Multimorbidity among the Indigenous population: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Multimorbidity, the concurrent presence of multiple chronic health conditions in an individual, represents a mounting public health challenge. Chronic illnesses are prevalent in the Indigenous populations, which contributes to multimorbidity. However, the epidemiology of multimorbidity in this population is not well studied. This review aimed to elucidate the extent, determinants, consequences, and prevention of multimorbidity within Indigenous populations globally, contrasting findings with non-Indigenous populations. METHODS: Adhering to the PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review assimilated peer-reviewed articles and grey literature, focusing on the prevalence, determinants, implications, and preventive strategies of multimorbidity in global Indigenous populations. Emphasis was given to original, English-language, full-text articles, excluding editorials, and conference abstracts. FINDINGS: Of the 444 articles identified, 13 met the inclusion criteria. Five studies are from Australia, and the rest are from the USA, Canada, New Zealand, and India. The study indicated a higher multimorbidity prevalence among Indigenous populations, with consistent disparities observed across various age groups. Particularly, Indigenous individuals exhibited a 2-times higher likelihood of multimorbidity compared to non-Indigenous populations. Noteworthy findings underscored the elevated severity of certain comorbid conditions, especially strokes, within Indigenous groups, with further revelations highlighting their significant pairing with conditions such as heart diseases and diabetes. INTERPRETATION: The findings affirm the elevated burden of multimorbidity among Indigenous populations. Prevalence and risk of developing multimorbidity are significantly higher in this population compared to their non-Indigenous counterparts. Future research should prioritize harmonized research methodologies, fostering insights into the multimorbidity landscape, and promoting strategies to address health disparities in Indigenous populations.

Progress toward universal health coverage in Vietnam: Evidence on dispensing trends of diabetes medications from 2015 to 2021.

AIMS: This study aims to investigate the trends in treatment coverage through dispensing diabetes medications in Vietnam from 2015 to 2021. The findings will serve to inform health policies to mitigate the health burden of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: We collected information on major antidiabetic medicines from General Department of Vietnam Customs and payments for antidiabetics via the National Health Insurance Program. We applied ordinary least squares models, accounting for economic and health outcome characteristics, to estimate the association between the annual mass of medications and related factors. RESULTS: Nationally, the total mass/doses of all antidiabetic drugs increased rapidly from 2015 to 2021, based on both databases. Metformin was the most frequently prescribed medicine, with the total mass increasing nearly threefold over the study period. Gliclazide, a Sulfonylureas drug, ranked second. In the multivariate regression analysis, a one-unit increase in adults with diabetes (in 1,000 s) was associated with 0.11 % (95 %CI = 0.0005; 0.0076) and 0.13 % (95%CI = 0.0007; 0.0242) higher mass of Metformin and Glimepiride, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our data suggested that policies changes were related to significant increase in antidiabetic medication dispenses in Vietnam. The high treatment coverage indicates impressive progress in achieving universal health coverage in Vietnam, meeting the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG).

Associations of gestational weight gain with the long-term postpartum weight gain, body mass index, waist circumference and abdominal obesity: A 27-year prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: This prospective cohort study aimed to investigate the associations between gestational weight gain (GWG) and long-term postpartum maternal weight gain, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and the risk of general and abdominal obesity, beyond motherhood (some 27 y after childbirth). METHODS: Participants were 1953 women enrolled in the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy cohort study that started in the early 1980 s, with the most recent follow-up at 27 y postpartum. We examined the prospective associations of GWG in pregnancy with weight, BMI, and WC and the risk of adiposity 27 y after the index pregnancy. We used linear and multinomial logistic regressions to examine the independent effect of GWG on each outcome, adjusting for potential confounders and mediators. RESULTS: The average GWG during pregnancy was 14.88 kg (SD 5.24). One in four women (25.50%) gained below the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations and one in three (34.00%) gained excess weight during pregnancy. Every 100 g/week increment of GWG was associated with 2.0 (95% CI: 1.5, 2.6) kg, 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) kg/m2, 1.3 (0.8, 1.8) cm greater body weight, BMI, and WC, respectively 27 y postpartum. Women who gained inadequate weight in pregnancy had significantly lower odds of general obesity (OR; 0.70, 95% CI:0.53,0.94) or abdominal obesity (0.73; 0.56,0.96), whereas those who gained excess gestational weight had much higher odds of general obesity (4.49; 3.36,6.00) and abdominal obesity (3.09; 2.29,4.16). These associations were independent of potential confounders. CONCLUSION: Maternal GWG in pregnancy independently and strongly predicted beyond motherhood weight gain trajectory. GWG within IOM recommendation may prevent long-term development of both general and central obesity.

