Transfersomes: Recent Advances, Mechanisms, Exhaustive Applications, Clinical Trials, and Patents

A feasible nano transdermal delivery system generally intends to have specific ideal and distinct characteristics primarily for safety, clinical efficacy, and boosted therapeutic index. The delivery of drugs, particularly macromolecules, across the skin is one of the most strenuous obstacles in front of pharmaceutical scientists. Technology advancement has provided some opportunities to overcome this difficulty by utilising microneedle arrays, ablation, laser methods etc. However, associated uneasiness, painful sensation, and higher cost of therapies limit their day-to-day use. Therefore, researchers have focused on developing alternate carriers like ultra-deformable liposomes, also termed transfersomes. Transfersomes are composed of a lipid bilayer containing phospholipids and an edge activator to facilitate drug delivery via transdermal route to deeper layers of skin and for higher systemic bioavailability. The bilayer structure of transfersomes allows ease of encapsulation of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs with higher permeability than typical liposomes. Therefore, among various vesicular systems, transfersomes have developed much interest in targeted and sustained drug delivery. The current review primarily emphasizes critical aspects of transfersomes, including their applications, clinical trial studies, and patents found in various literature sources.

Role of Nanoformulations in the Treatment of Lung Cancer.

Lung cancer is the second deadliest disease in the world. A major portion of deaths related to cancer are due to lung cancer in both males and females. Interestingly, unbelievable advances have occurred in recent years through the use of nanotechnology and development in both the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. Due to their in vivo stability, the nanotechnology-based pharmacological system gained huge attractiveness, solubility, absorption from the intestine, pharmacological effectiveness, etc. of various anticancer agents. However, this field needs to be utilized more to get maximum results in the treatment of lung cancer, along with wider context medicines. In the present review, authors have tried to concentrate their attention on lung cancer`s difficulties along with the current pharmacological and diagnostic situation, and current advancements in approaches based on nanotechnology for the treatment and diagnosis of lung cancer. While nanotechnology offers these promising avenues for lung cancer diagnosis and treatment, it is important to acknowledge the need for careful evaluation of safety, efficacy, and regulatory approval. With continued research and development, nanotechnology holds tremendous potential to revolutionize the management of lung cancer and improve patient outcomes. The review also highlights the involvement of endocrine systems, especially estrogen in lung cancer proliferation. Some of the recent clinical trials and patents on nanoparticle-based formulations that have applications in the treatment and diagnosis of lung cancer are also discussed.

Nano-based therapeutics for Rheumatoid arthritis: Recent patents and development.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease marked by inflammation of synovium and generation of autoantibodies. Bone and cartilage are frequently damaged along with weakening of tendons and ligaments resulting in disability. An effective RA treatment needs a multi-disciplinary approach which relies upon pathophysiology that is still partially understood. In RA patients, inflammation was induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1, IL-6 & IL-10. The conventional dosage regimens for treating RA have drawbacks such as ineffectiveness, greater doses, frequent dosing, relatively expensive and serious adverse effects. To formulate an effective treatment plan for RA, research teams have recently focused on producing several nanoformulations containing anti-inflammatory APIs with an aim to target the inflamed area. Nanomedicines have recently gained popularity in the treatment of RA. Interestingly, unbelievable improvements have been observed in current years in diagnosis and management of RA utilizing nanotechnology.

Nanocapsules: An Emerging Drug Delivery System.

BACKGROUND: Controlled drug release and site-specific delivery of drugs make nanocapsules the most approbative drug delivery system for various kinds of drugs, bioactive, protein, and peptide compounds. Nanocapsules (NCs) are spherical shape microscopic shells consisting of a core (solid or liquid) in which the drug is positioned in a cavity enclosed by a distinctive polymeric membrane. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of the present patent study is to elaborate on various formulation techniques and methods of nanocapsules (NCs). The review also spotlights various biomedical applications as well as on the patents of NCs to date. METHODS: The review was extracted from the searches performed using various search engines such as PubMed, Google Patents, Medline, Google Scholars, etc. In order to emphasize the importance of NCs, some published patents of NCs have also been reported in the review. RESULTS: NCs are tiny magical shells having incredible reproducibility. Various techniques can be used to formulate NCs. The pharmaceutical performance of the formulated NCs can be judged by evaluating their shape, size, entrapment efficiency, loading capacity, etc., using different analytical techniques. Their main applications are found in the field of agrochemicals, genetic manipulation, cosmetics, hygiene items, strategic distribution of drugs to tumors, nanocapsule bandages to combat infection, and radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: In the present review, our team made a deliberate effort to summarize the recent advances in the field of NCs and focus on new patents related to the implementation of NCs delivery systems in the area of some life-threatening disorders like diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases.

Recent Advancements in Pharmaceutical Cocrystals, Preparation Methods, and their Applications.

The issue of poor aqueous solubility is a major hurdle in pharmaceutical dosage form design. A large number of active molecules in the research and development pipeline possess poor aqueous solubility and, hence, are not suitable for further development. Therefore, the pharmaceutical industry is continuously in search of techniques to tackle the issue of poor solubility. Cocrystallization has gained popularity as one such technique for the modulation of physicochemical properties of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Pharmaceutical cocrystals consist of an API non-covalently linked to a crystal former or coformer that plays an important role in imparting the desired properties to the cocrystal. Cocrystallization of an API with a suitable coformer not only enhances solubility but also helps in improving physicochemical properties such as stability, bioavailability, mechanical properties, etc., without changing the pharmacological activity of the API. The past decade has experienced enormous growth in cocrystal research which paved the way for drug-drug, higherorder, and nano-sized cocrystals, and further exploration of the applications of cocrystals is still going on. Recently FDA and EMA have released regulatory guidelines for pharmaceutical cocrystals, which grant them a status similar to that of polymorphs and salts, which in turn opens a wider prospect for pharmaceutical cocrystals in terms of intellectual property.

An Overview of the Recent Developments and Patents in the Field of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology.

BACKGROUND: Compared to traditional dosage methods, the Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) provide various advantages. In the last few years, the interest shifted to works focused on the novel drug delivery methods for small and large molecular drug carriers utilizing particulate drug delivery systems as well. It is evident from the last decade as observed in increased number of patents in this field that the technology has evolved tremendously. OBJECTIVE: Drug carriers utilized by this novel technology include liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and carbon nanomaterials. Various forms of polymers have been used in the production of nanocarriers. METHODS: Nanocarriers are colloidal systems varying in size from 10 to 1000 nm. This technology is now used to identify, manage and monitor numerous diseases and physical methods to alter and enhance the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of specific types of drug molecules. RESULTS: Nanoparticles can be formulated by a number of techniques including ionic gelation, crosslinking, coacervation/precipitation, nanoprecipitation, spray drying, emulsion- droplet coalescence, nano sonication techniques, etc. Several methods are used with which these nanoparticles can be characterized. These methods include nuclear magnetic resonance, optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, photon correlation spectroscopy and electron microscopy, surface charge, in-vitro drug release, etc. Conclusion: In the present review, the authors have tried to summarize recent advances in the field of pharmaceutical nanotechnology and also focused on the application and new patents in the area related to NDDS.