Paediatric fronto-orbital osteoblastoma: case report.

Osteoblastoma is a rare benign bone tumour. It represents 1% of all primary bone tumours. Common locations are the vertebral column and long bones of the extremities. Although well documented in craniofacial locations, only occasional case reports describe orbital involvement. The authors present a case of a fronto-orbital osteoblastoma which posed a significant diagnostic dilemma. Despite early local recurrence, the molecular findings were supportive of a benign lesion.

Bi-allelic loss-of-function OBSCN variants predispose individuals to severe recurrent rhabdomyolysis.

Rhabdomyolysis is the acute breakdown of skeletal myofibres in response to an initiating factor, most commonly toxins and over exertion. A variety of genetic disorders predispose to rhabdomyolysis through different pathogenic mechanisms, particularly in patients with recurrent episodes. However, most cases remain without a genetic diagnosis. Here we present six patients who presented with severe and recurrent rhabdomyolysis, usually with onset in the teenage years; other features included a history of myalgia and muscle cramps. We identified 10 bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in the gene encoding obscurin (OBSCN) predisposing individuals to recurrent rhabdomyolysis. We show reduced expression of OBSCN and loss of obscurin protein in patient muscle. Obscurin is proposed to be involved in sarcoplasmic reticulum function and Ca2+ handling. Patient cultured myoblasts appear more susceptible to starvation as evidenced by a greater decreased in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ content compared to control myoblasts. This likely reflects a lower efficiency when pumping Ca2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum and/or a decrease in Ca2+ sarcoplasmic reticulum storage ability when metabolism is diminished. OSBCN variants have previously been associated with cardiomyopathies. None of the patients presented with a cardiomyopathy and cardiac examinations were normal in all cases in which cardiac function was assessed. There was also no history of cardiomyopathy in first degree relatives, in particular in any of the carrier parents. This cohort is relatively young, thus follow-up studies and the identification of additional cases with bi-allelic null OBSCN variants will further delineate OBSCN-related disease and the clinical course of disease.

Recurrent chronic histiocytic intervillositis with intrauterine growth restriction, osteopenia, and fractures.

Chronic histiocytic intervillositis (CHI) is characterized by the presence of histiocytes within the intervillous space of the placenta. The pathogenesis is unclear but available evidence supports an alloimmune mechanism on the basis of the presence in maternal blood of HLA antibodies directed against paternal HLA antigens. CHI has a high risk of recurrence and of abnormal perinatal outcomes. Little is known about the effects of CHI on the developing fetus, in particular on the growth and development of the skeleton. We have studied a woman whose third pregnancy was terminated after ultrasonography showed severe intrauterine growth restriction, raising the possibility of a lethal skeletal dysplasia. Postmortem radiographs showed multiple fractures and other signs of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). However, bone histology was not typical of OI and no abnormalities were identified by sequencing OI genes. The subsequent pregnancy was also severely growth restricted and was terminated. The placenta showed chronic histiocytic intervillositis, which, on retrospective review, had also been present in her second and third pregnancies. Her fifth pregnancy was again associated with intrauterine growth restriction and CHI but resulted in a premature birth. CHI can be associated with radiographic features that mimic OI and should be considered when fetal fractures occur in the context of recurrent miscarriage, fetal death in utero, and intrauterine growth restriction. The correct diagnosis can be made by histopathology of the placenta, supported by bone histology and normal results of molecular studies for OI. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A prospective observational study of the effect of critical illness on ultrastructural and microscopic morphology of duodenal mucosa.