Effect of a community-based primary healthcare programme on adverse pregnancy outcomes in Northern Ghana.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes are among the major contributors to poor maternal and child health. Mothers in remote communities are at higher risk of adverse birth outcomes due to constraints in access to healthcare services. In Ghana, a community-based primary healthcare programme called the Ghana Essential Health Interventions Programme (GEHIP) was implemented in a rural region to help strengthen primary healthcare delivery and improve maternal and child healthcare services delivery. This study assessed the effect of this programme on adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: Baseline and end-line survey data from reproductive-aged women from the GEHIP project were used in this analysis. Difference-in-differences and logistic regressions were used to examine the impact and equity effect of GEHIP on adverse pregnancy outcomes using household wealth index and maternal educational attainment as equity measures. The analysis involves the comparison of project baseline and end-line outcomes in intervention and non-intervention districts. RESULTS: The intervention had a significant effect in the reduction of adverse pregnancy outcomes (OR = 0.96, 95% CI:0.93-0.99). Although disadvantaged groups experience larger reductions in adverse pregnancy outcomes, controlling for covariates, there was no statistically significant equity effect of GEHIP on adverse pregnancy outcomes using either the household wealth index (OR = 0.99, 95% CI:0.85-1.16) or maternal educational attainment (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.44-1.07) as equity measures. CONCLUSION: GEHIP's community-based healthcare programme reduced adverse pregnancy outcomes but no effect on relative equity was established. Factoring in approaches for targeting disadvantaged populations in the implementation of community-based health programs is crucial to ensuring equity in health outcomes.

Gender differences in cardiovascular disease risk: Adolescence to young adulthood.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Gender differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been well documented but rarely for young adults and the extent to which gender related lifestyle differences may contribute to gender differences in CVD risk experienced by young adults have not been reported. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data are from a long-running cohort study, the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP). We track gender differences in CVD related behaviours at 21 and 30 years (consumption of a Western Diet/Health-Oriented Diet, cigarette smoking, vigorous physical exercise, heavy alcohol consumption). At 30 years we compare males and females for CVD risk, and the extent to which lifestyle behaviours at 21 and 30 years contribute to CVD risk. At both 21 and 30 years of age, males more frequently consume a Western Diet and less often a Health Oriented Diet. By contrast, males are also much more likely to report engaging in vigorous physical activity. On most CVD markers, males exhibit much higher levels of risk than do females at both 21 and 30 years. At 30 years of age males have about five times the odds of being at high risk of CVD. Some lifestyle behaviours contribute to this additional risk. CONCLUSION: Young adult males much more frequently engage in most CVD related risk behaviours and males have a higher level of CVD risk. Gender differences in CVD risk remain high even after adjustment for CVD lifestyles, though dietary factors independently contribute to CVD risk at 30 years.

Time trends and projections in the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Queensland, Australia, 2009-2030: Evidence from the Queensland Perinatal Data Collection.

BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the fastest-growing type of diabetes in Australia. We aimed to assess the time trends during 2009-2018 and projections of GDM in Queensland, Australia up to 2030. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study data were from the Queensland Perinatal Data Collection (QPDC) and included data on 606 662 birth events with the births reported from at least 20 weeks gestational age or birth weight at least 400 g. Bayesian regression model was used to assess the trends in the prevalence of GDM. RESULTS: The prevalence of GDM increased from 5.47 to 13.62% from 2009 to 2018 (average annual rate of change, AARC = +10.71%). If the trend remains the same, the projected prevalence will increase to 42.04% (95% uncertainty interval = 34.77-48.96) by 2030. Observing AARC across different subpopulations, we found that the trend of GDM increased markedly among women living in inner regional areas (AARC = +12.49%), were non-Indigenous (AARC = +10.93%), most disadvantaged (AARC = +11.84%), aged either of two age groups (AARC = +18.45% and + 15.17% for <20 years and 20-24 years, respectively), were with obesity (AARC = +11.05%) and smoked during pregnancy (AARC = +12.26%). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the prevalence of GDM has sharply increased in Queensland, and if this trend continues, about 42% of pregnant women will experience GDM by 2030. The trends vary across different subpopulations. Therefore, targeting the most vulnerable subpopulations is vital to prevent the development of GDM.

Equity in maternal healthcare utilisation in Ghana: Do community-based primary health care programmes matter?

OBJECTIVE: Improving equity in the use of maternal health services in rural and remote communities is critical to meeting the Sustainable Development Goals targets on maternal and child health. This study examines the effect of a community-based primary healthcare strengthening programme on improving the utilisation of antenatal care (ANC4+), skilled delivery and health facility delivery. METHODS: Baseline and endline survey data of women of reproductive age for intervention and comparison districts were used to examine the equity impact of the Ghana Essential Health Interventions Programme (GEHIP) on antenatal care visits, skilled delivery and health facility delivery. The Wagstaff extension of the concentration index and regression models are used to assess equity effects of the programme on the utilisation of these services by wealth index and educational attainment. RESULTS: Coverage rates increased for both intervention and comparison districts, but were generally higher in intervention districts than comparison districts at endline (90% vs. 88% for ANC4+, 88% vs. 84% for skilled delivery and 93% vs. 88% for health facility delivery). Only ANC4+ showed a statistically significant positive treatment effect of the intervention (Dif-in-Dif = 0.071, p-value = 0.010). Equity analysis showed a mixed picture with intervention districts achieving significant equity improvement for skilled delivery for both wealth index and maternal education but only education equity for health facility delivery, while comparison districts achieved both wealth and education equity improvements for two indicators (health facility delivery and skilled delivery). No significant equity/inequity effects were found for ANC4+. CONCLUSION: Efforts to improve community-based healthcare access have been associated with improved coverage of maternal health services; however, the effect on improving equity in service coverage is mixed. Results indicate a need to extend community-based primary health care development beyond general improvements in access to ensure equity in the coverage of maternal and child health services that such programmes provide.

Do tobacco and cannabis use and co-use predict lung function: A longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Use of tobacco and cannabis is common and has been reported to predict lung function. Less is known about co-use of tobacco and cannabis and their impact on changes in lung function to early adulthood. RESEARCH QUESTION: The study examines whether cigarette smoking or cannabis use and co-use are each associated with lung function in a population sample of young adults. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Data are from a prospective cohort study of cigarette smoking, cannabis use and co-use at 21 and 30 years of age and lung function (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC) measured at 30 years. Lung function results are transformed using Global Lung Function Formulae. Subjects are the children of pregnant women who were recruited into the cohort study over the period 1981-3. Respondents were administered a spirometry assessment at 21 and 30 years of age. These respondents completed a smoking and cannabis use questionnaire at 21- and 30-year follow-ups. RESULTS: Cigarette smoking (with or without cannabis use) is associated with reduced airflow. There is no consistent association between cannabis use and measures of lung function. The co-use of tobacco and cannabis appears to entail no additional risk to lung function beyond the risks associated with tobacco use alone. INTERPRETATION: Persistent cigarette smoking is associated with reduced airflow even in young adults. Cannabis use does not appear to be related to lung function even after years of use.

Variation in the prevalence of different forms of bullying victimisation among adolescents and their associations with family, peer and school connectedness: a population-based study in 40 lower and middle income to high-income countries (LMIC-HICs).

