se definió por medio del criterio de saturación, el análisis de datos se realizó mediante la propuesta de Colaizzi. Hallazgos: Emergieron 3 grandes categorías: A) Efecto de cuidar a otros, con 4 sub-categorías: a1) decisiones de vida o muerte, a2) anteposición de mis necesidades personales, a3) fortalecimiento del rol de esposo, a4) ahora me toca cuidarlos; B) Contando con apoyo: b1) la familia como sostén, b2) apoyo de la comunidad, b3) religiosidad y automotivación; C) Invisibilidad del esposo por el personal de salud. Conclusiones: Tradicionalmente, el hombre no debe doblegarse ante el dolor de él o de otros ni pedir ayuda; sin embargo se observó cambios importantes como ternura, comprensión, compromiso afectivo sin que nadie cuestione su masculinidad. Se describe como esta situación afianza el rol de esposo, dando cuidado, apoyo y afecto a su esposa e hijos, es necesario fortalecer y mejorar la práctica asistencial de enfermería al brindar el cuidado al trinomio.

Introduction: When an obstetric complication occurs, where not only physiological factors, but cultural, social, religious and economic factors that endanger the life of the mother-child binomial, during the hospitalization of his wife, the life of the man is affected due to The social expectations of his environment, that is, he expects strength, courage, emotional control and independence, among many others. Integrating the husband during this situation allows directing the attention to understand how the trinomial mother-father-son lives this process and thus implement strategies oriented to the practice of nursing in its integral care, since the literature is scarce referring to the phenomenon of study and In Mexico there is no information about it. Objective: To describe the experiences of the Man before the hospitalization of his wife by obstetric complications in a second level hospital. Methodology: Qualitative phenomenological-hermeneutic design. Participants were 6 male informants who experienced with their spouse during hospitalization for having an obstetric complication during pregnancy and / or childbirth; The data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The number of informants was defined by the saturation criterion, data analysis was performed using the Colaizzi proposal. Findings: Three major categories emerged: A) Effect of caring for others, with 4 sub-categories: a1) life or death decisions, a2) preposition of my personal needs, a3) strengthening the role of husband, a4) now it's my turn Take care of them; B) With support: b1) the family as support, b2) support of the community, b3) religiosity and self-motivation; C) Invisibility of the husband by the health personnel. Conclusions: Traditionally, man should not bow to the pain of him or others or ask for help; However important changes were observed such as tenderness, understanding, affective commitment without anyone questioning their masculinity. Describing how this situation strengthens the role of husband, giving care, support and affection to his wife and children, it is necessary to strengthen and improve the nursing care practice by providing care to the trinomial.

Introdução: Quando ocorre uma complicação obstétrica, onde não apenas fatores fisiológicos interagem, mas também fatores culturais, sociais, religiosos e econômicos que colocam em risco a vida do binômio mãe-filho, durante a hospitalização de sua esposa, a vida do homem é afetada por as expectativas sociais de seu entorno, isto é, força, coragem, controle emocional e independência, são esperadas dele, entre muitos outros. A integração do marido nessa situação permite direcionar a atenção para entender como o trinômio mãe-pai-filho vive esse processo e, assim, implementar estratégias orientadas para a prática da enfermagem em seu cuidado integral, uma vez que a literatura é escassa quanto ao fenômeno de estudo e no México não há informações sobre isso. Objetivo: Descrever as experiências do Homem antes da internação de sua esposa devido a complicações obstétricas em um hospital de segundo nível. Metodologia: Desenho fenomenológico-hermenêutico qualitativo. Participaram do estudo 6 informantes do sexo masculino que sofreram com a esposa durante a hospitalização por apresentarem uma complicação obstétrica durante a gravidez e / ou parto; os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. O número de informantes foi definido por meio do critério de saturação; a análise dos dados foi realizada mediante proposta de Colaizzi. Resultados: surgiram três categorias principais: A) Efeito de cuidar dos outros, com quatro subcategorias: a1) decisões de vida ou morte, a2) predizer minhas necessidades pessoais, a3) fortalecer o papel do marido, a4) agora é a minha vez cuide deles; B) Com apoio: b1) a família como apoio, b2) apoio comunitário, b3) religiosidade e auto-motivação; C) Invisibilidade do marido pelo pessoal de saúde. Conclusões: Tradicionalmente, o homem não deve se curvar à dor de si ou dos outros ou pedir ajuda; no entanto, mudanças importantes foram observadas, como ternura, compreensão, comprometimento emocional sem que ninguém questionasse sua masculinidade. Descreve-se como essa situação fortalece o papel do marido, dando cuidado, apoio e afeto à esposa e aos filhos, sendo necessário fortalecer e aprimorar a prática do cuidado de enfermagem prestando assistência ao trinômio.

Nanoparticulation of bovine serum albumin and poly-d-lysine through complex coacervation and encapsulation of curcumin.

Soluble coacervate nanoparticles were fabricated by mixing bovine serum albumin (BSA) and poly-d-lysine with low (LMW-PDL) and high molecular weights (HMW-PDL). The particle size was influenced by molecular weight, mass ratio of polyelectrolytes (PEs), and salt concentration. The smallest nanoparticles had a diameter of 212±11nm which was achieved with LMW-PDL dissolved with 0.1M NaCl at pH 7 and a mass ratio of 2.0 (BSA: PDL). SEM images showed that coacervate nanoparticles of LMW-PDL are relatively spherical in shape, while nanoparticles of HMW-PDL were irregular. Crosslinking of the protein/polypeptide with glutaraldehyde had variable impact on the stability and particle size over 21days at 4 and 25°C. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) for curcumin to BSA molar ratio of 0.5 was 47%. The EE increased to 60% when the curcumin to BSA molar ratio was 10 with a loading capacity of 22µg of curcumin per mg of coacervate nanoparticles. The average particle size of the loaded colloidal dispersions increased as the curcumin concentration was increased. For the colloidal dispersions with 0.5 molar ratio of curcumin to BSA, the particle size was around 204±14nm at day 1, while the nanoparticles with molar ratio of 10 showed a particle size around 316±43nm. The curcumin loaded BSA:LMW-PDL nanoparticles were pretty stable over a period of 21days.

Comparative pathogenesis of piscirickettsiosis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolt experimentally challenged with LF-89-like and EM-90-like Piscirickettsia salmonis isolates.

Piscirickettsiosis (SRS) is the most prevalent bacterial disease in Chilean salmon aquaculture and is responsible for high economic losses. The aim of this study was to comparatively characterize the pathogenesis of SRS in post-smolt Atlantic salmon during the early and late stages of infection with Piscirickettsia salmonis LF-89-like (PS-LF-89) and EM-90-like (PS-EM-90) using a cohabitation challenge. The pathogenesis of cohabitant fish infected with the two isolates was relatively different due to cohabitant fish infected with PS-EM-90 showing higher cumulative mortality and shorter time until death compared with PS-LF-89 fish. PS-LF-89 caused an SRS infection characterized by kidney and liver lesions, whereas PS-EM-90 caused systemic and haemorrhagic disease characterized by kidney, liver, heart, brain, skeletal muscle and intestine lesions. Decreased serum concentration of total proteins and albumin as well as increased serum ALT, AST and creatinine levels in fish infected with both isolates confirmed that changes in liver and kidney function occurred during infection. Tissue damage, expressed as an SRS histoscore, showed a strong positive correlation with the bacterial load expressed as abundance of P. salmonis 16S rRNA transcripts in the livers and kidneys of fish affected with either isolate, but the correlation was significantly higher in fish infected with PS-EM-90. The results contribute to improving the understanding of the bacteria-host interaction.