OBJECTIVE: Disturbed intestinal barrier function due to 'leaky' tight junctions may cause secondary sepsis via paracellular translocation across the gut wall. Our objective was to describe the effects of critical illness on duodenal morphology and ultrastructure. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective observational study of 12 mechanically ventilated critically ill patients in an intensive care unit and 15 control participants in an outpatient endoscopy suite. INTERVENTION: We took six endoscopic biopsy samples of the duodenum from each participant for analysis by electron and light microscopy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Our primary outcome was tight junction morphology, examined with electron microscopy. Secondary outcomes were microvillus length and density, vascular endothelium morphology and mitochondrial density and morphology, examined with electron microscopy, and morphology examined with light microscopy. RESULTS: We observed no abnormalities of tight junction ultrastructure in either group. There was a tendency towards shorter microvilli in the critically ill group: mean length in critically ill patients, 1.17 µm (interquartile range [IQR], 1.05-1.60 µm) v mean length in control patients, 1.58 µm (IQR, 1.30-1.72 µm); P = 0.07. There was a tendency towards less dense microvilli in the critically ill group: mean density in critically ill patients, 7.29 microvilli/µm (IQR, 6.83-8.05 microvilli/µm) v mean density in control patients, 8.23 microvilli/µm (IQR, 7.34-9.11 microvilli/µm); P = 0.07. Vascular endothelium appeared normal in all critically ill patients and abnormal in one control participant. Abnormal mitochondrial morphology was noted in one critically ill patient and one control participant, and no differences were seen in mitochondrial density. Using light microscopy, we saw more apoptotic cells in the critically ill patients (P = 0.018), but villus height, crypt depth and lymphocyte density were normal. CONCLUSIONS: We did not detect any morphological abnormalities of duodenal tight junctions in critically ill patients. Our results should be interpreted with caution because of the small sample population, but our observations challenge the concept that paracellular translocation facilitates secondary sepsis.

Phenotypic variation of TTC19-deficient mitochondrial complex III deficiency: a case report and literature review.

Isolated mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III deficiency has been described in a heterogeneous group of clinical presentations in children and adults. It has been associated with mutations in MT-CYB, the only mitochondrial DNA encoded subunit, as well as in nine nuclear genes described thus far: BCS1L, TTC19, UQCRB, UQCRQ, UQCRC2, CYC1, UQCC2, LYRM7, and UQCC3. BCS1L, TTC19, UQCC2, LYRM7, and UQCC3 are complex III assembly factors. We report on an 8-year-old girl born to consanguineous Iraqi parents presenting with slowly progressive encephalomyopathy, severe failure to thrive, significant delays in verbal and communicative skills and bilateral retinal cherry red spots on fundoscopy. SNP array identified multiple regions of homozygosity involving 7.5% of the genome. Mutations in the TTC19 gene are known to cause complex III deficiency and TTC19 was located within the regions of homozygosity. Sequencing of TTC19 revealed a homozygous nonsense mutation at exon 6 (c.937C > T; p.Q313X). We reviewed the phenotypes and genotypes of all 11 patients with TTC19 mutations leading to complex III deficiency (including our case). The consistent features noted are progressive neurodegeneration with Leigh-like brain MRI abnormalities. Significant variability was observed however with the age of symptom onset and rate of disease progression. The bilateral retinal cherry red spots and failure to thrive observed in our patient are unique features, which have not been described, in previously reported patients with TTC19 mutations. Interestingly, all reported TTC19 mutations are nonsense mutations. The severity of clinical manifestations however does not specifically correlate with the residual complex III enzyme activities.

Identification of KLHL41 Mutations Implicates BTB-Kelch-Mediated Ubiquitination as an Alternate Pathway to Myofibrillar Disruption in Nemaline Myopathy.

Nemaline myopathy (NM) is a rare congenital muscle disorder primarily affecting skeletal muscles that results in neonatal death in severe cases as a result of associated respiratory insufficiency. NM is thought to be a disease of sarcomeric thin filaments as six of eight known genes whose mutation can cause NM encode components of that structure, however, recent discoveries of mutations in non-thin filament genes has called this model in question. We performed whole-exome sequencing and have identified recessive small deletions and missense changes in the Kelch-like family member 41 gene (KLHL41) in four individuals from unrelated NM families. Sanger sequencing of 116 unrelated individuals with NM identified compound heterozygous changes in KLHL41 in a fifth family. Mutations in KLHL41 showed a clear phenotype-genotype correlation: Frameshift mutations resulted in severe phenotypes with neonatal death, whereas missense changes resulted in impaired motor function with survival into late childhood and/or early adulthood. Functional studies in zebrafish showed that loss of Klhl41 results in highly diminished motor function and myofibrillar disorganization, with nemaline body formation, the pathological hallmark of NM. These studies expand the genetic heterogeneity of NM and implicate a critical role of BTB-Kelch family members in maintenance of sarcomeric integrity in NM.

Heterogeneity of fibrosis patterns in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease supports the presence of multiple fibrogenic pathways.