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of different forms of bullying victimization experiences and their association with family functioning, peer relationships and school connectedness among adolescents across 40 lower and middle income to high-income countries (LMIC-HICs). Data were drawn from the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) school-based survey of adolescents aged 11-15 years, between 2013 and 2014. We estimated the weighted prevalence by categorising experiences into traditional bullying victimization only, cyberbullying victimization only, and combined traditional and cyberbullying victimization, at country and country income classification. We used multinominal logistic regression models to estimate the adjusted association with the form of bullying victimization by demographic characteristics, family functioning, peer relationships and school connectedness. Overall, 8.0% reported traditional bullying victimization only (8.8% males, 7.4% females), 2.3% of adolescents reported cyberbullying victimization only (2.1% males, 2.2% females), and 1.7% reported combined traditional and cyber bullying victimization (1.7% males, 1.8% females). All three forms of bullying victimization during adolescence were significantly associated with poor family functioning, poor peer relations and poor school connectedness. A consistent finding is that traditional bullying victimization is considerably more common among adolescents across both LMICs and HICs than cyberbullying victimization. This study also demonstrated that a significant proportion of adolescent's experience victimization in both forms. Positive family functioning, strong peer relationships and greater school connectedness are associated with a lower risk of both forms of bullying victimization. Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40653-022-00451-8.

The Association between Body Weight Misclassification in Adolescence and Body Fat and Waist Circumference in Adulthood: A Longitudinal Study.

This study examined the longitudinal association between adolescent body weight misclassifications and body fat and waist circumference during adulthood. A sample was derived from a large Australian birth cohort study. The data analyses were restricted to 1002 participants for whom data on both measured and perceived weight at a 14-year follow-up and the actual measure of adult body fat and waist circumference at a 30-year follow-up were available. To determine misclassifications, we compared the perceived weight with the measured weight. The results were presented as means and mean differences (with a 95% confidence interval) of the body fat percentages and waist circumference levels across the weight misclassification groups, adjusting for potential covariates. For both male and female adolescents, weight underestimation was significantly associated with an increase in body fat percentages and waist circumference in adulthood as compared to those who correctly estimated their weight. In the mean difference analyses, adolescent males and females who underestimated their weight were found to have significantly higher body fat, and waist circumference means than those who correctly estimated their weight in the unadjusted and adjusted comparisons. The adolescent males who overestimated their weight had higher body fat, and waist circumference means when they reached adulthood. Increased awareness of weight misclassification and actual weight among adolescents might contribute to better control of weight gain in adulthood.

Anthropometric Cut-Off Values for Detecting the Presence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Multiple Components among Adults in Vietnam: The Role of Novel Indices.

Recent studies have shown that using international guidelines to diagnose metabolic syndrome (MetS) may underestimate its prevalence in different Asian populations. This study aims to determine the validity of anthropometric indicators and appropriate cut-off values to predict MetS for Vietnamese adults. We analyzed data on 4701 adults across four regions of Vietnam. Four conventional and five novel anthropometric indexes were calculated. The area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) and Youden's J statistic were applied to evaluate the diagnostic ability and optimal cut-off values. Regardless of diagnostic criteria and gender, Abdominal volume index (AVI), Body roundness index (BRI), and Waist-height ratio (WHtR) had the highest AUC values, followed by Body mass index (BMI) and Waist-hip ratio (WHR). However, it was seen that differences among the AUC values of most indices were minor. In men, using International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, the threshold of indices was 3.86 for BRI, 16.20 for AVI, 0.53 for WHtR, 22.40 for BMI, and 0.90 for WHR. In women, the threshold for these figures were 3.60, 12.80, 0.51, 23.58, and 0.85, respectively. It is recommended that health personnel in Vietnam should apply appropriate thresholds of anthropometry, which are lower than current international guidelines, for MetS screening to avoid under-diagnosis.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its related factors among Vietnamese people: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Metabolic risk factors are the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in recent decades, yet the burden of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has not been carefully assessed in Vietnam. This review thus aims to examine the prevalence of MetS and its related factors in Vietnam. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted using literature retrieved from PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar up until July 2021. We selected descriptive and analytical studies which reported the prevalence of MetS and related factors among healthy people aged less than 65 years old rather than morbid people in Vietnam. A meta-analysis with a random-effects model was applied to estimate the pooled prevalence from the included studies. RESULTS: Eighteen studies with 35421 participants were included in the final analysis. The pooled MetS prevalence among the adult population in Vietnam was 16.1% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 14.1%-18.1%). Higher prevalence was seen among females (17.3%, 95% CI: 13.8%-20.8%). Low level of High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C) was the most prevalent component (34.1%), followed by high triglycerides (33.3%). Being female, living in urban areas, having obesity, and having a higher body mass index or body fat percentage were associated with an increased likelihood of having MetS. CONCLUSIONS: MetS was common in the Vietnamese population. Low HDL-C should be considered as an early detectable indicator for MetS screening programs at the population level. Appropriate interventions should be conducted for high-risk groups such as females, those living in urban areas, and obesity.

Spatiotemporal heterogeneity and determinants of canine rabies evidence at Local Government Area Level in Nigeria: Implications for rabies prevention and control.

Canine rabies poses a significant risk to humans and animals in Nigeria. However, the lack of reliable tools to evaluate the performance of existing canine rabies control programs to inform public health policy decisions poses a severe obstacle. We obtained canine rabies surveillance data from the National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI) and supplemented these data with rabies diagnoses reported in the published studies from Nigeria. To uncover contextual factors (i.e., environmental and sociodemographic) associated with canine rabies evidence at the Local Government Area (LGA) level, we classified LGAs in Nigeria into four categories based on evidence availability (i.e., LGAs with NVRI data or published studies, both, or no evidence). We described the geographical and temporal variation in coverage. We fitted a multinomial regression model to examine the association between LGA level canine rabies evidence and potential sociodemographic and ecological determinants of canine rabies evidence. The effective annual testing during the 19 years was less than one dog/100,000 Nigerian resident-year. Our results showed that 58% of Nigerian LGAs (450/774) had not been targeted by the existing national rabies surveillance or studies on rabies, including ten states capitals with high human populations. While 16% (122/774) of Nigerian LGAs concentrated in Taraba, Adamawa, and Abia had canine rabies evidence from published studies, none of these LGAs was represented in the NVRI rabies surveillance data. We also observed an increasing trend in rabies evidence over time towards the eastern part of Nigeria. Our multinomial regression model indicated that education level, poverty, population density, land use and temperature were significantly associated with canine rabies evidence at the LGA level. This study underscores the value of combining canine rabies evidence from different sources to better understand the current disease situation for targeted intervention.

Anaemia in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries: progress towards the 2025 global nutrition target.

Objective: To examine trends in, and projections of, the prevalence of anaemia in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries at national and subpopulation levels. Methods: We used nationally representative data from repeated cross-sectional Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) on 1 092 512 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) from 15 low- and middle-income countries. We defined anaemia as haemoglobin < 11 g/dL for pregnant women and < 12 g/dL for non-pregnant women. We analysed data using Bayesian linear regression analyses. Findings: During 2000-2018, the prevalence of anaemia in women of reproductive age decreased in nine countries, with the highest decrease in Malawi (-2.5%), and increased in six countries, with the highest increase in Burundi (10.9%). All countries are projected to have a prevalence of anaemia ≥ 15% in 2025, with the highest level in Burundi (66.8%). The prevalence of anaemia and projection of prevalence varied between and within countries. Women's education, family wealth and place of residence had the highest impact on the current and projected prevalence rates of anaemia. Seven countries had a prevalence of anaemia ≥ 40%, which we defined as a severe public health problem, in the earliest and latest DHS and this prevalence is projected to persist in 2025. Conclusion: None of the 15 countries is likely to meet the global nutrition target of a 50% reduction in the prevalence of anaemia in women of reproductive age by 2025. Global and country leaders should reconsider nutrition policies and reallocate resources targeting countries and communities at risk.

Geographical variations in the association between bullying victimization and sleep loss among adolescents: a population-based study of 91 countries.