BACKGROUND: Adult non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) involves lobular necroinflammatory activity and fibrosis is typically centrilobular, whereas paediatric NAFLD has predominantly portal fibrosis. The reasons for these differences are unclear. We aimed to determine (a) how centrilobular and portal fibrosis in children relate to histological parameters; and (b) whether atypical fibrosis patterns exist in adults that are unexplained by current fibrogenesis models. METHODS: Histological features of paediatric (n = 38) and adult (n = 56) NAFLD were assessed using conventional scoring systems. Keratin-7 immunostaining was used to assess hepatic progenitor cell numbers and the ductular reaction. Centrilobular and portal components of fibrosis were independently scored and fibrosis patterns were classified according to accepted types. Post-treatment (rosiglitazone/gastric banding) biopsies were also examined in adults. RESULTS: Twenty-six children (68.4%) had portal-predominant fibrosis, although the typical "adult" pattern was seen in 11 (28.9%). Portal fibrosis was associated with a ductular reaction (P = 0.021) and hepatic progenitor cell expansion (P < 0.001), whereas centrilobular fibrosis was associated with lobular inflammation (P = 0.026) and ballooning (P = 0.001). Before intervention, six adults (10.7%) had atypical fibrosis including 3 (5.4%) with a previously unrecognized pattern of very fine, non-zonal sinusoidal fibrosis. Despite improvements in steatosis and inflammation, more patients developed this unusual pattern after intervention with most having had surgery (9 of 10 adults; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Differing associations with portal and centrilobular fibrosis in children and atypical fibrosis patterns in adults suggest that multiple fibrogenic pathways exist in NAFLD. This has implications for therapy and understanding pathogenesis.

Whole exome sequencing in foetal akinesia expands the genotype-phenotype spectrum of GBE1 glycogen storage disease mutations.

The clinically and genetically heterogenous foetal akinesias have low rates of genetic diagnosis. Exome sequencing of two siblings with phenotypic lethal multiple pterygium syndrome identified compound heterozygozity for a known splice site mutation (c.691+2T>C) and a novel missense mutation (c.956A>G; p.His319Arg) in glycogen branching enzyme 1 (GBE1). GBE1 mutations cause glycogen storage disease IV (GSD IV), including a severe foetal akinesia sub-phenotype. Re-investigating the muscle pathology identified storage material, consistent with GSD IV, which was confirmed biochemically. This study highlights the power of exome sequencing in genetically heterogeneous diseases and adds multiple pterygium syndrome to the phenotypic spectrum of GBE1 mutation.

Sarcoidosis and mechanisms of unexpected death.

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease of uncertain etiology characterized by multifocal areas of discrete and confluent granulomatous inflammation that may rarely be responsible for sudden and unexpected death. Two cases are reported to demonstrate disparate pathological features in fatal cases, one involving cardiac sarcoidosis, and the other neurosarcoidosis with hypothalamic infiltration. Sarcoidosis in individuals dying suddenly may be completely unrelated to the death, contributory or causal. Cardiovascular causes of sudden death in sarcoidosis include arrhythmias associated with cardiomyopathy and ischemia, ventricular rupture, and cor pulmonale due to pulmonary hypertension; respiratory causes include hemorrhage and upper airway obstruction; central nervous system causes include arrhythmias from infiltration of autonomic centers, epilepsy, and obstructive hydrocephalus from brainstem involvement; and gastrointestinal deaths may be due to hemorrhage from esophageal varices associated with portal hypertension. The diagnosis relies on the demonstration of typical noncaseating granulomas and the exclusion of other infective and environmental diseases with similar histopathological findings.

Rituximab for lymphoproliferative disease prior to haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency.

Lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) is a complication of congenital and acquired immunodeficiency states. There are a number of treatment options for LPD arising after haematopoietic stem cell or solid organ transplantation including reduction of immunosuppression, targeted therapies, such as the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, rituximab, and EBV specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. Treatment of LPD in children with congenital immunodeficiency syndromes remains unsatisfactory and is associated with a high mortality rate. We recently managed an infant found to have polymorphic LPD concurrent with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) had to be deferred because of progressive LPD. Treatment with rituximab resulted in regression of the LPD following which the patient received a 5/6 HLA matched umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplant. The patient remains well 20 months following transplantation. Rituximab treatment may have a useful role in the control of LPD associated with congenital immunodeficiency prior to HSCT.