OBJECTIVE: To examine geographical variations in the association between bullying victimization and sleep loss over worry among adolescents. METHODS: We used data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey conducted between 2003 and 2017 in 91 countries across the globe. Sleep loss was categorised as: none/minimum (reported never or rarely sleep loss), moderate (reported sometimes), and severe (reported most of the time or always). We obtained country-specific estimates from multiple multinomial logistic regression analyses and pooled estimates from meta-analyses. RESULTS: Of 282,036 adolescents 13-17 years of age, 28.1% (male: 25.4%, female: 31.0%) and 8.4% (male: 7.3%, female: 9.5%) of adolescents reported moderate and severe sleep loss respectively. Adolescents who frequently experienced bullying (≥3 per 30 days) reported higher prevalence of severe sleep loss. Meta-analyses showed that increased frequency of bullying victimization is associated with increased odds of sleep loss, with adolescents who experienced bullying for ≥3 days in the past 30 days were 1.65 and 2.65 times more likely than adolescents without being bullied to experience respectively moderate (OR 1.65, 95% CI: 1.59-1.72) and severe (OR 2.65, 95% CI: 2.52-2.79) sleep loss. Irrespective of sex, the association between bullying victimization and sleep loss was significant in all regions, income groups, and in all but a few countries. CONCLUSIONS: Increased frequency of bullying victimization is positively associated with increased sleep loss among adolescents. Appropriate policies and programmes to stop bullying at school could help downgrade the risk of sleep loss among adolescents.

Multigenerational transmission of obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

There is a strong link between parental and offspring obesity status. However, the state of epidemiological evidence on multigenerational transmission of overweight/obesity, such as from grandparents to grandchildren, is relatively unknown. This systematic review collates and appraises existing evidence on multigenerational transmission of overweight/obesity and uses meta-analytic estimates for quantitative synthesis. Six electronic databases were searched for publications reporting the relationship between grandparents and their grandchildren overweight/obesity status. A total of 25 studies from 17 countries with a combined population of 238,771 study participants met the inclusion criteria. About 60% (15) of the reviewed studies reported a positive association between grandparent-grandchild (GP-GC) overweight/obesity, out of which 11 were statistically significant. Seven studies reported odds ratios of GP-GC overweight/obesity associations and were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled estimates showed a significant GP-GC association in overweight/obesity status (odds ratio [OR]: 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-2.57). Thus, the current research evidence shows that grandchildren's overweight/obesity status is associated with their grandparents' overweight/obesity status, indicating a multigenerational transmission of obesity. However, more studies, especially from developing countries, are required to assess the robustness of these findings. Future studies should also focus on the mechanisms through which this transmission occurs.

Double burden of malnutrition among women of reproductive age in 55 low- and middle-income countries: progress achieved and opportunities for meeting the global target.

OBJECTIVE: To examine trends and projections of underweight (Body Mass Index, BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) and overweight (BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2) in women of reproductive age in 55 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS: We used data from 2,337,855 women aged 15-49 years from nationally representative Demographic and Health Survey conducted between 1990 and 2018. Bayesian linear regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: During 1990-2018, the prevalence of underweight decreased in 35 countries and overweight increased in 50 countries. The highest underweight increase was in Morocco (5.5%) and overweight in Nepal (12.4%). In 2030, >20% of women in eight LMICs will be underweight, with Madagascar (36.8%), Senegal (32.2%), and Burundi (29.2%) projected to experience the highest burden of underweight. Whereas >50% of women in 22 LMICs are projected to be overweight, with Egypt (94.7%), Jordan (75.0%), and Pakistan (74.1%) projected to have the highest burden of overweight. 24 LMICs are projected to experience the double burden of malnutrition (both underweight and overweight >20%) in 2030. Noticeable variations in underweight and overweight were observed across wealth, residence, education, and age of women, with a higher rate of overweight in high-income, high-education, and urban women. These inequalities have widened in many countries and are projected to continue. The probability of eradicating overweight and underweight is nearly 0% for all countries by 2030, except Egypt is on track to eradicate underweight. CONCLUSIONS: Although the prevalence of underweight declined, this decline has been superseded by the dramatic increase of overweight. None of the 55 LMICs is likely to eradicate malnutrition in women by 2030.